"STUDY OF CONSTRUCTION ON FLEXIBLE

PAVEMENTS”

A
Vocational training Work
Submitted in Partial fulfilment for the award of Diploma
In
Civil Engineering
Submitted to
RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA,
BHOPAL (M.P.)

Submitted by
Jeemoo Saket (17215C03025)
Under the guidance of Mr.Manoj Sharma RES,Satna

Department of Civil Engineering

SHREE RAMA KRISHNA COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC &
MANAGEMENTS, SATNA (M.P.)
YEAR 2016-19

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RAJIV GANDHI PROUDYOGIKI VISHWAVIDYALAYA, BHOPAL (M.P.)
SHREE RAMA KRISHNA COLLEGE OF POLYTECHNIC &
MANAGEMENTS, SATNA (M.P.)

CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that the Vocational training report entitled “STUDY OF

CONSTRUCTION ON FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS” Submitted by
Jeemoo Saket (17216C03025) is approved for the Diploma in Civil Engineering .

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

Date: Date:

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 INDEX

S.No. TOPIC PAGE NO.

Chapter 1. Introduction to Roads 7-15

Chapter 2. Construction materials required to 16-18
Flexible pavements (Bitumen roads)
Chapter 3. Basic Elements of Flexible pavements 19-21
Chapter 4. Procedure of Construction of Flexible pavements 22-29
Chapter 5. Conclusion 30

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 CHAPTER-1
Introduction To Roads

1.1. ROADS:-
A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or
otherwise improved to allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor
vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse.

1.2. CLASSIFICATION AND TYPES OF ROADS:-

The roads are classified based on many factors as follows.

 Materials
 Location & function
 Rigidity

1.3.TYPES OF ROADS BASED ON MATERIALS:-

 Earthen roads
 Gravel roads
 Murrum roads
 Kankar roads
 WBM roads
 Bituminous roads
 Concrete roads

Earthen Roads

Earthen roads are laid with soil. They are cheaper of all types of roads. This type of road is
provided for less traffic areas and or for countryside areas. Good drainage system should be
required which reflects good performance for longer period.

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Gravel Roads

Gravel roads are also low quality roads but they are good when compared to earthen roads.
Compacted mixture of gravel and earth is used as pavement material in this case.

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Murrum Roads

Murrum is a matter obtained from the disintegration of igneous rocks by weathering agencies.
This is used to make roads called as murrum roads.

Kankar Roads

Kankar is nothing but impure form of lime stone. Kankar roads are provided where lime is
available in good quantity. These are also low quality and performance wise they are similar to
gravel and murrum roads.

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WBM Roads

Water Bound Macadam (WBM) roads contain crushed stone aggregate in its base course. The
aggregates are spread on the surface and these are rolled after sprinkling water.WBM roads
provides better performance compared to earthen, gravel, murrum and kankar roads.WBM roads
are laid as layers about 10cm thickness of each layer. They are very rough and may disintegrate
immediately under traffic.

Bituminous Roads

Bituminous roads are very popular roads around the world. They are most used roads in the
world. They are low in cost and good for driving conditions. They are flexible and thickness of
bituminous roads depends upon the subgrade soil conditions.

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Concrete Roads

Cement concrete is used to construct the pavements in case of concrete roads. These are very
popular and costlier than all other types of roads. They are not flexible so, they require less
maintenance.Concrete roads are suitable for high traffic areas. Concrete roads are laid with joints
and time of construction is more.

1.4.TYPES OF ROADS BASED ON LOCATION AND FUNCTION:-

 National highways
 State highways
 District roads

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  Rural roads or village roads

National Highways

National highways are main roads of a particular country. They connects all major cities to the
capital of the country. They run throughout the length and breadth of the country. Minimum two
lane road is provided for national highways.

State Highways

State highways are second main roads which connect major parts of state with in it. State
highway ultimately connects to the national highways.

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District Roads

District roads are provided with in the cities and connects markets and production places to state
and national highways. Two types of district roads are there namely,

 Major district roads

 Minor district roads

Major district roads connect headquarters of neighboring district with main parts of district while
minor district roads are laid with in the district.

Rural Roads or Village Roads

Village roads connects the nearby villages with each other. They lead to nearby town or district
roads. Usually low quality roads are provided as village roads because of low traffic.

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1.5.TYPES OF ROADS BASED ON RIGIDITY

 Flexible roads
 Rigid roads

Flexible Pavements

Flexible pavement can be defined as the one consisting of a mixture of asphaltic or bituminous
material and aggregates placed on a bed of compacted granular material of appropriate quality in
layers over the subgrade. Water bound macadam roads and stabilized soil roads with or without
asphaltic toppings are examples of flexible pavements. The design of flexible pavement is based
on the principle that for a load of any magnitude, the intensity of a load diminishes as the load is
transmitted downwards from the surface by virtue of spreading over an increasingly larger area,
by carrying it deep enough into the ground through successive layers of granular material.

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 Fig: Flexible Pavement Cross-section

Thus for flexible pavement, there can be grading in the quality of materials used, the materials
with high degree of strength is used at or near the surface. Thus the strength of subgrade
primarily influences the thickness of the flexible pavement.

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 CHAPTER-2

Construction materials required to bituminous road construction

2.1. BITUMEN:-

It is sticky, black and highly viscous and comes in liquid or semi-solid form.Bitumen is primarily

used for constructing roads; here, it is used as a glue or binder and mixed with aggregate

particles to form asphalt concrete. It is also commonly used to make bituminous waterproofing

products, including roofing felt. Bitumen is obtained by the partial distillation of crude

petroleum. It is also called as mineral tar and is present in asphalt also. It contains 87% carbon,

11% hydrogen and 2% oxygen.

