RIFTY VALLEY UNIVERSITY

BISHOFTU CAMPUS
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICHAL
ENGINEERING
Course tittle: Research Methodology
Individual Assignment of Turbomachine
Name: Gemachu Neme Wedajo
Id no:0029/13

Submitted to: instructor Ali (MSc)

i
Abstract
A turbomachinery is an apparatus that A turbomachine is a device that uses the dynamic action
of spinning blade rows to transfer mechanical energy in the form of shaft work to or from a fluid
that is continually flowing. The fluid dynamic lift is another outcome of the fluid-turbine blade
interaction. The fluid's enthalpy changes as it passes through a turbomachine. All devices that
generate power, such turbines, as well as those that create pressure or head, like centrifugal
pumps and compressors, are considered turbomachines. An ongoing stream of fluid is given
energy by the turbomachine or extracted from it. It is sporadic in a positive displacement
machine, though.

ii
Tables of Contents page
1. Introduction .......................................................................................................... iv
2. Types of turbomachines .................................................................................... - 2 -
3. Turbo Pumps .................................................................................................... - 3 -
3.1 The principle: -............................................................................................. - 3 -
3.2 Design:- ........................................................................................................... - 4 -
i. Classical Turbopumps:- .................................................................................. - 4 -
ii. Enhancements (CompactTurbo) ................................................................... - 5 -
3.3 operation sequence:- .................................................................................... - 7 -
4. Turbo Compressors ......................................................................................... - 9 -
i. The casing: .................................................................................................... - 10 -
5. Steam, Gas and Hydraulic Turbines .............................................................. - 12 -
5.1 Steam turbine:- ........................................................................................... - 12 -
5.2 Gas turbine: - ............................................................................................. - 13 -
6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... - 15 -
Refereance ........................................................................................................... - 16 -

iii
 List of figure

Figure ………………………………………………..............................-
3-
Figure 2: classical Trumbo pumps ....................................................... - 4 -
Figure 3: Trumbo compact ................................................................... - 5 -
Figure 4: magnetic Trumbo .................................................................. - 7 -
Figure 5:trumbo compressor .............................................................. - 10 -
Figure 6; steam turbine ....................................................................... - 13 -
I. Figure 7:gass turbine ..................................................................... - 13 -

iv
1. Introduction
The word turbo, which comes from the Latin for "turbine," means "that which spins or whirls
around." A turbomachine is a rotating device that constantly involves the transfer of energy from
a continuously flowing fluid to a rotor. It is a device that generates power or head by utilizing the
dynamic action of the rotor, impeller, or runner to alter the energy level of the fluid that is
continuously flowing through the rotor. Depending on the type of machine, energy is transferred
either from the rotor to the flowing fluid or from the working fluid to the rotor. Energy is
transferred between the blades and the fluid as a result of the dynamic action of the rotating
blade rows creating forces between the blade row and the fluid and the components of these
forces in the direction of blade motion.
Humanity has been using more and more energy over time. Different methods are needed for the
generation of mechanical energy from primary energy sources as well as the utilization of that
mechanical energy to power life-improving devices. These systems consist of various parts with
a range of complexities and functions. A portion of these components have low Fluids, which
result in energy conversion. Some characteristics are shared by different kinds of compressors
and pumps that use mechanical energy as well as different kinds of turbines that generate it.
These parts, collectively referred to as turbomachines, operate on the same fundamental ideas.

A turbomachine is a device that uses dynamic action to transfer energy from a flowing fluid to a
rotating element, changing the fluid's pressure and momentum in the process. Either within or
outside the turbomachine, mechanical energy is transferred, usually in a steady-flow manner. All
devices that generate power, such turbines, as well as those that create pressure or head, like
centrifugal pumps and compressors, are considered turbomachines. The turbine generates or
harvests energy from a fluid stream that is constantly flowing. It is sporadic in a positive
displacement machine, though. The main uses of the turbomachine are in the production of
electricity, in aircraft propulsion, and in military and commercial vehicles propulsion. Steam,
gas, and hydraulic turbines are the units used in power generating; depending on the application,
their capacities can range from a few kilowatts to several hundred or even thousands of
megawatts. Here, the alternator is driven by the turbomachines at the proper speed to create
power at the proper frequency. The gas turbine has been the main driving force in military
aircraft and heavy vehicle propulsion.

