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1. Sensitive Food
Food sensitivities are the result of toxic responses to food and are divided into
two categories. First, allergic responses and the second is food intolerances. You
may be sensitive or intolerant to a food for a few reasons. These are such as
reactions to food additives or preservatives like sulfites, MSG, or artificial colors,
pharmacological factors, like sensitivity to caffeine or other chemicals, sensitivity
to the sugars naturally found in certain foods like onions, broccoli, or Brussels
sprouts. There are some characteristics of children who are sensitive to food such
as nausea and vomiting, asthma, diarrhea and stomach ache, and headache
2. Healthy Weight
Healthy weight is body weight that has a proportion balanced with height. A
healthy weight can be calculated using the formula : BMI equals weight in kg
divided height in m times height in m. Healthy weight categories is 18,5-24,9 in
table categories weight. The calorie restriction requirements that can be estimated
to healthy weight, which is 2000 calories/day. There are some of the causes of
weight gain, such as first extreme diets with the aim of losing weight drastically in
a short time cause this method does not train the body to burn large amounts of
calories in the long run. As a result, the food you consume will not burn
completely and the effect is body weight actually goes up quickly, the second is
genes, buy studies suggest that eating a healthy diet, staying active, and avoiding
unhealthy habits like drinking soda can prevent the genetic predisposition to risk
for obesity. Third is physical inactivity, and last taking certain medicines such as
antidepressants, steroids, and other drugs.
There are some things of weight loss like a know your starting point, find the
problem, fix the problem, pick a reasonable calorie goal, make sure you eat
enough protein, and snack on vegetables and fruit. So, to maintain a healthy
weight, we have to first eat at the right time, second is weight training cause will
help the body stay tight, fit and strong and effective for keeping your weight
balanced and you can do it three times a week. Third is don't forget healthy habits,
the next is control the food with record the food consumed every day. So, when
you gain weight again, you can easily find out what foods are to blame and should
be avoided, adequate rest time, drinking water cause by fulfilling the need for
water, we can help the body's metabolic processes run smoothly so as to prevent
weight gain, check the scales regularly cause by always checking your weight
regularly, you can always find out whether your weight is increasing or not., and
last increase exercise intensity.
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that high in carbohydrates, sugars and fats will result in excess fat being stored
around the upper half of your body. This type of fat around the abdomen can lead
to serious health problems, mainly concerning the heart. The last is if under stress,
the body’s natural defences can be severely affected and leave the person with a
weaker immune system will leaves the person more prone to contracting illnesses.
If the stressed person falls ill, then this will only lead to an increased amount of
stress inflicted on the body. To reduce the impact that stress has on your body,
you can eating food good nutrition, good diet plan, avoiding certain foods, and
increasing immune system. You can also reduce stress with erase any negative
thoughts, adopt a positive mind, listen to your emotions, and the las relax your
mind.
4. Cooking Methods
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The second, dry heat cooking is a food processing without use water or steam,
but use hot air, heat metal radiation, or fat heat. Usually divided into 2 groups,
namely without fat and with fat.In dry heat cooking methods. Cooking by dry heat
is process food without the aid of fluids, then the heat generated can be higher
than moist heat method. This method includes baking, roasting and grilling. First,
baking is cooking food by dry heat in an oven. Example of food like pastry and
bread. Next is roasting, roasting is cooking techniques in the oven or grill using
fat or oil. Example of food like chicken satay. The last, grilling is a fast method of
cooking by radiant heat or also called broiling. Then, cooking by frying with fat is
process food with oil. This method includes deep frying, shellow frying, and
sauteing. First, deep frying is a method of frying with large amounts of oil so that
all parts of the fried food are submerged in hot oil. Example of food like french
fries, fried tempeh, donuts, and fried chicken. Then, shallow frying is a method of
cooking food in small amounts, with fat or oil preheated in a shallow pan or flat.
Example of food like fried egg and bakwan. And the last, sauteing is cooking food
quickly in a small amount of fat. Example of food like vegetable sauce and
capcay.
Appetizer is food that consume before the main course which is served with
the aim of arousing appetite. Appetizer are divided into 2 like hot appetizer and
cold appetizer. First, hot appetizer Hot appetizer is an appetizer that go through
the cooking process, and served hot with temperature of 50°C-60°C. The example
of hot appetizer includes resoles, cheese souffle, croquette, and quiche Lorraine.
The second is cold appetizer, cold appetizer is an appetizer that is served cold or
fresh with temperatures of 10°C-15°C. The example of cold appetizer includes
fruit salad, vegetable salad, canape, and aspic. There are some things that must be
considered in determining or making a good appetizer such as the appetizer must
have a sour, salty, and sweet taste with the aim of giving a good appetite;
appetizer must have attractive colors and no dominant; the appetizer ingredients
must be fresh; the appetizer weight must be according to the standard ranging
from 60-85 grams; and last appearance appetizer must be attractive so as to create
an interest in food.
