Chapter 4  Seismic Design and Retrofit

Contents
4.1 General 4.1-1

4.2 WSDOT Modifications to AASHTO Guide specifications for

LRFD Seismic Bridge Design 4.2-1

4.3 Seismic Analysis and Retrofit Design of Existing Bridges 4.3-1

4.3.1 General 4.3-1
4.3.2 Seismic Analysis Requirements 4.3-1
4.3.3 Seismic Retrofit Design 4.3-1
4.3.4 Computer Analysis Verification 4.3-6
4.3.5 Earthquake Restrainers 4.3-6

4.99 Bibliography 4.99-1

Appendix A
Appendix 4.1-A1 Earthquake Probability - Poisson Model 4.1-A1-1

Appendix B
Appendix 4.6-B1 Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits 4.6-B1-1

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Chapter 4 Seismic Design and Retrofit

4.1  General
The purpose of this chapter is to provide designers with WSDOT seismic design practice and criteria.
Beginning January 2008, WSDOT requires all new bridges, bridge widenings, and retaining walls that
have not started design (progressed beyond the Preliminary Plan stage) to be designed in accordance
with the requirements of the AASHTO Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design and
as modified by BDM Section 4.2 below. More requirements and design memos may follow with the
experience gained from the upcoming designs.
All highway bridges in Washington State are classified as “Normal” except for special major bridges.
Special major bridges fitting the classifications of either “Critical” or “Essential” will be so designated
by either the Bridge and Structures Engineer or the Bridge Design Engineer.

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Chapter 4 Seismic Design and Retrofit

4.2  WSDOT Modifications to AASHTO Guide specifications for

LRFD Seismic Bridge Design
The following items summarize WSDOT’s additional requirements and deviations from the AASHTO
Guide Specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design:
Article Subject WSDOT Requirements
3.1 Applicability of the AASHTO Guide Specifications is applicable to the design of
specifications conventional bridges with span length not exceeding 300 ft. Seismic
design requirements of non-conventional bridges, and bridges
categorized as essential or critical shall be with the consultation of
WSDOT Geotechnical Engineer and Bridge Design Engineer.
3.3 Earthquake WSDOT Global Seismic Design Strategies:
Resisting Type 1: Ductile substructure with essentially elastic superstructure.
Systems (ERS) This category is permissible.
Requirements for
Type 2: Essentially elastic substructure with a ductile superstructure.
SDC C & D
This category is not permissible.
Type 3: Elastic superstructure and substructure with a fusing
mechanism between the two. This category is permissible with Bridge
Design Engineer’s approval.
3.3 Earthquake Permissible Earthquake Resisting System (ERS), see
Resisting Figure 3.3-1a:
Systems (ERS) Types 1 and 3 are permissible.
Requirements for
Types 2, 4 & 5 are permissible with Bridge Design Engineer’s
SDC C & D
approval.
Type 6 is not Permissible.
Permissible Earthquake Resisting Elements (ERE), see Figure
3.3-1b:
Types 1, 2, 7, 8, 9, 10 &14 are permissible ERE.
Types 3, 5, 6, 11, 12 & 13 are permissible ERE with Bridge Design
Engineer’s approval.
Type 4 is not permissible.
Permissible Earthquake Resisting Elements that require Owner’s
Approval, see Figure 3.3-2:
Types 1 & 2 are permissible ERE with Bridge Design Engineer’s
approval.
Types 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are not Permissible.
Earthquake Resisting Elements that are not Recommended for
New Bridges, see Figure 3.3-3:
Types 1, 2, 3, & 4 are not Permissible.
Permissible ERS and ERE systems with Bridge Design Engineer’s
approval are applicable to all projects regardless of contracting
methods.
3.4 Seismic Ground The procedure used to determine the ground shaking hazard for site
Shaking Hazard class F, critical or essential bridges shall be based on the WSDOT
Geotechnical Engineer recommendations.

