1

Can You Hear Me Now? Breaking the Barrier of Communication between the Pulpit and
the Pew

Yvette Bannister
School of Communication & the Arts, Liberty University
DIGI 700: Digital & Strategic Communication Orientation I
Professor Dr. Shannon Leinen
June 16, 2020
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Can You Hear Me Now? Breaking the Barrier of Communication between the Pulpit and
the Pew
Abstract

Communication is a crucial factor in all living things. It refers to the exchange of information

between entities. Today we rely on excellent and efficient communication to make life run

smoothly. However, sometimes it is challenging to enhance excellent communication between

one another due to barriers that hinder information flow. These communication barriers can be

due to language differences, environmental factors, and gender and cultural factors. Breaking

communication barriers requires establishing excellent and efficient verbal communication and

developing a suitable environment free from external disturbances. This study aims to review

other empirical studies that reveal the causes of communication barriers and address strategies

that can be applied to break the blockade.

Keywords: Communication, differences, barriers

Annotated Bibliography

Brady, A. M., Byrne, G., Quirke, M. B., Lynch, A., Ennis, S., Bhangu, J., & Prendergast, M.

(2017). Barriers to effective, safe communication and workflow between nurses and non-

consultant hospital doctors during out-of-hours. International Journal for Quality in

Health Care, 29(7), 929-934.  https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzx133

This study focuses on evaluating the nature and type of communications as well as

workflow arrangements between doctors and nurses. According to Brady et al. (2017),

active communication and workflow arrangement between doctors and nurses is crucial

when minimizing risks in hospitals, especially during our period. The study used a

qualitative descriptive design where the data was collected through focus groups and

personal interviews. The setting of this study took place at an acute referral hospital in
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Ireland. Twenty-seven participants took place in the study, and they included junior and

senior nursing staff. The collected data in this study was analyzed through RATS, and

COREC further informed it. The result of this study reveals that inadequate technology

systems to transmit messages were the main barrier of communication between nurses

and doctors. The limitation of this study is that the finding is only confined to one

hospital. The study recommends the enhancement of communication strategies between

nurses and doctors to break the barriers of communication.

The main aim of using this study is to reveal the main barriers to effective

communication between nurses and to reveal strategies on how to break the barriers.

According to the article, “Enhancement of communication strategies between nurses and

doctors has the potential to remove barriers to effective decision-making and patient flow

(Brady et al., 2017).” Enhancement of communication strategies entails improving

technology to facilitate communication between one person and another. With enhanced

communication, message transmission will be more efficient and faster and hence

improving the workflow.

Bauer, S. E., Schumacher, J. R., Hall, A., Marlow, N. M., Friedel, C., Scheer, D., & Redmon, S.

(2016). Disability and physical and communication-related barriers to health care related

services among Florida residents: a brief report. Disability and health journal, 9(3), 552-

556. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S193665741630036X

According to the article, the communication-related barrier has been considered as one of

the significant problems that affect the healthcare sector in Florida, America. This study's

main objective was to understand the effects of communication barriers in healthcare

services, especially for those who are abled differently (Bauer et al. 2016). One thousand
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four hundred twenty-nine respondents aged 18 and over were used in this study. The data

collected was analyzed through regression analysis. This study indicated that many

respondents who were abled differently had communication problems, which were

constituted by the physical environment, low levels of education, and language and

cultural differences. This journal recommends improving communication between

healthcare providers and people with difficulties as a way of improving the life quality

and functional status of these people.

The objective of using this journal is to how communication-related barriers may affect

the quality of life and functional status to those people who are living with disabilities.

The article has revealed that "people with disabilities disproportionately face health care

access difficulties that can impede the receipt of high-quality care within and between

provider visits (Bauer et al. 2016)." The leading causes of health difficulties are

communication barriers that are a result of physical, language, and cultural differences

between care providers and people with problems.

Chen, M. H., & Agrawal, S. (2017). Do communication barriers in student teams impede

creative behavior in the long run?—A time-lagged perspective. Thinking Skills and

Creativity, 26, 154-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2017.10.008

This study focuses on the effects of communication barriers on the student’s team. The

main objective of this study was to test the interrelationship of communication barriers,

which have received less attention in shaping team creativity. Forty undergraduate

students were used as the primary respondents of this study. The collected data of this

experimental study was analyzed through factor analysis and structural equation

modeling. This study showed that communication barriers negatively affect emotional
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ties and knowledge sharing during the initial stages of teamwork (Chen & Agrawal,

2017). Moreover, this study revealed that it is essential for the team leaders to focus on

communication as well as convalesce it. This study highlights that team learning is a

potential precursor to instigate student's creative minds. The study concludes that

entrepreneurial programs have a positive impact on students' behavior and offers a

suitable environment to stimulate creativity and team skills.

