Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engineering
Roads
With much of the 20th century punctuated by hot and cold wars, the need to
move the military just as the Romans did led to the development of the
modern superhighway, including the German Autobahn and American
interstate system. Military requirements for long, unobstructed stretches
that could be used as emergency runways for aircraft paid a dividend for
civilian drivers who could now cross countries at high speeds in relative
safety.
Subgrade
Sub-base
Base course
A layer of granular material provided in between the subgrade and the base
course in a road pavement is known as sub-base.
It is provided as an additional layer when subgrade is of poor quality. It
consists of a layer comparatively cheaper material like burnt clinker, natural
gravel or slag.
Base Course
The topmost layer of the road pavement directly exposed to traffic is called
is called wearing course or surfacing.
It may consist of one or more number of layers in case of flexible
pavements. A good wearing course should be impervious and weather
resisting. it should be able to resist abrasive action of the traffic.
Components Of Modern Road Structure
Classification of Roads
Road transportation is an essential network for any country. Classification
of roads based on many factors such as materials, locations, traffic etc. are
discussed.
Earthen roads
Gravel roads
Murrum roads
Kankar roads
WBM roads
Bituminous roads
Concrete roads
Earthen Roads
Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper of all types of roads.
This type of road is provided for less traffic areas and or for countryside
areas. Good drainage system should be required which reflects good
performance for longer period.
Gravel Roads
Gravel roads are also low quality roads but they are good when compared
to earthen roads. Compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as
pavement material in this case.
Murrum Roads
Kankar is nothing but impure form of lime stone. Kankar roads are
provided where lime is available in good quantity. These are also low
quality and performance wise they are similar to gravel and murrum
roads.
WBM Roads
Bituminous roads are very popular roads around the world. They are most
used roads in the world. They are low in cost and good for driving
conditions. They are flexible and thickness of bituminous roads depends
upon the subgrade soil conditions.
Concrete Roads
National highways
State highways
District roads
Rural roads or village roads
National Highways
State highways are second main roads which connect major parts of state
with in it. State highway ultimately connects to the national highways.
District Roads
District roads are provided with in the cities and connects markets and
production places to state and national highways. Two types of district
roads are there namely, Major district roads & Minor district roads.
Major district roads connect headquarters of neighboring district with main
parts of district while minor district roads are laid with in the district.
Rural Roads or Village Roads
Village roads connects the nearby villages with each other. They lead to
nearby town or district roads. Usually low quality roads are provided as
village roads because of low traffic.
Types of Roads Based on Traffic Volume
The economy depend upon the location and function of roads and also on
the traffic analysis.
Types of Roads Based on Traffic Type
Pedestrian Ways
Pedestrian ways are exclusively built for pedestrians and no vehicles are
permitted in this way.
Cycle Tracks
Cycle tracks or bicycle tracks are provided on both sides of pavement for
cyclists hence they can travel safely.
Motorways
Motorways are also known as expressways. Only few vehicles are
accessible to use this type of roads. The vehicles which can move with
high speed acceleration are permitted into this way. Motorways makes
travel quick and provides comfort for high speed vehicles.
Types of Roads Based on Rigidity
Flexible Roads
Flexible roads consists flexible layer as pavement surface which require
good maintenance otherwise it can be disintegrated easily with heavy
traffic. All types of roads except concrete roads are come under this
category.
Rigid Roads
Rigid pavements are non-flexible and cement concrete roads are come
under this category.
Types of Roads Based on Topography
1. https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/a4447/the-road-ahead-road-
evolution/
2. https://theconstructor.org/transportation/classification-of-roads/17470/
3. https://dailycivil.com/components-road-pavement-structure/
4. https://www.aboutcivil.org/components-of-road-structure.html