The second is beverages, beverages is liquid that can be consumed which have
thirst quenching, refreshing, stimulating, and nourishing properties. Beverages can
be categorized into two types, they are alcoholic beverages and non-alcoholic
beverages. First, alcoholic beverages are drinks that contain ethanol, which is
generally called alcohol. Alcoholic beverages divided into 3 process, like with
fermented, distilled, and compound beverages. The example of fermented
alcoholic beverages includes beer and wine drinks. The example of distilled
alcoholic beverages like whiskey, brandy, vodka, and sake drinks. The example of
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compound beverages such as liqueur and gin drinks. Then, non alcoholic
beverages is beverages type that don't contain alcohol. Non alcoholic beverages
can categorized into 2 types, they are cold drink and hot drink. Cold drink usually
served in cold conditions. Some drinks are cooled, but some are chilled with ice
cubes when serving them such as aerated drink, sprink water, squash, juice, and
syrup. Hot drinks are usually served without alcohol and warm like tea, coffee,
and cocoa.
6. Food Groups
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7. Development in Food Technology
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bacteria in food will cause the pH value of food to decrase below 5.0 so that it can
inhibit the growth of bacteria like tempe, yoghurt, terasi, cheese and vinegar. The
last, irradiation is the process of applying energy radiation to a material, such as
food.
8. Food Safety
Food safety is the condition and effort needed to prevent food from possible
biological, chemical,and other contaiminants that can interfere and endanger
human health. Some factors affecting food safety, includes biological or
microbiological, that hazards consist of parasites (protozoa and worms), viruses,
and pathogenic bacteria that can grow and develop on in food, so that it can cause
infection and poisoning in humans. Next, chemical that hazards are generally
caused by chemicals can cause intoxication. The chemical cause poisoning
including heavy metals (lead and mercury). The contamination comes from
industrial contamination, pesticide residues, hormones, and antibiotics. The last,
physical that hazards consist of pieces of wood, stone, metal, hair and nails likely
from contaminated raw materials, equipment that has been wear, or also from
food processing workers. Despite physical danger does not always cause illness or
health problems, but this danger can be as a carrier or carrier of bacteria pathogens
and can certainly interfere with the aesthetic value of food to be consumed. There
are three unsafe food indicators consist of signs that are easily found include foul-
smelling or rancid, there are gravel, pieces of wood or glass or dirt there is a
maggot. Then, other invisible ingredients that can cause food is harmful to health,
namely microorganisms such as viruses or the bacteria and toxins that they
produce. And last is dyes, preservatives and other additives of a kind that are not
earmarked for food such as formalin
Determinants of good nutrition are found in good types of food that are also
tailored to the needs of the body. Good types of food must have food security and
good food security. Food security must include accessibility, availability, security
and sustainability. Food availability is the average amount of food that meets
consumption needs at the regional and household level. Food safety is very
influential on the nutritional status of the community. Food safety is a complex
problem as a result of interactions between microbiological toxicity, chemical
toxicity and nutritional status. This is interrelated, where unsafe food will affect
human health, which in turn causes problems for nutritional status.
9. Food to Grow on
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nutriment with increase in size or substance. Nutrients essential to achieve
optimum grow like protein, minerals, vitamin, carbohydrate, omega-3 and omega-
6 fatty acids. The food and type of food we eat is very important in growth,
development and health from childhood. There are some how to help you eat of
important nutrients like healthy food accessible, a jug of water out on the counter
put, extra “filler foods” with sweet potatoes, potatoes, winter squash, brown rice,
quinoa, polenta, whole-wheat pasta, corn muffins , the vegetables and protein,
schedule mealtime, have healthy snack, healthy bedtime snack, do physical
exercise, 90:10 formula with 90 percent of their food healthful and the other 10
percent sweets and treats. And last, prioritize the family dinner.
Measuring Food Intake is the study of to know the amount of food consumed
entering the body and comparing it with the standard of adequacy, so it is known
that adequate nutrition is fulfilled. There are food consumption measurement
methods is qualitative method consist of food frequency, dietary history, and food
list. The food frequency method is to obtain data on the frequency of consumption
of a number of foodstuffs or prepared foods over a certain period such as days,
weeks, months or years. Dietary history is method that provides an overview of
consumption patterns based on observations in a long period of time (can be 1
week, 1month, 1year). Food composition list is a list that contains the composition
of the contents of nutrients for various types of food or food. To counting macro
nutrients, for protein, it takes 10-15% of total calorie requirements. Then, change
to grams. 1 gram of protein equals 4 calories. For fat, it takes 10-25% of total
calorie needs. 1 gram of fat equals 9 calories. For carbohydrate, it takes 60-75%
of total calorie needs. 1 gram of carbohydrate is equivalent to 4 calories.