This journal has been of great help in this research study because it has revealed the

effects of communication barriers on the student's team. It is revealed from the article that

communication barriers harm knowledge sharing as well as strong ties at the initial stages

of teamwork. To overcome these barriers, this article states that "early leadership

overcomes the deleterious effects of communication barriers by focusing on team

communication (Chen, & Agrawal, 2017).” This is because team learning offers more

creativity in students' minds and helps them focus on communication and convalesce it.

Christenson, A., Johansson, E., Reynisdottir, S., Torgersen, J., & Hemmingsson, E. (2018).

Shame and avoidance as barriers in midwives' communication about bodyweight with

pregnant women: A qualitative interview study. Midwifery, 63, 1-7.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29751291/

This study primarily focuses on communication barriers that exist between pregnant

women and midwives. According to Christenson et al. (2018), healthcare professionals

find it difficult to communicate about weight, which makes many pregnant women

perceive healthcare professionals as unconcerned. This research study's main objective

was to examine how midwives approach communication about gestational weight gain

recommendation, as well as to characterize barriers of communication and facilitators.

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About seventeen midwives in Sweden were used in this study, and the data was collected

through semi-structured interviews. A latent content analysis was applied by three

researchers to analyze the collected data. The survey results reveal that midwives use

avoidant behaviors to cope with inflicting worries, feelings, and shame, which constitute

communication barriers between midwives and pregnant women. Finally, this research

study recommends more studies to be done, which will help in training specific

communication skills and back up access, which will facilitate effective communication

between midwives and pregnant women.

The main aim of using this article is to reveal the primary causes of communication

barriers between midwives and pregnant as well as addressing how to break the barriers.

The report states that "Midwives' empathy and awareness of weight stigma strongly

affects communication about weight with pregnant women, and midwives' use of

avoidant behaviors constitutes salient information barriers (Christenson et al. 2018).”

Ways of breaking the communication barriers are training in specific communication

skills by professionals which will enable healthy communication between pregnant

women and midwives. Effective communication will help pregnant women to make well-

informed lifestyle decisions.

Clarke, S. K., Jaffe, J., & Mutch, R. (2019). Overcoming Communication Barriers in Refugee

Health Care. Pediatric Clinics, 66(3), 669-686. PMID: 31036242 DOI:

10.1016/j.pcl.2019.02.012 https://www.pediatric.theclinics.com/article/S0031-

3955(19)30025-2/

This journal of Pediatric Clinics reveals that cultural barriers and language affect

negatively care of patients with limited English proficiency, which result in disparities in
 7

accessing healthcare. This study's main objectives were to address how to overcome the

communication barrier in the refugee health care sector. This qualitative study revealed

that communication barriers in refugee camps could be reduced when healthcare

professionals work with qualified interpreters (Clarke, Jaffe, & Mutch, 2019).

Additionally, the article states that knowing the difference between a translator and

interpreter, an interpreter's role, and who can be a qualified interpreter are essential for

providers. The research focuses on the importance of working with qualified interpreters.

However, there is a lack of consistency in ensuring that the providers' training to

communicate through interpreters. The study recommends further studies to be

undertaken that will help to minimize barriers to communication.

The primary reason for using this article in this study is to identify the causes of

communication barriers that exist in the refugee as well as addressing how to overcome

them. Cultural differences and language are the leading causes of communication

barriers. According to this article, "Legal standards emphasize working with qualified

interpreters, but training for the provider's on communicating effectively through

interpreters is inconsistent Clarke, Jaffe, & Mutch, 2019).” Interpreters play a vital role in

breaking communication barriers between refugees and the healthcare givers and

therefore reducing the health disparities that may be existing.

