Fluid Power System, CHAPTER-2

CHAPTER-2
Components of Fluid power

System
Components and symbols of Hydraulic and
pneumatic System
 Knowing components found in typical FP systems basically used
as building blocks for understanding how to select components
and simulate circuits.
 Those components are;
I. Cylinders/ actuators
II. Reservoirs
III. Filters
IV.Hoses and Fittings
V. Accumulators
VI. Pumps and Motors
VII.Valves
Components and symbols of Hydraulic System…
I. Cylinders/ actuators
Cylinders convert fluid power pressure and flow to mechanical
translational power force and velocity.
Cylinders are linear actuators that can push and pull.
The hydraulic oil in the cylinder acts on a piston to do work in
a linear direction
The work that is performed is the product of the fluid pressure
and the area of the piston/cylinder bore.
The quantity of fluid delivered into the cylinder determines

the speed or rate of doing work.
Are single acting (push only) with spring return and double-
acting (push-pull)
II. Reservoirs
 Are oil storage tank connected to atmosphere through a
breather and having pump and return lines to deliver and
accept oil with providing a source of room temperature oil
at atmospheric pressure.
III. Filters
 During use, hydraulic oil picks up contaminating particles from wear
of sliding metallic surface that add to residual contaminants from the
oil manufacturing process, rust from metal and polymer particles
from seal wear.
IV. Hoses and Fittings

The efficiency of a fluid power system is often limited by
the lines(fluid carriers) that carry the fluid operating
medium from one fluid power component to another.
Are glue that connects the various components together.
V. Accumulators
o It is a simple hydraulic device which stores energy in the
form of fluid pressure.
o This stored pressure may be suddenly or intermittently
released as per the requirement, which enables the pump,
operating under uniform load, to meet an intermittent or
fluctuating demand for power.
o It can store, and release, a quantity of fluid at the required
system pressure.
o It resembles the operation of a capacitor in an electronic
power supply.
o Two types; one accumulators operate by compressing a gas
and other accumulators may work by compressing a spring
or lifting a weight with a cylinder.
o The most common form is the gas filled bladder
accumulators.
o Accumulators can also be used to act as 'buffers' on a
system to absorb shocks.
o An accumulator, however, brings an additional danger into
the system, as it is possible for high pressures to exist in the
circuit even though the pump has been stopped.
IV. Pumps and motors
 Hydraulic pumps supply energy to the system, converting the torque
and velocity of an input shaft to pressure and flow of the output
fluid.
 The motor is a device that is capable of rotating when a voltage is applied.
 Pumps are generally driven by electric motors
Types of pump
 Two broad classifications;
1. Positive displacement pumps
 flow remain constant throughout pressure variation.
Positive-displacement pumps operate by forcing a fixed
volume of fluid from the inlet pressure section of the pump
into the discharge zone of the pump.
2. Dynamic (non-positive displacement) pumps
flow change with change in pressure
1. Positive displacement pumps
 Two main types of positive displacement pumps;
a) Rotary pumps
b) Reciprocating pumps
a) ROTARY PUMPS
 In Rotary pumps, movement of liquid is achieved by mechanical
displacement of liquid produced by rotation of a sealed
arrangement of intermeshing rotating parts within the pump
casing.
 Examples: Gear pumps(External, Internal), Lobe pumps, Screw
pumps, Vane pumps
External Gear Pump
 Fluid flow is developed by carrying fluid between the teeth.
 Suction side is where teeth come out of mesh (volume
expansion)
 And discharge side where teeth go into mesh (volume
decreases)
Internal Gear Pump
o Power is applied to any one of the gears.
o The motion of the gears forces the fluid around both sides
of the crescent seal, which acts as a seal between the
suction and discharge ports.
Lobe Pump
It operates in a fashion similar to the external gear pump.
But both lobes are driven externally so that there is no
direct contact of the surfaces.
It is quieter and has a larger volume flow rate.
Screw Pump
o This is an axial flow positive displacement unit.
o The central rotor is the only one driven and the two idler
rotors that are in rolling contact act as rotating seals.
Vane Pump
A rotor with radial slots, is positioned off-center in a housing bore.
Vanes that fit closely in rotor slots slide in and out as the rotor
turns.
Pumping action is caused by the expanding and contracting volumes
contained by the rotor, vanes, and housing.
b. RECIPROCATING PUMPS
In a reciprocating pump, a volume of liquid is drawn into
the cylinder through the suction valve on the intake stroke
and is discharged under positive pressure through the outlet
valves on the discharge stroke.
Example: Piston pumps (Axial and Radial)
Piston Pumps
 It is the reciprocating motion that gives rise to the pumping
process.
 Two basic types: Axial, pistons parallel to the cylinder
block AND Radial, pistons around the pump drive shaft at
right angles.
2. Dynamic (non-positive displacement) pumps
 Converts rotational energy, often from a motor, to energy
in a moving fluid.
 Example; Centrifugal pump
VII. Valves
Control is the most important consideration in any system.
If control system components are not properly selected, the entire
system will not function as required.
Valves are used in fluid power system to control direction, pressure
and flow.
Valves are characterized by the number of ports on the valve for
connecting input and output lines and by the number of operating
positions and based on their function.
There are three basic types of valves:
a) Directional control
b) Pressure control
c) Flow control
a. Directional Control Valves (DCV)
 Are used to control the direction of flow in a hydraulic circuit.
 By determining the path, the direction change in cylinder
 Example: check valves, two-way, three-way, etc.
b. Pressure Control Valves
For controlling the fluid pressure at a point
The most common type is the spring operated valve.
Example: pressure relief valve
 pressure relief valves are a safety device designed to open when system
pressure (i.e. in a vessel or pipework) becomes too great and may damage
equipment or endanger personnel if not relieved.
 Limits system pressure and establishes working
c. Flow Control Valve (FCV)
 Primary function: controlling rate of flow, velocity control
of cylinders, speed control of hydraulic motors
 Example: pressure compensated(Orifice valve) and non-
pressure compensated(Needle Valve)
Methods of actuating valves
o Manually actuated
o Mechanical actuated
o Solenoid actuated

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CHAPTER-2

Components of Fluid power

The quantity of fluid delivered into the cylinder determines

IV. Hoses and Fittings

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