-1-
2. Types of turbomachines
Turbomachines are classified into two main groups, depending on whether the work is done by
fluid on the rotating element or work is done on fluid by the rotor. And classified on the type of
its motion to (axial – Centrifugal– Radial)

Turbomachines may also be classified as:

Incompressible or compressible.
Axial-flow, mixed-flow or radial-flow geometry.
Single stage or multi Single stage or multi –stage.
Impulse, reaction or impulse-reaction.

-2-
3. Turbo Pumps
3.1 The principle: - When a particle collides with a moving orifice, it leaves the orifice with a
component in the direction of the orifice's movement in addition to its own thermal speed. The
particle's overall speed and direction of motion are obtained by superimposing these two speeds.
The procedure is carried out once again if a second orifice is placed across from the first one.
The pumping process is the result of the particle's undirected thermal movement prior to its
impact with the orifices becoming directed. The pumping effect is entirely contributed by the
extra gas speed components in the molecular flow region, but it is lost in the laminar flow range
due to molecular collisions. The range of 10 -3 to 10-1 Mbar is the transition region between the
molecular and laminar flow. The spaces between the blades on turbo-pumps are roughly
correlated with the mean free paths at 10-2 Mbar. The Halleck stages have narrower channel
cross sections, hence the transition range to laminar flow is about 1 Mbar. Pumps that function
on this principle are referred to as molecular pumps because the impact of the moving orifices on
the gas particles is largest in the molecular flow range.

Figure 1: Trumbo pumps

-3-
3.2 Design:-
i. Classical Turbopumps:- Based on his initial experiences with molecular pumps, Becker
created a novel molecular pump in 1957 that bore the name turbopump due to its architecture
resembling that of a turbine. A turbopump is just a casing that houses a stator and rotor. Blades,
or rotating and stationary disks, are arranged alternately. Every disk has oblique channels,
meaning that the channels on the rotor disk are mirrored in relation to the channels on the stator
disks. A pump stage is created by the combination of a rotor and stator disk, which produces a
specific compression ratio of about 30 for air. Very high ratios are reached by sequentially
switching multiple pump stages, which multiplies the compression effect.

Figure 2: classical Trumbo pumps

-4-
ii. Enhancements (CompactTurbo) :- There are various technological methods for raising a
turbopump's exhaust pressure. At Pfeiffer Vacuum, our method involves placing a Holweck drag
stage after the turbo stage. This stage is made up of a fixed piece with a thread and a rotating
cylinder. The Holweck stages work best in the molecular flow range, just like the turbomolecular
stages do. On the Holweck stage, a pump channel's normal dimensions are between ten and fifty
times smaller than those of the turbo disks. A crash particles only become significant at greater
pressures. Thus, the molecular flow is maintained for a few Mbars. Because only a very small
entry surface may be used, the pumping speed of Holweck stages is lower than the pumping
speed of a turbomolecular stage. In turbo drag pumps, the downstream Holweck stages with
lower pumping rates readily take the gas molecules that have already been compressed by the
turbopump stages. Here, they undergo additional compression before being pumped to the
backup pump. Pumping speed at high pressures can be increased while lowering heat buildup by
aligning concentric Holweck stages in parallel. This is particularly useful when pumping large
volumes of gas. As a result, the Holweck stages function as a single, integrated big backup pump
with a pressure limit of roughly 10 mbar.

Figure 3: Trumbo compact

-5-
iii. MagneticTurbo:- Our basic turbopumps typically have lubricated ceramic ball bearings
on the fore-vacuum side and a passive, radially stabilizing, maintenance-free permanent
magnetic bearing on the high vacuum side. Magnetic bearing-equipped turbopumps are
specifically engineered for unique uses. For specific uses, fully magnetic bearing turbopumps
have been developed. The rotor is held electrically suspended in the axial direction by
electromagnets. Both an electrical method and a permanent magnetic bearing can be used to
control the radial position. The vibration level is quite minimal since the rotor and casing are not
in direct contact. Furthermore, out of balance adjustment occurs, which lowers the vibration level
even more. Compared to comparable ball bearing turbopumps, the vibration level is reduced by
around an order of magnitude.