Ejohwomu, O. A., Oshodi, O. S., & Lam, K. C. (2017). Nigeria’s construction industry: barriers

to effective communication. Engineering, Construction, and Architectural Management.

https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ECAM-01-2016-0003/

This article reveals that effective communication plays a significant role in creating a

quality relationship, trust, and collaboration in construction project teams. This study's
 8

main focus was to identify and assess the barriers of effective communication in the

Nigerian construction industry. One hundred respondents were used in this research

study, and the data was collected by administering questionnaires. Valid responses were

analyzed through mean score factor score and factor analysis (Ejohwomu, Oshodi, &

Lam, 2017). This study revealed that unclear project objectives, ineffective reporting

systems, and poor leadership were ranked as the most significant barriers to effective

communication. However, this study calls on the need to conduct post-completion

reviews of construction projects that address ways of overcoming communication

barriers, especially in developing countries.

The aim of using this article in this study is to reveal the barriers to effective

communication that exist in the construction industries. This study has shown that poor

leadership skills and unclear project objectives can be ineffective communication

barriers. This study reports that "construction professionals perceive communication

barriers as detrimental to the relationship among construction project teams (Ejohwomu,

Oshodi, & Lam, 2017)." Breaking down communication barriers, it is essential to have

proper leadership skills and develop clear project objectives.

Ghari Z (2016). The Cognitive, Psychological, and Cultural Impact of Communication Barrier

on Deaf Adults' Content of Speech in Iran. Commun Disord Deaf Stud Hearing Aids 4:

164. doi:10.4172/2375-4427.100016

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/46de/875a4487e168f4f4854932576c52ec1ebcde.pdf

Efficient communication between parents and their children plays an essential role in the

social development of deaf children. The main objective of this article is to identify the

problems resulting from inefficient communication with deaf people. Thirty-two

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respondents aged 18-55 were used in this study, which was set in Iran. Research data

were analyzed qualitatively using simple measures of frequency (Ghari 2016). The results

of this study reveal that several barriers lead to an inefficient flow of communication.

Also, these barriers lead to severe problems in education, emotions, and cultural fields.

The study suggests the families, educators, and all people related to the deaf; that signing

is of significant importance to breaking the barriers leading to deaf people's development

in cognitive, affective, social, and cultural functioning.

The main objective of using this article is to reveal the effects of communication barriers

to the people who are abled differently, such as the deaf. The study shows that "exposing

the deaf people to the sign language causes a dramatic change in their communication

and consequently on their cognitive, social, cultural and affective development (Ghari Z

(2016)." Sign language interpreters help to reduce communication barriers in deaf people.

Moreover, it's important to visit those who are abled differently to enhance

communication, thereby breaking communication barriers.

Jenifer, R. D., & Raman, G. P. (2015). Cross-cultural communication barriers in the

workplace. International Journal of Management, 6(1), 348-351.

http://www.iaeme.com/IJM.asp

The journal of Jenifer and Raman (2015) reveals that different cultures around the globe

affect effective communication in business scenarios. The article states that cultural

factors act as invisible barriers in international business communications. The main

objective of this study is to determine how cross-cultural communication barriers affect

workplace activities. This article reveals that understanding cross-cultural diversity is the

key to effective cross-cultural communication. Cross-cultural communication barriers

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such as anxiety, uncertainty, stereotyping, and ethnocentrism are caused by inadequate

cultural knowledge and the lack of intercultural communicative skills. Adequate training

in cross-cultural communication and exposure to other cultures is essential in eliminating

these barriers. This paper concludes with a suggestion to understand the effect of cross-

cultural communication barriers on international business.

The aim of using this article in this study is to determine the effects of cross-cultural

barriers to effective communication. According to the report, effective communication

plays a significant role in business organizations. The article states that "understanding

cultural differences is one of the most significant skills for firms to develop to have a

competitive advantage in international business (Jenifer, & Raman, 2015).” Business

Organizations should take emphasis on eliminating cross-cultural communication

barriers.

Lederer, S., Fischer, M. J., Gordon, H. S., Wadhwa, A., Popli, S., & Gordon, E. J. (2015).

Barriers to effective communication between veterans with chronic kidney disease and

their healthcare providers. Clinical kidney journal, 8(6), 766-771.

https://doi.org/10.1093/ckj/sfv079

This article focuses on communication barriers that exist between chronic disease

patients and their healthcare providers. According to Lederer et al. (2015), insufficient

knowledge that is a result of poor communication between patients and health providers

may result in poor health outcomes. This study applied semi-structured telephone

interviews to assess 100 respondent's health status. A qualitative approach was used to

analyze interview transcripts and identity themes about communication dynamics. The

results of this study showed that communication barriers between patients and health care
 11

providers affect the decision-making process and collaboration between patients and their

doctors. Besides, communication barriers led to limited knowledge concerning many

patients from taking an active role in communicating during clinic visits. This research

study recommends more interventions that can break communication barriers and

enhance the patient experience, which will help patients participate in healthcare

discussions actively.