Quantitative method is to find out the amount of food consumed so that it can
be calculated the consumption of nutrients using the Food Composition List
(DKBM) or other required list such as the Household Size List (URT), the Raw-
Cooked Conversion List (DKMM) and the Remake List Oil. Quantitative method
consist of 24 hour recall method. Food recall method is method requires the
offender to remember all the food and the amount as well as possible in a certain
time when the question and answer session Reminder is often done for 1-3 days.
Basically this method is done by recording the type and amount of food consumed
in the past. The point is our bodies need adequate nutrition, and everyone has
different needs. So, eat according to the amount of our needs and don't forget to
exercise.
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11. The Power of Water
Sodium is one of the important minerals for the body. 30-40% sodium is in the
body's framework. Inside the body, sodium is present in cells (intra cellular) and
mainly in fluids outside the cell (extra cellular fluid), digestive tract, such as bile
and pangkres contain a lot of sodium. Potassium is the main cation (99%) in
extracellular fluid plays an important role in the treatment of disorders of water
and electrolyte balance. As for the function of sodium like helps nerve and muscle
function, maintain body fluid balance, and influence blood pressure and volume.
while the function of potassium such as optimizing brain function, controlling
muscle and nerve contractions, helps absorption of nutrients, supports the
metabolism process, prevents hardening of the arteries, and cleanse the vessels.
We can get sodium in salt, cereals, processed meat, eggs, processed fish,
and cheese. And potassium is usually found in certain fruits, such as bananas,
peaches, grapes, potatoes, avocados, red beans and tomatoes. Usually also found
in meat, pure milk, spinach and sweet orange juice. Impact of an imbalance in
sodium levels in our body such as hyponatremia and hypernatremia. Impact of an
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imbalance in potassium levels in our body like hypokalemia and hyperkalemia.
So, Sodium and potassium are two essential nutrients having an important role in
normal bodily functioning. sodium and potassium are two principal electrolytes in
extracellular fluid and intracellular fluid, respectively, which together have a vital
role in regulating body fluids, maintaining osmotic equilibrium,stabilizing acid-
base balance, determining membrane potentials of smooth muscles and nerves,
regulating molecules to transport actively across cell membranes, and promoting
cellular growth.
14. Protein
Proteins are high molecular weight complex organic compounds which are
polymers of amino acid monomers that are connected to each other by peptide
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bonds. Proein source dividen into two, includes sources of animal protein such as
meat, eggs, milk, fish, chicken, shellfish and sources of vegetable protein such as
tofu and tempeh. Some factors affecting protein damage, includes hot, pH (Degree
of Acidity), metal ions, sugar and polyols, and protein properties. Protein has
benefits for the body, some of which as an anzyme, as a means of transporting and
stroring, for mechanical support, as a control of growth, as a body's defense and
immune defense immunization, as a medium for nerve impulse propagation,
prevents kwashiorkor and marasmus diseases, and assist in the process of wound
healing, cell regeneration to regulate the work of hormones and enzymes in the
body. But it's also not good to consume protein unbalanced. A disease that will
arise if you protein deficiency like kwashiorkor, marasmus, and cachexia. A
disease that will arise if you protein excess like kidney failure, osteoprosisis,
constipation, diarrhea, and dehydration. So,we have to consume protein according
to our nutritional needs only.
15. Lipid
Lipids are molecules made mostly of carbon, hydrogen, very few oxygen.
Lipids are organic compounds including fats, oils, hormones, and certain
components of membranes that are soluable in non polar organic solven. Lipids
have several roles in the body. They includes storing energy, regulating and
signaling, insulating, protecting, aiding digestion and increasing bioavailability.
The biologically important lipids can be classified into three types, namely simple
lipids, compound lipids and derived lipids. Simple lipids include neutral fats is
esters of fatty acids with glycerol. Oils are fats in the liquid state and waxes is
esters of fatty acids with higher molecular weight monohydric alcohols.
The second, Compund lipids include phospholipids is lipids containing, in
addition to fatty acids and alcohol, a phosphoric acid residue, glycolipids is lipids
containing a fatty acid, sphingosine, and carbohydrate, and other complex lipids
such as sulfolipids and amino lipids. Lipoproteins may also be placed in this
category. Last, derived lipids include fatty acids, glycerol, alcohols, hydrocarbons,
hormones, lipid soluble, vitamins, and steroids. Lipids may be either liquids or
non crystalline solids at room temperature. If you consume unbalanced fat, it will
be bad for the body. Diseases caused by deficiency of fats such as depression,
possible vitamin deficiency, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmunity and chronic
inflammation. Diseases caused by excess of fats such as obesity, constipation,
atherosclerosis, cancer, and decreased insulin hormone.
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