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L5 Scattering Born PDF
L5 Scattering Born PDF
Scattering theory,
Born Approximation
(1.1)
Let us first focus on the determination of the scattering amplitude f (θ, φ), it can be
obtained from the solutions of (1.1), which in turn can be rewritten as
2 μE (1.2)
where k 2 =
h2
The general solution of the equation (1.2) consists of a sum of two components:
1) a general solution to the homogeneous equation:
(1.3)
2
General solution of Schrödinger eq. in terms of Green‘s function
(1.4)
(1.5)
(1.6)
(1.7)
3
Green‘s function
A substitution of (1.6) and (1.7) into (1.5) leads to
(1.8)
(1.9)
(1.10)
To integrate over angle in (1.10) we need to make the variable change x=cosθ
(1.11)
4
Method of residues
Thus, (1.9) becomes
(1.12)
(1.13)
The integral in (1.13) can be evaluated by the method of residues by closing the contour
in the upper half of the q-plane:
The integral is equal to 2π i times the residue of the integrand at the poles.
5
Green‘s functions
Since there are two poles, q =+k, the integral has two possible
values:
the value corresponding to the pole at q =k, which lies
inside the contour of integration in Figure 1a, is given by
(1.14)
(1.15)
6
Born series
Inserting (1.14) into (1.4) we obtain for the total scattered wave function:
(1.16)
(1.17)
7
Born series
the second order solution is obtained by inserting into (1.16):
(1.18)
8
Asymptotic limit of the wave function
In a scattering experiment, since the detector is located at distances (away from the target)
that are much larger than the size of the target, we have r>>r‘, where r represents the
distance from the target to the detector and r’ the size of the target.
If r >> r‘ we may approximate:
(1.19)
9
Asymptotic limit of the wave function
Substitute (1.19) to (1.16):
(1.16)
rr
r μ ikr
e e − ik r
r r
2πh ∫
for r>>r‘ = φ inc ( r ) − V ( r ′ )ψ ( r ′ )d 3 r ′
r
From the previous two approximations (1.19), we may write the asymptotic form of (1.16)
as follows:
(1.20)
(1.21)
(1.22)
10
The first Born approximation
If the potential V(r) is weak enough, it will distort only slightly the incident plane wave.
The first Born approximation consists then of approximating the scattered wave function
Ψ(r ) by a plane wave.
This approximation corresponds to the first iteration in the Born series of (1.16):
(1.16)
(1.23)
Thus, using (1.21) we can write the scattering amplitude in the first Born approximation
as follows:
(1.24)
11
The first Born approximation
Using (1.23), we can write the differential cross section in the first Born approximation
as follows:
(1.25)
(1.26)
Figure 2:
Momentum transfer for elastic scattering:
12
The first Born approximation
If the potential is spherically symmetric, and choosing the z-axis
along q (Figure 1), then and therefore
(1.27)
(1.28)
(1.29)
In summary, we have shown that by solving the Schrödinger equation (1.1) in first-order Born
approximation (where the potential V(r ) is weak enough that the scattered wave function is
only slightly different from the incident plane wave), the differential cross section is given by
equation (1.29) for a spherically symmetric potential.
13
Validity of the firts Born approximation
The first Born approximation is valid whenever the wave function Ψ(r ) is only slightly
different from the incident plane wave;
that is, whenever the second term in (1.23) is very small compared to the first:
(1.23)
(1.30)
Since we have
(1.31)
Validity of the firts Born approximation
In elastic scattering k0= k and assuming that the scattering potential is largest near r=0,
we have
(1.32)
(1.33)
Since the energy of the incident particle is proportional to k (it is purely kinetic, )
we infer from (1.33) that
the Born approximation is valid for large incident energies and weak scattering potentials.
That is, when the average interaction energy between the incident particle and the scattering
potential is much smaller than the particle’s incident kinetic energy, the scattered wave can be
considered to be a plane wave.
Born approximation for Coulomb potential
Let‘s calculate the differential cross section in the first Born approximation for a
Coulomb potential
(1.34)
where Z1e and Z1e are the charges of the projectile and target particles, respectively.
In a case of Coulomb potential, eq.(1.29):
(1.35)
becomes
(1.36)
(1.37)
Born approximation for Coulomb potential
Now, since an insertion of (1.37) into (1.36) leads to
(1.38)
Note: (1.38) is identical to the purely classical case! – cf. Lecture 4, eq.(2.16)