Using this article in this research has helped to identify the effects of communication

barriers in patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. According to the item, a poor

health outcome is a result of ineffective communication between patients and healthcare

providers. Lederer et al. (2015) state that "barriers to patients' information needs

emanating from knowledge deficits, the expectation of physician-driven communication

and dissatisfaction with physicians' information delivery." Communication barriers

negatively affect patient interaction with their healthcare providers leading to ineffective

communication.

Lou, M. T. (2019). Breaking the vicious cycle of language barriers: Growth language-mindsets

improve communication experience for migrant university students.

https://doi.org/10.7939/r3-tnzx-4736

The article reveals that language mindsets play a very crucial role in learners' motivation

as well as resilience in learning language in classrooms. The study focuses on

understanding how and whether language mindsets are essential in understanding

interpersonal and social processes in intercultural communication outside the classes. To

verify this, the study examines those students who use English-as-a-Second Language

and their responses to communication challenges. Two hundred ninety-two respondents

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were used in this study, and 581 respondents were used in the second phase. The study

applied a quantitative design, and the data was collected through questionnaire

administering. The results of this showed that growth language mindsets alleviated

struggling students' undesirable insights of rejection and enhanced their inspiration to

communicate with peers. Finally, the article proposes a plan for a future research study.

The aim of using this article in this study is to understand the relationship between

language and communication barriers. "Importantly, growth mindsets have a stronger

influence on reducing perceived rejection and improving motivation among low-

competence students than high-competence students (Lou, 2019)." The article has

revealed that disparities in language can result in a misunderstanding hence

communication barriers. Growth mindsets are essential protective factors for language

minority students, especially those with low English competence.

Madera, J., Dawson, M., Neal. J. A., Busch, K., (2013), Breaking A Communication Barrier.

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Research 37(2):262-280, DOI:

10.1177/1096348012436376https://www.researchgate.net/publication/250305894_Breaki

ng_A_Communication_Barrier

According to Madera et al. (2013), the hospitality industry has a diverse workforce, and

language difficulties result in increased communication barriers for both immigrants and

employers. This article's objective was to examine the effect of using pictures on task

satisfaction, job performance, and commitment when communication barriers exist in the

food industry. One hundred and seven students were used in this experimental study set

in the United States. The collected data was analyzed using descriptive statistics as well

as associated measures. The key results revealed that the performance of workers who
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were using pictures when producing dish was higher evaluated on the dimension of time,

quality, and accuracy. Moreover, there was a higher task satisfaction and commitments to

those workers who used pictures than those who only provided abstract recipes (Madera

et al. 2013). The limitation of this study is that students were used. The methodology

created an environment of limited language proficiency by providing the recipes and

instructions in an abstract, non-English language. The study recommends future studies

that will look at employed immigrants who have limited English ability because it can be

an effective way for managers to develop communication skills.

This article has revealed the effects of communication barriers in the hospitality and

tourism industry. This article showed that "using pictures had a positive effect on

performance (Madera et al. 2013)." Moreover, communication barriers are a result of

language differences and can be broken by the use of pictures, which increases job

satisfaction and commitment. Communication barriers may lead to adverse effects on

organizational attitudes and job performance.

Meuter, R. F., Gallois, C., Segalowitz, N. S., Ryder, A. G., & Hocking, J. (2015). Overcoming

language barriers in healthcare: a protocol for investigating safe and effective

communication when patients or clinicians use a second language. BMC health services

research, 15(1), 371.

https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12913-015-1024-8?

optIn=true

According to Meuter et al. (2015), miscommunication in the healthcare sector can be life-

threatening. Barriers of communication can be a result of the increasing number of

migrant patients as well as foreign medical personnel, creating the error of

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communication between patients and doctors. This study's main objective is to

understand language barriers and miscommunication that may occur in the healthcare

settings between patients and healthcare providers. Eighty respondents were used during

the first collection of the data at three hospitals in the Metro South area of Brisbane,

Australia. The data was analyzed using both qualitative and quantitative approaches to

determine the elements of communication. The results of this study reveal that the

language barrier results in a miss understanding between doctors and patients. The study

recommends understanding the linguistic and cultural elements which will help to break

language barriers (Meuter et al. 2015).

