Introduction

- Finding the number of ways to arrange / to select a

Counting Methods and The specified number of distinct elements of a set of a
Pigeonhole Principle: particular size, where:
- The order of these elements matters.
6.2. Permutations and Combinations - In how many ways can we select three students from a group of
five students to stand in line for a picture
- The order of elements selected does not matter.
Muhammad Arief - How many different committees of three students can be
performed from a group of four students
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Permutations Permutations

- In how many ways can we select three - A permutation of a set of distinct objects is
students from a group of five students to an ordered arrangement of these objects.
stand in line for a picture? An ordered arrangement of r elements of a
- 5 * 4 * 3 = 60 ways set is called an r-permutation.

- In how many ways can we arrange all five of - Notation: P(n, r)

these students in a line for a picture? - n : number of elements
- 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120 ways - r : number of ordered elements

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Example Permutations

- S = {a, b, c}
- The 2-permutations of S: a, b; a, c; b, - P(n, r) = n * (n-1) * (n-2) * … * (n – r + 1)
a; b, c; c, a; c, b - P(n, r) = n! / (n – r)!
- P(3, 2) = 3 * 2 = 6
- n : number of elements
- r : number of ordered elements
- 0≤r≤n

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 Example Example

- How many ways are there to select a first-
prize winner, a second prize winner, and a
third-prize winner from 100 different people
who have entered a contest?
- There are 8 numbers in a race. The winner
receives a gold medal, the second-place finisher
receives a silver medal, and the third-place finisher
receives a bronze medal. How many different ways
are there to award these medals?

- P(100, 3) = 100 * 99 * 98 = 970,200 - P(8, 3) = 8 * 7 * 6 = 336

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Example Example

- A saleswomen has to visit eight different cities. - How many permutations of the letters
She must begin her trip in a specified city, but she ABCDEFGH contain the string ABC?
can visit the other seven cities in any order. How
many possible orders can she use when visiting
these cities? - P(6, 6) = 6! = 720

- P(7, 7) = 7! = 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 5040 - Because the letters ABC must occur as a

block, the elements are ABC, D, E, F, G, H.
- Because the first city is determined, so only the
remaining seven can be ordered arbitrarily.

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Combinations Combinations

- How many different committees of three - An r-combination of elements of a set is an

students can be performed from a group of unordered selection of r elements from the
four students {a, b, c, d}? set. Thus, an r-combination is simply a
subset of the set with r elements.

- {a, b, c}, {a, b, d}, {a, c ,d}, {b, c, d}

- Notation: C(n, r)
- n : number of elements
- r : number of unordered elements

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 Example Combinations

- How many different committees of two - C(n, r) = n! / (r! (n – r)!)

students can be performed from a group of
four students {a, b, c, d}? - n : number of elements
- r : number of unordered elements
- {a, b}, {a, c}, {a, d}, {b, c}, {b, d}, {c, d} - 0≤r≤n

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Example Example

- How many poker hands of five cards can be - How many ways are there to select 47 cards
dealt from a standard deck of 52 cards? from a standard deck of 52 cards?

- C(52, 5) = 52! / (5! (52 – 5)!) = 52! / (5! * 47!) - C(52, 47) = 52! / (47! (52 – 47)!)
- = 52! / (47! * 5!)
- = 52 * 51 * 50 * 49 * 48 / 5!
- = 52 * 51 * 50 * 49 * 48 / 5!
- = 2, 598,960
- = 2, 598,960
- = C(52, 5)

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Combinations Example

- C(n, r) = C(n, n - r) - How many ways are there to select five

- = n! / ((n-r)! (n – (n – r))!) players from a 10-members tennis team to
- = n! / ((n-r)! r!) make a trip to a match at another school?

- C(10, 5) = 10! / (5! * 5!) = 252

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 Example

- A group of 30 people have been trained as

astronauts to go on the first mission to Mars.
How many ways are there to select a crew of
six people to go on this mission?

- C(30, 6) = 30! / (6! * 24!) = 593,775 ways

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