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Seismic Design and Retrofit Chapter 4

3.5 Selection of All structural designs in Western Washington shall be designed in

Seismic Design accordance with SDC C or D. This applies to all structures West of the
Category (SDC) Cascade Crest (West of MP 157 on SR 20; West of MP 65 on US2;
West of MP 52 on I-90; West of MP 69 on SR 410; West of MP 151 on
US 12; and West of MP 63 on SR 14).
Pushover Analysis shall be used to determine displacement capacity
for both SDC C & D.
If liquefaction-induced lateral spreading or slope failure that could
impact the stability of the bridge could occur, the bridge should be
designed in accordance with SDC D, regardless of the magnitude
of SD1.
3.6 Temporary Design response spectra for temporary bridges and bridges built in
and Staged staged construction may be reduced by a factor of not more than 2.5.
Construction However, it shall be clear in the contract document that structure is
designed for reduced response spectra.
The provisions of this article apply to temporary bridges and bridges
built in staged construction that is considered for not more than
3 years in service.
4.1.2 Balanced Stiffness Balanced stiffness requirements and balanced frame geometry
Requirements requirement shall be satisfied for bridges in both SDC C & D.
4.1.3 Balanced Frame Deviation from balanced stiffness and balanced frame geometry
Geometry requirements shall be approved by Bridge Design Engineer.
Requirements
4.2 Selection Analysis Procedures:
of Analysis Procedure 1 (Equivalent Static Analysis) shall not be used.
Procedure
Procedure 2 (Elastic Dynamic Analysis) shall be used for all regular
to Determine
bridges with 2 through 6 spans.
Seismic Demand
Procedure 3 (Nonlinear Time History) may be used where applicable.
The time histories of input acceleration used to describe the
earthquake loads shall be selected in consultation with WSDOT
Geotechnical Engineer and Bridge Design Engineer.
4.9 Member ductility In-ground hinging shall not be considered for drilled shaft foundations.
Requirement for In-ground hinging for pile foundation shall be upon Bridge Design
SDC C and D Engineer approval.
4.12.3 Minimum For simple span superstructures, the support lengths shall be 150% of
Support Length the empirical support length, N, specified by Equation 4.12.2-1
Requirements
Seismic Design
Category D
4.13.1 Abutments Longitudinal restrainers shall be designed in accordance with the
requirements of WSDOT BDM Section 4.3.5
5.2 Abutments Participation of abutment walls in the overall dynamic response of
bridge systems during earthquake loading and in providing resistance
to seismically induced inertial loads may be considered in the seismic
design of bridges when approval is given by the WSDOT Bridge
Design Engineer as required in Section 3.3
5.3 Foundation Requirement of foundation modeling method (FMM) shall be based on
- general the WSDOT Geotechnical Engineer’s recommendations.

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5.6.2 Figure 5.6.2-1 The horizontal axis label of Figure 5.6.2-1 for both (a) Circular
Sections and (b) Rectangular sections shall be
P
Axial Load Ratio
f'ce Ag