This article has been of great help in this research study because it has revealed that the

language barrier can create a misunderstanding between healthcare professionals and

patients. This article has explained that to "address the problem of language barriers

successfully, we must know when they are most likely to arise and what their specific

nature is." This will help to develop strategic methods that can be effective in breaking

communication barriers.

Mofareh A, (2019) Difficulties Facing Students in English Language Conversation.

https://doi.org/10.5430/irhe.v4n3p51

http://www.sciedupress.com/journal/index.php/irhe/article/download/16260/10131

This study focuses on poor language proficiency, especially on English language students

basing on conversational skills. According to the article, fear of making errors is one of

the causes of communication barriers among the students. A descriptive research study

was conducted to identify various elements that result in communication barriers,

especially to the students as well as addressing effective solution which aims at reducing
 15

communication difficulties. This research study was set at King Khaled Military

Academy in Saudi Arabia (Mofareh 2019). The data was collected through the random

administering of questionnaires to teachers and students. The results of this study

indicated that many students are unable to speak English correctly and confidently.

Weakness in grammar, difficulties in pronunciation are some of the causes of

communication barriers. Limitations of this study were geographical, time, and field

limitations. The article recommends ensuring efficient teaching methods and developing

ways to mitigate student fear, shyness, and general reluctance to speak English.

The main reason for using this article is to reveal why many students may fail to speak in

English. This journal states that “general weakness in English grammar, vocabulary,

syntax, poor fluency in speech, low understanding of overall grammar frameworks, and

inaccurate pronunciation (Mofareh 2019)." To overcome these barriers, the article has

revealed the significance of ensuring there are appropriate English teaching methods,

which will help improve student's grammar and pronunciation and, hence, break barriers

of communication.

Murray, E., McFarland-Piazza, L., & Harrison, L. J. (2015). Changing patterns of parent-teacher

communication and parent involvement from preschool to school. Early child

development and care, 185(7), 1031-1052.

https://doi.org/10.1080/03004430.2014.975223

This study's objective was to investigate the nature of parent involvement as well as

parent-educator communication in prior-to-school settings and school and explore the

relationship to social variables and consistencies over time. This was a longitudinal study,

and the data was collected by administering questionnaires and interviewing parents and
 16

teachers in Australia. Regression analysis was used to analyze the data, and the results

indicated that communication between parents and children decreased as the children

were moving prom prior-to-school (Murray, McFarland-Piazza, & Harrison, 2015).

Moreover, the results showed that there were setting differences in communication

effectiveness. The study also reveals that breaking communication barriers enhance

communication effectiveness, and this can be achieved when children are exposed to

early childhood education.

The aim of using this article in this study is to identify the changing patterns of both

parent's and teacher's communication when children are moving from preschool to school

settings. The report has stated that "indigenous status and home educational activities are

predictors of parent involvement and communication strategies, and effectiveness

(Murray, McFarland-Piazza, & Harrison, 2015)." Home educational backgrounds ensure

that children can learn necessary communication skills, thereby breaking possible

communication barriers

Norouzinia, R., Aghabarari, M., Shiri, M., Karimi, M., & Samami, E. (2015). Communication

Barriers Perceived by Nurses and Patients. Global journal of health science, 8(6), 65–74.

doi: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n6p65

This article focuses on the communication barriers that exist between patient and nurses.

Communication is a critical factor in the provision of high-quality health services, which

leads to patient gratification (Norouzinia, 2015). In this descriptive-analytic study, 120

respondents were used in the primary collection of data. The respondents included 70

nurses and 50 patients in two hospitals that are affiliated to Alborz University of Medical
 17

Sciences. The data was collected through the administering of questionnaires to patients

and nurses.

According to Norouzinia (2015), there were differences in language, environmental

factors, gender, and cultural differences between the nurses and the patients. The article

address that the breaking of communication barriers requires the establishment of an

effective verbal communication system as providing safe and comfortable environments.

The restrictions of this study were the low numbers of male nurses as well as the lack of

cultural evaluation forces between nurses and patients. The main aim of using this study

is to reveal the causes of communication barriers as well as addressing some of the ways

on how to break the barriers.

The origins of communication barriers are language differences, environmental factors

e.g., noise as well as gender and cultural differences. "Through establishing appropriate

verbal communication, the nurse could thoroughly understand the patient's problems."

Establishing appropriate verbal communication will enhance more understanding

between people and hence breaking the communication barrier. Additionally,

communications should be done in relaxed environments that are free from noise.

