FLUID MACHINES

TURBINE

Turbine is a prime mover to subtract energy

from fluid. Energy from water will be changed to
mechanical energy. Turbines are subdivided into
impulse and reaction machines.

In impulse turbines, the total head available

is first converted into the kinetic energy. The
fluid energy which is reduced on passing through
the runner in entirely kinetic, it follows that the
absolute velocity at outlet is smaller than the
absolute velocity at inlet (jet velocity). The fluid
pressure is atmospheric throughout and the
velocity is constant except for a slight reduction
due to friction.
Example : Pelton wheel

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 1

FLUID MACHINES

In the reaction turbines, the fluid passes

first through a ring of stationary guide vanes in
which only part of the available total head is
converted into kinetic energy. The guide vanes
discharge directly into the runner along the
whole of its periphery, so that the fluid entering
the runner has pressure energy as well as
kinetic energy. The pressure energy is converted
into kinetic energy in the runner. Therefore, the
relative velocity is not constant but increases
through the runner. There is, therefore, a
pressure difference across the runner.
Example : Francis turbine

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 2

FLUID MACHINES

FRANCIS TURBINE
Main parts :
1. spiral
2. guide vanes
3. runner / impeller
4. draft tube

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 3

FLUID MACHINES

Net head :

2
Pi Vi
H input =H = + + Zi
ρg 2 g

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 4

FLUID MACHINES

Velocity triangle :

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 5

FLUID MACHINES

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 6

FLUID MACHINES

Euler’s head :
Vw1U1
HE =
g

Hydraulic efficiency :
Vw1U1 − Vw 2U 2
ηh =
gH

Mechanical efficiency :
Po
η mech =
[ ]
ρgQ g1 (Vw1U1 − Vw 2U 2 )

Overall efficiency :
Po
ηo =
ρgQH

Part four : Reaction Turbine – Francis Turbine 7

FLUID MACHINES

PELTON WHEEL
Main parts :

1. jet nozzle
2. runner / impeller
3. bucket

Part four : Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel 1

FLUID MACHINES

Velocity triangle :

at inlet :
Vr1 = V1 − U1 and Vw1 = V1

at outlet :
Vr 2 = k ⋅ Vr1

Vw 2 = U 2 − k ⋅ Vr1 cos(180 − θ )

Power :
P = ρQU (V1 − U )[1 + k cos(180 − θ )]

Part four : Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel 2

FLUID MACHINES

EFFICIENCY OF PELTON WHEEL

1. hydraulic efficiency

2U (V1 − U )[1 + k cos(180 − θ )]

ηh =
V12

velocity at maximum hydraulic efficiency :

V1
U=
2

Part four : Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel 3

FLUID MACHINES

maximum hydraulic efficiency :

1 + k cos(180 − θ )
ηh =
2

power at max hydraulic efficiency :

⎛ V12 ⎞
Pmax = ρQ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟[1 + k cos(180 − θ )]
⎝ 4 ⎠

Part four : Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel 4

FLUID MACHINES

2. mechanical efficiency

P
η mech =
ρQU (V1 − U )[1 + k cos(180 − θ )]

3. volumetric efficiency

Qa
ηv =
Q

4. overall efficiency

P
ηo =
ρgQH

Part four : Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel 5

FLUID MACHINES

Hydraulic efficiency :

Vw1U1 − Vw 2U 2
ηh =
gH

Mechanical efficiency :

Po
η mech =
[ ]
ρgQ g1 (Vw1U1 − Vw 2U 2 )

Overall efficiency :

Po
ηo =
ρgQH

Part four : Impulse Turbine – Pelton Wheel 6