BANK SOAL

c) Oil
d) Furnace
1. Which of the following is the hardest
constituent of steel? 8. Mild steel can be converted into high
a) Ledeburite carbons steel by which of the following
b) Austenite heat treatment process?
c) Bainite a) Annealing
d) Martensite b) Normalizing
c) Case hardening
2. Iron possesses BCC crystal structure up to
d) Nitriding
(in degree centigrade)?
a) 1539 9. Upon annealing, eutectoid steel converts
b) 768 to which of the following?
c) 910 a) Perlite
d) 1410 b) Cementite
c) Austenite
3. Iron possesses BCC crystal structure
d) Martensite
above (in degree centigrade)?
a) 1539 10. For hardening of steel by quenching, the
b) 768 steel is cooled in __________
c) 910 a) Furnace
d) 1410 b) Still air
c) Oil bath
4. Iron possesses FCC crystal structure above
d) Cooling tower
(in degree centigrade)?
a) 1539 11. The cooling rate must be _________ the
b) 768 critical cooling rate for hardening of steel
c) 910 by quenching
d) 1410 a) Higher than
b) Lower than
5. For steel, which one of the following
c) Equal to
properties can be enhanced upon
d) Half of
annealing?
a) Hardness 12. Phase transformation during hardening
b) Toughness transforms _________
c) Ductility a) BCC to FCC
d) Resilience b) FCC to BCT
c) BCT to HCP
6. In Annealing, cooling is done in which of
d) FCC to HCP
the following medium?
a) Air 13. The slip does not occur in martensite due
b) Water to the presence of _______ in the lattice.
c) Oil a) Silicon
d) Furnace b) Germanium
c) Carbon
7. In normalizing, cooling is done in which of d) Tin
the following medium?
a) Air 14. The hardening process is carried out on
b) Water ________ steel.
a) No carbon
 b) Low carbon 22. What do Jominy curves measure?
c) Medium carbon a) w/o carbon
d) High carbon b) hardenability
c) austenitizing temperatures
15. How does the rate of cooling affect the
d) MAR start temperature
hardness of steel?
a) Faster cooling results in low hardness 23. Which of the following is true for the
b) Slow cooling results in high hardness composition ranges below:
c) Fast cooling results in high hardness
d) No change is found

16. How does the size of the specimen affect

the hardness of steel?
a) Smaller size results are high hardness a) A hypereutectoid steels, B
b) Smaller size results in low hardness hypoeuctectoid steels, C cast irons
c) Larger size results in high hardness b) A hypoeutectoid steels, B,C
d) No change is found hypereutectoid steels
17. ___________ is defined as the ease of c) A proeutectoid FE can form, B
forming martensite. proeutectoid CM can form, C - cast
a) Hardness irons
b) Hardenability d) A proeutectoid CM can form, B
c) Toughness proeutectoid FE can form, C cast irons
d) Strength 24. Carbon in steels at equilibrium at room
18. Hardenability of a material can be temperature can be found in these phases
measured using __________ test. and/or microconstituents:
a) Jominy end-quench a) FE, P, CM
b) Charpy b) FE only
c) Rockwell c) CM only
d) Izod d) P only

19. Which of the following factors affect the 25. Which of the following is NOT a class of
hardenability of a material? stainless steel?
a) Composition of steel a) Pearlitic
b) Grain size b) Martensitic
c) Temperature of specimen c) Ferritic
d) Quenching medium d) austenitic
20. Quenching of the sample in Jominy end- 26. Phases present in a hypereutectoid steel
quench method is done at _______ slowly cooled from the AUS phase:
a) 0oC a) FE, P
b) 25oC b) CM, P
c) 125oC c) FE, CM
d) 200oC d) CM, graphite