Ondondo, E. A. (2015). Acquired language disorders as barriers to effective

communication. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5(7), 1324-1329.

http://www.academypublication.com/ojs/index.php/tpls/article/view/tpls050713241329

This article reveals that communication is a complex process that involves several

fundamentals. However, there are several elements, such as language barriers that affect

effective communication. The primary purpose of this study is to determine how

language disorders affect effective communication. This is a descriptive research study

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where research data was collected by administering questionnaires to respondents.

Additionally, collected data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The survey

results revealed that acquired language disorders create process, semantic and

psychological barriers that hinder effective communication at crucial stages in the

communication process. The restrictions generated prevent proper encoding,

transmission, and decoding of the message. The paper then provides some suggestions on

how to improve effectiveness.

Determining the effects of language disorders on effective communication is the main

reason this article was used in this research study. This article has revealed that

communication plays an essential role in an individual life; however, some factors affect

effective communication. According to Ondondo (2015), "communication breakdown is

witnessed in communication events involving people with fully developed proper

language functions." Improving communication skills will help to reduce language

barriers, therefore ensuring there is effective communication.

Ozmen, F., Akuzum, C., Zincirli, M., & Selcuk, G. (2016). The Communication Barriers

between Teachers and Parents in Primary Schools. Eurasian Journal of Educational

Research, 66, 27-46. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1149130

The objective of this study is to determine the barriers of communication that exist

between teachers and parents. These barriers to communication hinder the realization of

effective teacher-parent communication in school settings. This was a descriptive

research study that used 850 respondents who were teachers. The primary data was

collected through a questionnaire, and the data was analyzed through parametric and non-

parametric tests. This study revealed that cultural differences, physical distance, parent's
 19

lack of trust in teachers, unwillingness for cooperation, and parent's financial problems

are the leading causes of communication barriers between teachers and parents. The

study recommends that school managers and teachers should adopt an open-door policy

for parents. The schools should enhance collaboration efforts between teachers and

parents that help eliminate communication barriers.

This research paper has been of great help in this study because it has revealed the causes

of communication barriers between teachers and parents. Moreover, the article has

addressed possible strategies such as training teachers, parents, and administrative staff

that can be implemented to reduce communication barriers. According to Ozmen et al.

(2016), “cultural differences, physical distance, parent’s lack of trust in teachers,

unwillingness for cooperation, and parent’s financial problems are the main causes of

communication barriers between teachers and parents.” Ensuring that there is sufficient

communication skill also contributes more to student's achievements in academic studies.

Patriksson, K., Nilsson, S., & Wigert, H. (2019). Conditions for communication between health

care professionals and parents in a neonatal ward in the presence of language barriers.

International journal of qualitative studies on health and well-being, 14(1), 1652060.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6713095/

This journal of qualitative studies has revealed that language barriers affect excellent

communication. Good communication help to increase parent's satisfaction as well as

reducing tension, thereby creating a mutual trustful relation. This study aimed to describe

the language barriers that exist between parents and neonatal healthcare professionals.

This study was a field study using a hermeneutic lifeworld approach, which involved

observations and interviews with parents and healthcare professionals in Sweden

 20

(Patriksson, Nilsson, & Wigert, 2019). This study's results proved that language barriers

are the primary causes of communication barriers between parents and healthcare

providers. Moreover, the healthcare providers preferred to use an interpreter when

communicating with the parents while the parents preferred to be independent and speak

for themselves. The journal further reveals that improved knowledge about the parental

experience can be enhanced when language barriers between care providers and parents

are reduced.

The primary reason for using this journal in this research study is to reveal how language

may contribute to communication barriers. The journal stated that "health care

professionals preferred to use an interpreter when communicating with parents

(Patriksson, Nilsson, & Wigert, 2019)." Interpreters play an essential role in reducing

communication barriers that may be existing due to language disparities between the

parents and the healthcare providers. Parents experience joy when they multilingual

health care providers since they can address their concerns without using an interpreter.

Polishchuk, O. S. (2017). Communication barriers faced by English language learners at a

university level: factors and solutions.

http://www.dspace.pdpu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/6391

This article focuses on communication barriers experienced by English language learners

at the university level in Ukraine. The objectives of this study were to identify the

obstacles to effective communication as well as developing effective solutions so that

both students and teachers can benefit in their goals and results regarding communication

skills. Data for this study was collected through the administering of the questionnaires to

students as well as interviews. The results revealed that language barriers, psychological
 21

barriers, inappropriate teaching methods, and lack of contact hours resulted in students'

failure to communicate in English effectively. This article recommends using appropriate

and efficient teaching methods as well as practicing communication skills as a way of

coping with communication barriers.