5.6.3 Ieff for Box Girder Gross moment of inertia shall be used for box girder superstructure
Superstructure modeling.
6.3.4 Resistance to Revise the resistance factor for overturning of footing to φ = 1.0
Overturning
6.3.5 Resistance to Revise the resistance factor for sliding of footing to φ = 1.0
Sliding
6.3.6 Flexure Revise Eq. (6.3.6-1) as follows: φ Mn ≥ Mu
6.3.7 Shear Revise Eq. (6.3.7-1) as follows: φ Vn ≥ Vu
6.4.2 Moment In Eq. 6.4.2-2 change:
Capacity of Pile Mp(x)col to M(x)col
Foundations
And
Mp(x)col to M(x)col
6.4.5 Footing Joint Revise Eq. (6.4.5-11) as follows:
Shear SDC C (Bc+ Dftg)(Dcj + Dftg)
and D
6.7.1 Longitudinal Case 2: Earthquake Resisting System (ERS) with abutment
Direction contribution may be used provided that the mobilized longitudinal
requirement passive pressure is less than the 0.50 of the value obtained using
procedure given in Article 5.2.
6.8 Liquefaction Liquefaction design requirements shall be considered for bridges in
Design both SDC C & D. Soil liquefaction assessment shall be based on the
Requirements Geotechnical Engineer's recommendation for each bridge site.
• For all bridge foundations with liquefaction identified, structures
shall be designed and analyzed for both a non-liquefied and
liquefied soil column per the recommendations discussed in
Section 6.8 of the Guide Specification for LRFD Seismic Bridge
Design. For the liquefied soil analysis case a reduced site-specific
response spectrum may be considered along with in-ground
foundation element inelastic behavior subject to approval of the
WSDOT Bridge Design Engineer.
In addition to the above requirements and for site conditions where
lateral spreading and downdrag are identified, the design process shall
consider these two loading conditions as independent of the seismic
inertial lateral loads. Lateral spread forces and gravity loads shall be
resisted by foundation elements supported in liquefied soil which shall
include reduced axial skin friction resistance. Downdrag and gravity
loads shall be resisted by foundation elements considering reduced
axial skin friction resistance.
8.4.1 Reinforcing Steel Only ASTM A 706 reinforcing steel shall be used.
Deformed welded wire fabric may be used with Bridge Design
Engineer’s approval.
Wire rope or strands for spirals, and high strength bars with yield
strength in excess of 60 ksi shall not be used for design purposes.

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Seismic Design and Retrofit Chapter 4

8.5 Plastic Moment The overstrength magnifier of 1.2 for ASTM A 706 reinforcement
Capacity for shall be applied to column plastic hinging moment to determine
Ductile Concrete force demand for capacity protected members connected to a
Members for SDC hinging member.
B, C & D
8.6.7 Interlocking Bar Same bar sizes may be used inside and outside of interlocking spirals.
Size
8.8.2 Minimum Minimum longitudinal reinforcement of 1% of Ag shall be used for
longitudinal columns in SDC B, C, & D.
reinforcement The minimum Longitudinal reinforcement on top of the shaft shall
be the larger of 0.75%Ag of the shaft or 1.0% Ag of the attached
column. The minimum longitudinal reinforcement beyond the top of
the shaft shall be 0.75%Ag. The clear spacing between longitudinal
reinforcement shall not be less than 6" minimum or more than 9"
maximum. Longitudinal reinforcement shall be provided for the full
length of shaft.
8.8.10 Development Extending column bars into oversized shaft shall be based on either
length for Column a staggered manner as described in Article 8.8.2, or per current BDM
Bars Extended practice based on TRAC Report WA-RD 417.1 “Non Contact Lap
into Oversized Pile Splice in Bridge Column-Shaft Connections”
Shafts for SDC C Same size column-shaft is not permissible unless approved by the
&D Bridge Design Engineer.
8.10 Superstructure The effective width for open soffit girder-deck superstructure as
Capacity design specified in Article 8.10 shall be used instead of current WSDOT
for Integral practice based on the tributary number of girders per column. The
Bent Caps for effective width for girder-deck bridges shall be: Beff = Dc + Ds, where
Longitudinal Dc is the diameter of column and Ds is the depth of superstructure
direction for SDC measured from top of column to top of deck including the lower
B, C & D crossbeam. Only girders within the effective width shall be considered
for extended strand calculations. In continuous bridges, prestressed
girders from adjacent spans shall be the same type and size.
Moment induced due to the eccentricity between the plastic hinge
location and the center of gravity of the bent cap shall be distributed
based on the effective stiffness characteristics of the frame.
8.11 Superstructure The effective width for overstrength moment calculations Mpo, shall be
Capacity Design taken as Beff = Bcop + 12t where t is the thickness of top or bottom slab.
for Integral Moment induced due to the eccentricity between the plastic hinge
Bent Caps for location and the center of gravity of the bent cap shall be distributed
Transverse based on the effective stiffness characteristics of the frame.
Direction for SDC
B, C & D
8.12 Superstructure Non-Integral Bent Caps shall not be used for continuous bridges in
Design for Non- SDC B, C & D.
Integral Bent Caps Bent caps are considered integral if they terminate at the outside
for SDC B, C & D of exterior girder and respond monolithically with the girder system
under dynamic excitations. Non-integral bent caps such as outriggers,
C-bents, etc may be used upon Bridge Design Engineer’s approval.
8.16.2 Cast-in-Place Minimum longitudinal reinforcement of 0.75% of Ag shall be provided
Concrete Piles for CIP piles in SDC B, C, & D. Longitudinal reinforcement shall be
provided for the full length of pile.