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2.2.ASPHALT:-

The asphalt is a mixture which consists alumina, lime, silica and asphaltic bitumen. At low
temperatures, it is in solid state and at high temperatures it is in liquid state.

2.3.TAR:-

Tar is a high viscous liquid which contains high amount of carbon content. It is used for laying

surface layer for pavements, preserving wood etc..

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The bituminous materials are mostly employed for the construction of flexible pavement.The
flexible pavement itself have several layers.Bituminous pavements are constructed in different
layers such as base course, binder course and surface course. These layers are made of different
materials and provides different functions to the bituminous pavements.

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 CHAPER-3

Basic Elements of Flexible pavements

3.1. DIFFERENT LAYERS IN A BITUMINOUS PAVEMENTS:-

1. Bituminous Base Course

Base course layer in a bituminous pavement consists of mineral aggregates such as gravel, stones
and sands bonded together with bituminous materials. This layer is used as the foundation on
which surface course or binder is placed.

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2. Bituminous Binder Course

Binder course layer is an intermediate layer between base course and surface layer. It is the first
layer in case of two-layer bituminous resurfacing. Bituminous binder course is made of
bituminous-aggregate mixture, also called as levelling course.

3. Bituminous Concrete Layer

Bituminous concrete layer is a mixture of aggregates continuously graded from maximum size to
minimum sizes (typically less than 25mm to 0.075mm aggregates). Sufficient bitumen is added
to the mix so that the compacted concrete mix effectively impervious and has acceptable
dissipative and elastic properties.

3.2. NECESSARY OF BITUMEN USED IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION

Bitumen is used in road construction due to various properties and advantages it has over other
pavement construction materials. Bitumen gain certain unique properties that are inbuilt in it
during its manufacture. The bitumen as a raw material in flexible road construction and bitumen
as a mix (composing other materials i.e. aggregates/ pozzolans) serves certain advantages, that
prompt to use bitumen widely in road construction.

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 CHAPTER-4

Procedure of Construction of Bitumen Road

4.1. BITUMEN ROAD CONSTRUCTION STEPS:-

Bitumen Road Construction Steps involve many processes. It has important properties and
advantages.The Bitumen Road Construction use in the construction of roads worldwide. Bitumen
uses in construction for its unique properties. For the construction of a flexible road, smooth ride
and comfort, bitumens use in the construction of the road.

The Bituminous road construction steps are as follows

 Surface Preparation
 Application of Coats
 placing
 Rolling
 Quality control
 Finishing

1. Surface Preparation

Preparation is the first step in the Bitumen Road Construction Steps. It is the cleaning of
surfaces from hard rocks, stones holes, dust, and other materials. The uneven surface to fill
with 12 mm to 40 mm aggregates. If the uneven surfaces are large coarse aggregates uses
for filling. These fillings to make before the laying of the surface course.

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2. Application of Coats

The second major step involves in Bitumen Road Construction steps is the application of
coatings. A bituminous base course and a binder course to apply on ready surface. This
coats name as tuck coat. This coating sprays or spreads manually or by machinery. These
coatings spread to certain square meters according to the size of roads and pavements. It
applies in 6 kg to 7.5 kg per 10 square meters.

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3. Placing

The placing of bitumen and aggregates are the next step after application of coatings. The
bitumen heats and transports from plant to the site with the help of trucks.

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These mix with the aggregates and places with the help of modern machinery. Mixing and
placing to take great care to provide a good pavement. A control climatic conditions to
maintain according to mix. This increase the lifetime of roads.

4. Rolling

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Rolling operations carries to provide a good compaction. This fills the air pores and
loose soil in the surface course. These rollings make by mechanical rollers. The capacity of
rollers to be 10 to 12 tonnes.

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A pneumatic roller of 15 to 30 tones having a tire pressure of 7kg per sq.cm use for roads.
The wheels of the roller to keep wet with water at rolling. The number of rolling depends on
the thickness of the layer.

5. Quality control
Quality control is the main thing in Bitumen Road Construction step. This includes
checking of bitumen and the aggregates. some of the small quantity collects at site and test
is made to provide a good quality of roads. And this quality test to take a particular, distance
of road construction. A good quality road provides a long life. And prevents accidents on
roads due to damages.

6. Finishing

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 Finishing includes a proper finish of construction. It includes alignment, clearing
undulations, etc. This finishing make with machines and by manually. With machines,
it carries with pavers. It is most use nowadays in the construction of the roads.

CHAPTER- 5
Conclusion

During one semester training period, a lot of experience, knowledge and exposure that I have
handy . All disclosures were awaken myself in a boost of self-confidence to face life more
challenging now. Practical is a complement to the science or theory learned. This is clearly the
concept of science and charity, where they have learned without practice will be lost and will not
give anything - what effect. So if we do without the knowledge of course there will be problems
in terms of grip and stance ever - changing.

During my industrial training, there are many changes from the point of learning environments
and discussion among colleagues. It can directly increase the dedication and rational attitude
toward myself.

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However, there are still some weaknesses that can be improved in the future. Therefore I
conclude that the industrial training program has provided many benefits to students even if there
are minor flaws that are somewhat disfiguring condition , so that this weakness can be rectified
in the future.

I can conclude that this industry is through training I received a lot of exposure in the computing
world. I would like to thank also the Polytechnic SRKCPM giving students - students find their
own experience with having Industrial Training like this.

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