This article has been of great help in this study because it has identified the significant

causes of communication barriers and addresses useful strategies to cope with the

obstacles. According to the article, "communication barriers are as a result of language

barriers, psychological barriers, inappropriate teaching methods, and lack of contacts

hours failed students to communicate in English effectively." Communication barriers

can be minimized when English learners are provided with enough and appropriate

learning tools, as well as making the students learn cultural diversity and differences.

Santalova, M. S., Lesnikova, E. P., Nechaeva, S. N., Borshcheva, A. V., & Charykova, O. G.

(2018, April). Information hindrances and communication barriers in project interactions.

In International Conference Project, "The future of the Global Financial System:

Downfall of Harmony" (pp. 273-281). Springer, Cham.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-00102-5_29

This article's primary focus is to evaluate the communication barriers in project

interactions in commercial enterprises. According to the report, distortion and loss of

information and lack of efficient communication flow channels are the leading causes of

communication in enterprise projects. Project managers were used in the collection of

primary data by administering questionnaires and personal interviews. The results of this

study reveal that "lack of enough time as well as high workload with current problems"

may result in message distortion, which may lead to communication barriers (Santalova
 22

et al. 2018). Moreover, information overloads and unsatisfactory organization structures

are barriers to effective communication in an organization, including in project

management. A model of communication management process was developed to reduce

the obstacles of communication in project management,

The aim of using this article in this study is to identify barriers of communication that

may exist in the Project interaction of commercial enterprise. Effective communication

plays a fundamental role in the success of any organizational project. The article reveals

that "It is proved that distortion of messages, information overloads and unsatisfactory

structure of the organization are barriers to effective organizational communications,

including in project management (Santalova et al. 2018)." The model of communication

developed from the study helps minimize distortion of messages and reduce information

overloads, resulting in reduced communication barriers.

Skjeggestad, E., Gerwing, J., & Gulbrandsen, P. (2017). Language barriers and professional

identity: A qualitative interview study of newly employed international medical doctors

and Norwegian colleagues. Patient education and counseling, 100(8), 1466-1472.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2017.03.007

According to Skjeggestad, Gerwing, & Gulbrandsen (2017), the main objective of this

study was to explore how language barriers influence communication and collaboration

between newly-employed international doctors and Norwegian health personnel. Twenty-

eight respondents were used in this study, where sixteen were doctors who had recently

started working in Norway while twelve were Norwegian-born health personnel. Data

were analyzed through consistent principles of systematic text condensation. The results

of this study revealed that international healthcare providers were experiencing language
 23

deficiencies that lead to communication barriers. This study implies that all the newly

employed doctors who are non-native speakers could only support in understanding as

well as handling the array of obstacles related to language.

This article has been helpful in this study since it has revealed how language leads to

communication barriers. It is shown that "newly employed international medical doctors

and their colleagues are concerned by ineffective communication due to language barriers

(Skjeggestad, Gerwing, & Gulbrandsen, 2017).” Language barriers affect the doctors'

work performance, whereby it threatens the professional identity of an individual.

Stakanova, E. (2018). Breaking down barriers to effective EFL communication: A look at sense-

making techniques. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering

and Education, 6(3), 29. DOI: 10.5937/ijcrsee1803029S

This article focuses on breaking down barriers to actual fluent English communication.

This paper reflects on a wide-ranging array of studies in the capacity of the methodology

of English teaching. The main objective of the paper is to reveal the main reasons for

barriers in language to smooth English communication. Moreover, the article validates

another way of approaching English communication as a foreign language

communication. The study undertakes empirical investigations of how foreign languages

are taught and learned through sense-making methods. According to Stakanova (2018), a

quantitative study design study was applied where 85 students of Southern Federal

University, Russia, were included. Data for this study was collected by administering

questionnaires to the respondents, and it was analyzed through descriptive analysis. The

study results revealed the main barriers of communication are lack of English

environment outside the classroom among the students who did not talk English. The
 24

study recommends that learning the English language is a personal need and a significant

feature to success.