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Chapter 4 Seismic Design and Retrofit

4.3  Seismic Analysis and Retrofit Design of Existing Bridges

4.3.1  General
As of January 1, 2008, all seismic analysis and retrofit design for existing bridges shall be performed
in accordance with the FHWA publication FHWA-HRT-06-032 “Seismic Retrofitting Manual for
Highway Structures: Part 1 – Bridges”.

4.3.2  Seismic Analysis Requirements

The first step in retrofitting a bridge is to analyze the existing structure to identify seismically
deficient elements. The initial analysis consists of generating capacity/demand ratios for all relevant
bridge components using Method C – Component Capacity / Demand Method of section 5.4 of the
Seismic Retrofitting Manual. In performing this analysis, the seismic demands shall be determined
using the Multi-Mode Spectral Analysis of section 5.4.2.2 (at a minimum). The Uniform Load
Method of section 5.4.2.1 is not allowed except for use in verifying the results of the Multi-Mode
Spectral Analysis. If the results of the Method C analysis indicate that a high level of retrofit is
needed, a subsequent analysis, the Method D2 – Structure Capacity/Demand (Pushover) Method of
section 5.6 of the Seismic Retrofitting Manual, shall be performed. The displacement demand applied
during the pushover analysis shall be the maximum displacement determined from the Method C
elastic response analysis. For most WSDOT bridges, the seismic analysis need only be performed
for the upper level (1000-year return period) ground motions with a Life Safety seismic performance
level.

4.3.3  Seismic Retrofit Design

Once seismically deficient bridge elements have been identified, appropriate retrofit measures shall
be selected and designed. Table 1-11, Chapters 8, 9, 10, 11, and Appendices D thru F of the Seismic
Retrofitting Manual shall be used in selecting and designing the seismic retrofit measures. The
WSDOT Bridge and Structure Office Seismic Specialist shall be consulted in the selection and design
of the retrofit measures.

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Longitudinal Response Longitudinal Response

Permissible Permissible
1 Upon
2
Approval
x Plastic hinges in inspectable locations.
x Abutment resistance not required as part of
ERS x Isolation bearings accommodate full
x Knock-off backwalls permissible displacement
x Abutment not required as part of ERS

Transverse Response Transverse or Longitudinal Response

3 4
Permissible Permissible
Upon
x Plastic hinges in inspectable locations Approval
x Plastic hinges in inspectable locations. x Isolation bearings with or without
energy dissipaters to limit overall
x Abutment not required in ERS, breakaway shear keys displacements
permissible

Transverse or Longitudinal Response

Longitudinal Response
5 Permissible 6
Upon Approval

x Abutment required to resist the design earthquake Not

elastically Permissible
x Longitudinal passive soil pressure shall be less than x Multiple simply-supported spans with
0.70 of the value obtained using the procedure given adequate support lengths
in Article 5.2.3
x Plastic hinges in inspectable locations
or elastic design of columns

Figure 3.3-1a Permissible Earthquake Resisting Systems (ERS).

