Chapter one

1. Basic Principles of Turbo Machines

Contents
1.1. Definition
Turbo Machine:- All those machine which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical energy and
mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
Power producing turbo machine:- The machine which convert hydraulic energy into mechanical
energy.
Ex. All turbine
Power absorbing turbo machine:- The machine which cover mechanical energy in to hydraulic
energy.
Ex. Pump, Compressor, Fane etc.
The turbo machine covers a wide range of machines, such as gas turbines, steam turbines, centrifugal
pumps, centrifugal and axial flow compressors, windmills, water wheels, hydraulic turbines, fans
and blowers. Mechanical energy transfer occurs inside or outside of the turbo machine, usually in a
steady flow process. Turbo machines include all those machines that produce power, such as
turbines, as well as those types that produce a head or pressure, such as centrifugal pumps and
compressors.

Fig.1Types and shapes of turbo machines

1.2
Fig: parts of a steam turbine Fig: parts of an impulse water turbine
(Tangential flow)
 EXAMPLES
Gear pumps, screw pumps, piston, reciprocating are PDM

Piston (PDM) screw pump (PDM)

Centrifugal flow machine (Turbo M) Axial flow machine (Turbo M)

1.4. CLASSIFICATIONS OF TURBO MACHINES

The Turbo machines may be classified under different categories as follows:
1. On the Basis of Direction of Energy Conversion:
The device in which the kinetic, potential of the fluid is converted in the form of mechanical energy
of a rotating member is known as a turbine. The machines, on the other hand, where the mechanical
energy from moving parts is transferred to a fluid to increase its stored energy by increasing either its
pressure or velocity are known as pumps, compressors, fans or blowers.

2. On the Basis of Power:

(a) Power producing machine- Fluid transfer its energy to the machine
Pressure Energy (Pr E) of fluid is converted into mechanical energy in a close container by a machine-
Hydro static machine
Pressure Energy (Pr E) of fluid is converted by the dynamic action of fluid due to relative motion
between the fluid and machine - Hydro Dynamic machine
Hydraulic turbines (the work is done by the fluid on the rotor).
(b) Power Absorbing machine- Energy supplied to the shaft of a machine (Shaft Power) is transfer to
theFluid due to relative motion between the fluid and machine
Pump, compressor, fan or blower (the work is done by the rotor on the fluid element).

3. On the Basis of Main Direction of Fluid Path in the Rotor:

(a) Tangential flow- Fluid velocity is in the direction of tangent to the runner and it strikes in the
form of jet.
V

(b) Radial Flow- flow of fluid is in radial direction

(i) Radial inward flow- The flow is towards the center of the rotor and away from the Rim.
Eg. Inward flow Turbine
(ii) Radial outward flow- The flow is away from the center and towards to
Rim Eg. Pumps and Compressors
Examples of radial flow machines are the Francis turbines and the centrifugal pumps or
compressors
(c) Axial flow- If flow is axially to the machine means fluid insert at center and exit at center also
Eg. Axial flow turbine, axial flow pump and compressor.
(d) Mixed flow- If the flow is partly radial and partly axial, the term mixed-flow machine is used.

RADIAL AXIAL
AIR AIR
FLOW FLOW

PROPELLER
TYPE FAN
(TWO STAGE)
CENTRIFUGAL
TYPE FAN

Fig. : Turbomachine on the basis of fluid path

 Types of Flow

Axial Flow
Tangential
or Radial Flow Mixed Flow
Flow
Parallel Flow

Pelton wheel Kaplan

Turbine, Turbine. Radial + axial
Centrifugal Axial Flow Outward Inword
Pump, Pump, Radial Radial
Centrifugal Axial Flow
Compressor Compressor
Old Modern
Fourneyron Francis
Francis
Turbine Trubine
Trubine

4. On the Basis of Fluid Used:

The machine transferring mechanical energy of rotor to the energy of fluid is termed as a pump
when it uses liquid, and is termed as a compressor or a fan or a blower, when it uses gas. The
compressor is a machine where the main objective is to increase the static pressure of a gas.
Therefore,
The mechanical energy held by the fluid is mainly in the form of pressure energy. Fans or blowers, on
the other hand, mainly cause a high flow of gas, and hence utilize the mechanical energy of the rotor
to increase mostly the kinetic energy of the fluid. In these machines, the change in static pressure is
quite small.
For all practical purposes, liquid used by the turbines (for producing power) is water, and
therefore, they are termed as water turbines or hydraulic turbines. Turbines handling gases, steam in
practical fields are usually referred to as steam turbine, gas turbine, and air turbine depending upon
whether they use steam, gas (the mixture of air and products of burnt fuel in air) or air.
5. On the Basis of Fluid Action on the machine (Operation):
On the basis of operation turbo machines are two types:
(1) Impulse
(2) Reaction
6. Based on Operating Head:-
(a) Low Head – (< 60 m) – Kaplan Turbine
(b) Medium Head – (60 m < H < 250 m) – Francis Turbine
(c) High Head – (> 250 m) – Pelton wheel Turbine
7. Based on Specific Speed:-
(a) Low Specific Speed – (< 50 RPM) – Pelton wheel Turbine
(b) Medium Specific Speed – (50 RPM < Ns < 400 RPM) – Francis Turbine
(c) High Specific Speed – (> 400 RPM) – Kaplan Turbine

8. On the Basis of Fluid used:

(i) Incompressible Fluid
Ex.Liquid Pump
(ii) Compressible Fluid
Ex.– Compressor (air), fan and Blow

1.5. Applications of Turbo-machine

Electricity generation (Hydro Turbines, Steam and Gas Turbines, Wind Turbines)
Jet engine (Multi-stage
stage Turbines and Multi-stage
Multi Compressors coupled)
Industrial and miscellaneous service (Air Compressors in Pneumatic systems, pumps in hydraulic
and cooling systems and also in steam generating cycle)
HVAC (Pumps, blowers, fans)
Refrigerators
efrigerators (centrifugal compressor)
Agriculture (pumps)
Automobiles (Radiator i.e air fan, Turbocharger i.e energy recovery unit)

Propellers in ships

1.6 Impulse Momentum Principle (Conservation of linear momentum principle)

Momentum (P) = M V
According to Newton’s IInd law of motion – The magnitude of applied force is equal to the Rate of change
of Linear momentum in the direction
ion of applied force
BUT – the direction of force will depends on the direction in which the change of momentum takes place.

F = d/ dt (mV) --------
--------1

= m * dV/dt + V *dm/dt
For solid body M = Constant so dm/dt = 0
F = m * dV/dt
--------2
For fluid mechanics we are concerned with constant mass flow rate of a continuous fluid.

F = (m/dt) * dV

For initial condition F = (m/t) * (Vf -Vi)

F = ṁ * (Vf -Vi) Force Exerted by the body on the fluid

Or F = (m/t) * (Vf -Vi)

F * t = m * (Vf -Vi) Impulse Momentum Principle

F = (ṁ Vi ) – (ṁ Vf )
(Force exerted by Fluid on body) = (Rate of momentum in) – (Rate of momentum out)
Note:- Fluid Mechanics ṁ = ρ A V(Mass= Flowm/tRate)

1.7 Principle of Turbomachine (Euler’s Energy Equation)

(Principle of conservation of angular momentum) (Newton’s second law of
motion applied to turbo machines)
If we provide a force through jet on a blade there will be change in velocity in linear direction due to
change of linear momentum (P) and it will move in a line (Impulse momentumprinciple).