In addition to the lack of oil on the fore-vacuum side, there are other benefits including less wear
and tear and easier maintenance. The rotor's energy provides power to the magnetic bearing in
the event of a power outage. This guarantees that the power will be on for about seven minutes.
In situations when there are prolonged power outages, an incorporated safety bearing stops the
rotor at about 20% of its rated rotational speed. The rotor is frequently brought to rest without
venting and without suffering damage, even in the event of an electrical malfunction, air
infiltration, or earthquakes. With turbo drag and standard turbo technology, magnetic bearing
turbopumps can be installed in any position.

-6-
Figure 4: magnetic Trumbo

3.3 operation sequence:- To achieve a much lower pressure in the vacuum chamber, we
use mechanical pumps to remove some of the air. However, the number of air molecules that a
mechanical pump can remove from the vacuum chamber is limited, so we must keep pumping
after using a mechanical pump. Since high vacuum pumps cannot operate at atmospheric
pressure, we must first use a mechanical pump and then a high vacuum pump.
Since the turbopump can reach much lower pressures than a mechanical pump alone, we first
rough pump the system with the mechanical pump before using the turbo pump. However, a
turbopump requires assistance from the mechanical pump in order to function; this essentially
means that This essentially means that the mechanical pump removes the air from the turbo
pump's output, which is why we're using it in two separate ways.

-7-
turbopump requires assistance. It is supported by a mechanical pump; it cannot pump on its own.
This essentially means that the mechanical pump removes the air from the turbo pump's output,
which is why we're using it in two separate ways. In order to activate the turbo pump, we must
first rough out the vacuum system from atmospheric pressure to roughly 10 torr. Secondly, we
use the mechanical pump to support the turbo pump. The turbopump is made up of multiple
turbines that are spinning at a high speed. The angled turbine blades strike the air molecules,
bouncing them out of the chamber and into the turbo pump. There are numerous turbine blades
in the turbopump.
turbocharged pump This occurs frequently, and there are several turbine blades. The remaining
air molecules in the chamber diffuse toward the turbo pump, where there is less air, as the
number of air molecules in the chamber near the pump decreases. The air molecules that the
turbo pump collects exit the turbopump's outlet and are subsequently pumped by the mechanical
pump that is backing it up. The speed of the turbines, which normally spin at 50,000 rpm, is what
gives a turbopump its power; a conventional mechanical pump operates at less than 5,000 rpm.

-8-
4. Turbo Compressors
A compressor's job is to increase the working fluid's overall pressure. The overall pressure rise
necessitates an external energy input, which must be added to the system in the form of
mechanical energy, in accordance with the energy conservation law.
The fluid medium experiences forces from the compressor rotor, which is powered by a turbine
or an electric motor. This causes the fluid medium's pressure to rise. In addition to gas
liquefaction and biological sewage treatment, compressors are used in pipeline systems, the
chemical sector, steel production, and blast furnace air oxygen enrichment. The compressor
component of power production and aircraft gas turbines supplies the pressure ratio necessary to
keep the electricity or thrust generation process going.

-9-
Figure 5:trumbo compressor

Gas path components:-

 Casing.
 Guide vanes (stators).
 Rotor (impeller (blades) and shaft).
 Diaphragms (diffuser and return channel).
 Stage seals (impeller and shaft).

i. The casing: - The ability of the turbo-compressor casing to split either horizontally or
vertically (barrel type) defines its function. Barrel type casings are typically utilized for mixed
gases with a high hydrogen concentration or above 600 Psi (40 Bar) of pressure. Horizontally
divided casings with bottom connections are favored from a maintenance perspective. The
primary issue pertaining to casing design is distortion of the casing brought on by excessive
foundation or pipe forces. Dial indicators installed externally to the casing should be positioned
on the shaft in the horizontal and vertical planes during construction or anytime pipe is
withdrawn from the casing. When pipework is fastened up to a casing and there is movement of

- 10 -
more than 0.002 inches (0.05 mm), the piping system (pipe flange alignment) needs to be
adjusted.