21. Hardness readings are taken every 27. A 9160 steel is very rapidly quenched to a
________ after quenching in Jominy end- temperature 20° below the ms (40° above
quench test. the mf) and held at this temperature for a
a) 0.01 mm month. The phases present are:
b) 0.1 mm a) AUS, FE, CM
c) 1.6 mm b) AUS, MAR
d) 2.5 mm c) AUS, Bainite
 d) MAR, FE, CM c) 50%
d) 75%
28. One way to increase hardenability is to
add alloy elements; which of these
alloying elements does not latch onto C
atoms to effect this increase?
a) V
b) W
c) Cr
d) None of the above
29. Small sections of a large cast iron casting
must be severely cold-worked after
casting. Which of the following must be
done: 34. The hardness at 0.1" in from the surface
a) the casting must be annealed before of a 2" diam. of a 5140 steel bar quenched
working with a severity of 0.2 is (see diagrams at
b) the casting must be quenched to end of exam paper):
obtain a predominantly CM structure a. RC 42
no graphite b. RC 32
c. RC 33
c) the casting must be slowly cooled to
d. RC 34
avoid MAR formation
d) the molten metal must be inoculated 35. Which of the following is a true statement:
with Mg a) AUS can be formed by appropriately
heating any mixture of FE and CM
30. A major problem in the cold forming of b) under equilibrium conditions, P can
austenitic stainless steels: form at any temperature in the range
a) Oxidation 723° C down to room temperature
b) chromium evaporation (the reaction rate at lower
c) work hardening temperatures would be extremely
d) corrosion slow)
c) a martensitic steel must be tempered
31. Which of the following cannot be used for in order to form the austenite phase
case hardening a 1020 steel: d) tempering MAR for long periods at
a) Nitriding high tempering temperatures causes P
b) Carbonitriding to form
c) gas carburizing 36. Estimate the strength of a 1020 steel
d) induction hardening heated treated so as to contain the
32. Which of the following will not form upon equilibrium phases:
tempering a steel (the tempering time can a) 40 ksi
vary): b) 60 ksi
a) AUS c) 80 ksi
b) transition Fe carbides d) 100 ksi
c) alloy carbides 37. AUS can not be formed by heating which
d) CM of the following to a sufficiently high
33. Make a rough estimate of the fraction of temperature.
pearlite present in a 1080 steel, cooled as a) MAR
shown below: b) pure CM
a) 0% c) hypereutectoid steels
b) 25% d) P
38. We discussed a number of occasions in d) %C
which AUS can be found at temperatures
44. Which of the following is not used as a
below 723° C. Which of the following is
quenching medium?
not a reason this is so:
a) Oil
a) diffusion rates in solids are slow
b) Brine
b) the transformation to MAR is c) Water
temperature dependent d) all of the above are used
c) some alloying elements have extensive
solubilities in g-Fe 45. Which is not a way to increase the
d) tempering is a time dependent process hardenability of a steel:
a) increase carbon content
39. P: b) move TTT curves by decreasing the
a) usually a very fine structure containing amount of alloying elements present
plates of FE and CM c) temper it first
b) a phase in steels d) increase the AUS grain size
c) sometimes forms at AUS compositions 46. The difference between grey and ductile
of other than about 0.8% C in plain cast irons:
carbon steels a) MAR cannot be formed in ductile cast
d) contains CM only irons
40. Loss of brittleness in fresh MAR at the b) the morphology of the graphite
particles is different
beginning of tempering is a direct result of
c) the morphology of the CM particles is
a) the formation of AUS
different
b) use of the correct austenitization
d) ductile irons contain a magnesium
temperature carbide phase and grey cast irons do
c) stress relief not
d) low hardenability
47. The ductility of a material with work
41. WC tools are hardening
a) tool steels with sufficiently large a) Increases
amounts of tungsten and carbon in b) Decreases
them to form WC upon heat treatment c) Remains unaffected
b) formed upon carburization of a W- d) Unpredictable
containing steel
c) formed by heating a mixture of WC 48. Hardness of steel greatly improves with
and Co to a temperature high enough a) Annealing
to melt the Co, which flows around the b) Cyaniding
WC and holds it together when cooled c) Normalizing
d) formed by a process that makes d) Tempering
extensive use of diffusion
49. During heat treatment of steel, the
42. When tempering martensite: hardness of various structures in
a) no atom movement is involved increasing order is
b) the atoms of the alloy elements attract a) Martensite, fine pearlite, coarse
the carbon atoms pearlite,spherodite
c) the carbon atoms aggregate to form b) Fine pearlite, coarse pearlite,
large graphite areas in the steel spherodite, martensite
d) the Fe atoms of the alloy elements do c) Martensite, coarse pearlite, fine
not attract the C atoms pearlite, spherodite
43. Which of the following does NOT control d) Spherodite, coarse pearlite, fine
the position of the TTT curve? pearlite, martensite
a) heat treatment
b) alloy element content
c) AUS grain size
 d) 8 to 10 percent
53. When the temperature of a solid metal
increases.
a) Strength of the metal decreases but
50. From the list given below, choose the ductility increases.
most appropriate set of heat treatment b) Both strength and the ductility of the
process and the corresponding process metal decreases.
characteristics c) Both strength and the ductility of the
metal increases.
d) Strength of the metal increases but
ductility decreases.
54. Match the items in column I and II.
a) P-3, Q-1, R-5
b) P-4, Q-3, R-2
c) P-4, Q-1, R-2
d) P-1, Q-5, R-4
a) P-4, Q-5, R-3, S-2
51. Grey cast iron blocks 200 𝑥 100 𝑥 100 𝑚𝑚 b) P-3, Q-5, R-1, S-4
are to be cast in sands moulds. Shrinkage c) P-2, Q-4, R-3, S-5
allowance for pattern making is 1 %. The d) P-4, Q-2, R-1, S-3
ratio of the volume of pattern to that of
casting will be 55. The main purpose of spheroidising
a) 0.97 treatment is to improve
a) Hardenability of low carbon steels
b) 0.99
b) Machinability of low carbon steels
c) 1.01
c) Hardenability of high carbon steels
d) 1.03 d) Machinability of high carbon steels
Given L=200 mm; B=100 mm; H=10 mm
Volume of the casting,

Shrinkage allowance =1%

Hence, shrinkage allowance given along length

Shrinkage allowance given along breadth

Shrinkage allowance given along height

Volume of the pattern,

52. The percentage of carbon in grey cast iron

is in the range of
a) 0.25 to 0.75 percent
b) 1.25 to 1.75 percent
c) 3 to 4 percent
 Essay

1. Define the term „heat treatment‟.

Heat treatment may be defined as an operation or combination of operations involving
heating and cooling of a metal/alloy in solid state to obtain desirable properties.
2. What are the purposes of the processing heat treatments?
a) To relieve internal stresses
b) To improve machinability
c) To refine grain size
d) To soften the metal
e) To improve hardness of the metal surface
f) To improve mechanical properties (like tensile strength, hardness, ductilityy, etc.)