The main aim of using this article is to reveal the main reasons and obstacles that result in

communication barriers. Moreover, the report further recommends various ways of

overcoming language barriers. “A foreign language should become a personal need for

students allowing them to set goals, choose language improvement strategies, and

exercise self-esteem and self-control (Stakanova, 2018).” Learning a foreign language is

an essential strategy for overcoming communication barriers. It is vital to ensure that

foreign languages are being taught even at our learning institution as one way to break

the communication barrier.

Thomson, K., Outram, S., Gilligan, C., & Levett-Jones, T. (2015). Recent healthcare graduates'

interprofessional experiences: A social psychology perspective on the barriers to effective

communication, teamwork, and patient-centered care. Journal of interprofessional

care, 29(6), 634-640. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2015.1040873

This article focuses on ensuring effective communication in the healthcare sector, helping

to achieve quality and safe health services. This study's main objective was to explore

new graduate experiences and attitudes regarding interpersonal teamwork and

communication within a clinical setting. In this study, sixty-eight respondents were used,

and they were structured in twelve focus groups in clinical workplaces in Australian

states. Social identity and realistic conflict theories were used for qualitative data

analysis. The results of this study revealed the importance of effective communication in

the healthcare sector. The article further recommends reducing the existing

communication barriers that limit effective communication.

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The aim of using this article in this study is to reveal the importance of effective

communication in the healthcare sector. Breaking communication barriers that may exist

in the health care sector help provide quality and safe health services. Thomson et al.

2015, articulates that "Graduates acknowledged the importance of communication,

teamwork, and patient-centered care and felt a better understanding of the roles of other

health professionals would assist them in working together for patient's well-being."

Efficient communication should be ensured at all levels in the health care sector.

Yarmakeev, I. E., Pimenova, T. S., & Syunina, A. S. (2016). Rhetoric as a useful tool for

overcoming communication barriers in new educational environments. Journal of

Organizational Culture, Communications, and Conflict, 20, 220.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312229593_Rhetoric_as_an_effective_tool_of_

overcoming_communication_barriers_in_new_educational_environments

This article identifies rhetoric as an efficient way of overcoming barriers in

communication in educational systems. The report articulates that probing for novel ways

to overcome these barriers has been facilitated by the new forms and realities of

communication in the educational system. In this article, the main barriers of

communication have been revealed, and also the authors try to prove how rhetoric can be

used as a useful tool for breaking the barrier. The setting of this study was at Kazan

Federal University, Russia. According to Yarmakeev (2016), 145 respondents were used

in this empirical, where the participants were divided into two control groups and two

experimental groups. The data was collected through the administering of questionnaires,

and it was analyzed through descriptive analysis. Results from the study proved that
 26

rhetoric is a useful tool for breaking the barrier. The limitation of this study is that the

research was only confined to one university.

This article has been helpful in this study is revealing the main barriers of communication

and reveals how rhetoric can be a useful tool for breaking barriers. According to the

article, "teaching rhetoric in the classroom allow teachers to create a communication

situation (Yarmakeev, 2016)." Rhetoric teaching allows us to breed individuals who can

share universal simple rules of morality and moral values such as respect, caring,

honesty, and appreciation. Breaking communication barriers through rhetoric can foster

individuals to experience feelings of compassion, remorse, solidarity, and empathy.

Zhou, L., & Nunes, M. B. (2016). Barriers to knowledge sharing in Chinese healthcare referral

services: an emergent theoretical model. Global health action, 9, 29964.

https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v9.29964

This study's primary focus is on identifying and explaining the barriers encountered when

sharing knowledge in the healthcare sector in China. An inductive case study approach

was applied in this study, where twenty four healthcare professionals and workers in

Hubei province were interviewed. Thematic analysis was used in this research study was

used to analyze the data collected. Results from this study indicated that communication

barriers affected knowledge sharing (Zhou & Nunes, 2016). Moreover, communication

barriers were as a result of an inefficient method of transmitting information in the

hospitals. The article further reveals that telephone communication can be a useful tool to

break communication barriers where instant messaging and emails can be implemented.

The report recommends establishing an efficient communication system within the

hospitals that will enhance efficient knowledge sharing.

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This article has been helpful in this study because it has revealed the effects of

communication barriers in knowledge sharing, thereby affecting the overall healthcare

sector in China. The article has stated that "telephone communication is perceived to be a

more convenient and flexible channel and is widely used (Zhou & Nunes, 2016)."

Installing proper and efficient communication systems within the hospitals will reduce

communication barriers that might be present. This is an effective way of transferring

knowledge between healthcare professionals, patients as well as social workers.