ii. The inlet guide vanes:- Centrifugal compressor guide vanes are typically fixed, which
defines the role of the compressor inlet guide vanes. It is possible to equip plant and instrument
air compressors with movable guide vanes. Its job is also to distribute and guide the gas to every
impeller. The guide vanes of centrifugal compressors are fixed. During operation, the axial
compressor guiding vanes can be adjusted. By adjusting the gas's velocity and direction in
relation to the compressor's impeller blades, adjustable guide vanes modify the dynamic
compressor performance curve. The gas's tangential velocity will rise as a result of the blades'
counter rotating impact with the gas velocity vector, producing more energy (head). Pre-rotation,
or leading the gas velocity vector, will reduce the gas's tangential velocity and head of energy
production.

iii. The rotor: - Accelerator rotors for dynamic compressors may have centrifugal or axial
impellers. The flow rates that centrifugal impellers can manage range from 100 to over 100,000
CFM. Blading rows, or axial impellers, are often employed at CFM values greater than 100,000.
An axial stage typically produces about 3,000 FT/LBF/LBM of head, while a centrifugal stage
can produce anywhere between 5,000 and 25,000 FT/LBF/LBM of head. These are the most
frequent issues with rotors: imbalanced components, improperly assembled impellers, excessive
blade or impeller stress, and natural frequencies of the rotor system. Function: The rotor, which
is made up of a shaft, thrust disc, balance drum, and impellers, rotates to increase the gas's
energy.

iv. Diaphragms:- One of the two materials used to make diaphragms is cast iron or cast
steel. Both of the materials are appropriate. However, cast iron diaphragms may shatter and need
to be replaced in the event of severe axial rubs brought on by a very prolonged surge. Failure of
centrifugal diaphragms will result in extended downtime and lost product income since they are
rarely spared. Diffusers can be scrolled or vanned to improve the head produced per stage, but
they are typically vaneless (parallel walled). The fatigue of the impeller side plates, which results
in alternating pressures at the impeller discharge, was a common cause of impeller side wall
breakage in older designs using vanned or scrolled diffusers. The pressure build-up and decline
- 11 -
brought on by the blade passing interference between the diffuser and impeller was the cause of
this phenomenon. The traditional remedy is to move the impeller wheel "scroll" between each
vane. Because of its look, a modified impeller is referred to as a "cabbage cutter wheel". The
purpose of this alteration is to eliminate the side plate cracks by removing the material that is
impacted. This adjustment has shown to be effective and has little to no impact on the efficiency
of the impeller.

v. Inter-stage seals:- Each diaphragm of the impeller has one eye seal and one
shaft covering. The purpose of these seals is to reduce leakage. from the diffuser to the impeller's
inlet (the eye seal). and to the shaft seal, the following stage's inlet. The most common material
used to make interstate seals is aluminum. ensure that coming into contact with the rotor doesn't
cause an external stimulation in order to induce vibration. But some gases and mixes of saturated
gases demand that substitute materials to be applied. Different types of abatable interstate seals
have been used since the early 1970s. been put to use. The rotor can be in contact with valuable
seals without causing the rotor system to become excited. This kind of sealing between stages
system's inceptions was in the aviation engine sector. Abrasion-resistant seals provide the benefit
of higher efficiency. It has proven possible to get 3% increases in stage efficiency. Abatable seal
materials that are commonly utilized include has teloi honeycomb configurations and flourishing
(mica impregnated Teflon).

5. Steam, Gas and Hydraulic Turbines

5.1 Steam turbine:- A huge steam turbine is used to provide base load electricity. Steam
turbines are devices that produce power. It is made up of two identical low pressure (LP)
components, an integrated high pressure (HP), and an intermediate pressure (IP).
Every part has several stages that include rotor- and stator-blading. Steam enters the HP-turbine
component at a specific level of total energy, travels through the first stator row, and experiences
some degree of deflection. This is required to create the right intake conditions for the rotor row
that follows. The inner casing, which is subjected to more pressure than the outer one, is where
the stator blades are fixed. Acceleration of the working fluid occurs during deflection. As an

This leads to a partial conversion of the potential energy of steam into kinetic energy, which is
then employed in the rotor blading that follows. Shaft power is produced when a portion of the
total energy is transformed into mechanical energy by the rotor's rotational motion. The
following steps repeat this process until the exit requirements are met. When compared to the LP
component, the HP-turbine component's blade height is comparatively smaller. The combined
HP- and IP-part cross sections only slightly alter as a result of a somewhat higher specific
volume. In contrast, the LP-part's specific volume varies significantly, necessitating an oversized
cross-sectional hole to support high blade heights.