3. What is meant by annealing?

Annealing is defined as a softening process consisting of heating the steal to a
temperature at or near the critical point, holding there for a proper time and then
allowing it to cool slowly in the furnace itself.
4. What are the purposes of annealing?
a) To relieve or remove stresses.
b) To induce softness.
c) To refine grain structure
d) To alter ductility, toughness, electrical, magnetic or other properties.
e) To remove gases
f) To produce a definite microstructure.

5. List the different types of annealing.

a) Full annealing.
b) Process annealing.
c) Stress relief annealing.
d) Recrystallization annealing, and
e) Spheroidizing annealing.

6. What is meant by full annealing?

Full annealing consists of heating the steels 15 degrees to 40 degrees centigrade
above A3 temperature in case of hypoeutectoid steels and above A1 temperature in
case of hypereutectoid steels and cooling very slowly in the furnace itself. Austenitic
steel is the most ductile of the steels and has a very high relative strength. It is held at
this temperature until all the material transforms and then slowly cools in a furnace to
about 50 degrees Celsius when it can be then cooled through convection in the room.
In this process hardness and strength are restored by additional heat treatments after
machining
7. What is meant by process annealing?
 Process annealing is applied to cold worked materials to negate effects of cold work.
Commonly sandwiched between two cold work operations, it improves ductility. This is
used to treat worked metals, such as two pieces of metal that have been welded
together. This makes it possible for the metal to undergo further work without
fracturing. The metal is heated to just below the A1 temperature line (see blue arrow);
it is held there long enough for the metal to change the size and distribution of its
grain structure and then cooled naturally in air. This process is cheaper than Full
Annealing or Normalizing because the metal is not heated to high temperatures
8. What is meant by stress relief annealing and spheroidizing? State its importance.
Stress relief – purpose of it is to remove stresses. Temperatures are low such that cold
work effects are not affected. Reduces the residual stresses in large castings and
welded parts. These stresses are caused by thermal cycling or work hardening. The
metal is heated to 600 degrees Celsius (see green line), held at that temperature level
for over an hour and then cooled in air.
Spheroidizing: Medium and high carbon steels are too hard to machined. Prolonged
cycling between temperatures just below and above A1 line will develop spheroidite
structure.This results in maximum softness and ductility.
9. Define the terms brittleness and hardness.
Brittleness is the property of a material by virtue of which it can withstand deformation
under compression without rupture.
Hardness is the property of a material by virtue of which it able to resist abrasion,
indentation (or penetration), machining, and scratching.
10. What is meant by mechanical properties of materials?
Mechanical properties are those characteristics of material that describe its behaviour
under the action of external forces.
11. Distinguish between elasticity and plasticity.
Elasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which it is able to retain its original
shape and size after the removal of the load.
Plasticity is the property of a material by virtue of which a permanent deformation
(without fracture) takes place, whenever it is subjected to the action of external
forces.
12. Differentiate between ductility and malleability.
Ductility is the property of a material by virtue of which it can be drawn into wires
before rupture takes place. Malleability is the property of a material by virtue of which
it can withstand deformation under compression without rupture
13. What do you mean by toughness and stiffness?
Toughness is the property of a material by virtue of which it can absorb maximum
energy before fracture takes place.
 Stiffness is the property of a material by virtue of which it resists deformation.
14. List any four technological properties of metals
a) Machinability,
b) Castability,
c) Weldability,
d) Formability or workability.

15. What are the factors affecting mechanical properties?

a) Grain size,
b) Heat treatment,
c) Atmospheric exposure, and
d) Low and high temperatures.
16. What is the effect of the grain size on the mechanical properties of the materials?
The materials having smaller grains (i.e., fine grained structure) have high yield
strength, high tensile strength, and more hardness. Also fine grain results in better
resistance to cracking and better surface finish. The materials having grains (i.e.,
coarse grained structure), exhibit better workability, hardenability, forgeability and
creep resistance. But coarse grains result in poor surface finish, less tough and have
greater tendency to cause distortion.

17. What is the effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the materials?
The heat treatment improves mechanical properties like tensile strength, toughness,
hardness, ductility, shock resistance and resistance to corrosion. It also improves
workability, forgeability and machinability of metals.
18. What is meant by fracture?
Fracture is the mechanical failure of the material which will produce the separation or
fragmentation of a solid into two or more parts under the action of stresses.
19. List the different types of fracture in a material.
1. Brittle fracture,
2. Ductile fracture,
3. Fatigue fracture, and
4. Creep fracture.

20. What is brittle fracture?

A brittle fracture may be defined as a fracture which takes place by a slow propagation
of crack with appreciable plastic deformation.