- 12 -
Figure 6; steam turbine

5.2 Gas turbine: - Gas turbine technology is a significant area of turbomachine application.
Compressor and turbine parts are both included in a gas turbine engine. Gas turbines are
employed as power generating devices to meet the demand for electricity during times of peak
load. Steam can be produced using the thermal energy of a gas turbine's exhaust gasses to
provide additional power.

I. Figure 7:gass turbine

This is achieved by a combined cycle that shows an effective base-load power production device
with an overall thermal efficiency above 55%. Gas turbine engine used for power generation
with a thermal efficiency of around 33%. As a traditional technique for increasing thermal
efficiency, the well-known reheat principle is used to significantly boost thermal efficiency
without significantly raising the turbine input temperature. This common efficiency-boosting
technique was originally used in 1948 at a gas turbine power plant in Beznau, Switzerland. It is
frequently employed in the production of steam turbine power. The facility, which has a turbine

- 13 -
inlet temperature of 600 °C and an astonishingly high efficiency of 30%, is still in service after
nearly 50 years. The sequential combustion method was not included into the design of aviation
or power generation gas turbines, despite the great efficiency that was expected at conventional
turbine inlet temperature. The fundamental issue with incorporating two combustion chambers
into a gas turbine engine with a traditional design was the cause. Gas turbines are extensively in
transportation in addition to power generation.

- 14 -
6. Conclusion
Devices known as turbomachines are used to convert the entire energy of a working medium into
mechanical energy and vice versa. Two primary categories often apply to turbomachines. The
main purpose of the first category is power production. Steam turbines, gas turbines, and
hydraulic turbines are a few examples of it. The primary purpose of the second category is to use
power to raise the working fluid's overall pressure. Fans, pumps, and compressors are all part of
it. In a turbomachine, when fluid is released, it provides energy to the blades and the rotor works
as an engine. On compression, the fluid receives energy from the blades and the rotor acts as a
receptor. a turbofan engine only a portion of the incoming air goes into the combustion chamber.
The remainder passes through a fan, or low-pressure compressor, and is ejected directly as a
"cold" jet or mixed with the gas-generator exhaust to produce a "hot" jet. A turbomachine is a
device in which energy transfer takes place between a flowing fluid and a rotating element due to
the dynamic action, and results in the change of pressure and momentum of the fluid

- 15 -
Refereance

Dick, E., & Dick. (2015). Fundamentals of turbomachines (Vol. 109). Dordrecht, The
Netherlands: Springer.

Denton, J. D. (1993). Loss mechanisms in turbomachines (Vol. 78897, p. V002T14A001).

American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

Jacquet-Richardet, G., Torkhani, M., Cartraud, P., Thouverez, F., Baranger, T. N., Herran,
M., ... & Peletan, L. (2013). Rotor to stator contacts in turbomachines. Review and
application. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 40(2), 401-420.

Marble, F. E., & Hawthorne, W. R. (1964). Three-dimensional flow in turbomachines. High

Speed Aerodynamics and Jet Propulsion, 10(10), 83-166.

Rao, J. S. (1991). Turbomachine blade vibration. New Age International.

Denton, J. D. (1992). The calculation of three-dimensional viscous flow through multistage

turbomachines.

Keck, H., & Sick, M. (2008). Thirty years of numerical flow simulation in hydraulic
turbomachines. Acta mechanica, 201(1), 211-229.

Fleeter, S. (1979). Aeroelasticity research for turbomachine applications. Journal of

Aircraft, 16(5), 320-326.
Turbo-compressor mechanical design overview (n.d.). Retrieved from
https://kundoc.com

Liquid Rocket Engines (J-2X, RS-25, general) (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://blogs.nasa.gov

- 16 -