Permissible Earthquake Resisting Systems (ERS).

Figure 3.3-1a

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Chapter 4 Seismic Design and Retrofit

2
Permissible Above ground / near
ground plastic hinges

Plastic hinges below cap beams

including pile bents
Permissible
1 4
Seismic isolation bearings or bearings Tensile yielding and
3 designed to accommodate expected seismic
displacements with no damage
inelastic compression
buckling of ductile
concentrically braced
Permissible Upon Approval frames

Not Permissible

5
Piles with ‘pinned-head’ conditions 6 Permissible Upon
Approval
Permissible Upon Approval Columns with moment
reducing or pinned hinge
details

Capacity-protected pile caps,

including caps with battered piles, Plastic hinges at base of
7 which behave elastically
8 wall piers in weak
direction
Permissible
Permissible
Spread footings that satisfy the
10 overturning criteria of Article 6.3.4

Pier walls with or without piles. Permissible

9
Permissible
12
Passive abutment resistance required Seat abutments whose backwall is
as part of ERS designed to fuse
Use 70% of passive soil strength
11 designated in Article 5.2.3 Permissible Upon
Permissible Upon Approval Approval

Columns with architectural

13 flares – with or without an
isolation gap
Seat abutments whose backwall
is designed to resist the expected
See Article 8.14
isolation gap impact force in an essentially
14 elastic manner
optional Not Permissible –
isolation gap is not Permissible
optional

Figure 3.3-1 b Permissible Earthquake Resisting Elements (ERE)

Permissible Earthquake Resisting Elements (ERE)

Figure 3.3-1b

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 Seismic Design and Retrofit Chapter 4

Passive abutment resistance

Permissible Upon
1 required as part of ERS Passive 2 Approval
Strength
Use 100% of strength designated
in Article 5.2.3 Sliding of spread footing abutment allowed to limit
Permissible Upon Approval force transferred
Limit movement to adjacent bent displacement capacity

Ductile End-diaphragms in
4
3 superstructure (Article 7.4.6) Not Permissible

Not Permissible Foundations permitted to rock

Use rocking criteria according to Appendix A

5
Not Permissible

More than the outer line of piles in

group systems allowed to plunge or
uplift under seismic loadings
Wall piers on pile foundations that are not
strong enough to force plastic hinging into the
6 wall, and are not designed for the Design
Earthquake elastic forces Not Permissible
7
Ensure Limited Ductility Response in Piles Plumb piles that are not capacity-protected
according to Article 4.7.1 (e.g., integral abutment piles or pile-supported
seat abutments that are not fused transversely)

Not Permissible Ensure Limited Ductility Response in Piles

8 9
In-ground hinging in shafts or piles.
Not Permissible
Ensure Limited Ductility Response
in Piles according to Article 4.7.1
Batter pile systems in which the geotechnical
capacities and/or in-ground hinging define the
plastic mechanisms.
Not Permissible
Ensure Limited Ductility Response in Piles
according to Article 4.7.1

Figure 3.3-2 Permissible Earthquake Resisting Elements that Require Owner’s Approval (ERE)

Permissible Earthquake Resisting Elements that Require Owner’s Approval (ERE)

Figure 3.3-2

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Chapter 4 Seismic Design and Retrofit

1 Cap beam plastic hinging (particularly

2 hinging that leads to vertical girder
movement) also includes eccentric
braced frames with girders supported
by cap beams
Plastic hinges in
superstructure
Not Permissible
Not Permissible

Battered-pile systems that are not

3 4 designed to fuse geotechnically or
structurally by elements with
adequate ductility capacity

Bearing systems that do not provide for the expected

displacements and/or forces (e.g., rocker bearings)

Not Permissible Not Permissible

Figure 3.3-3 Earthquake Resisting Elements that are not Recommended for New Bridges

Earthquake Resisting Elements that are not Recommended for New Bridges
Figure 3.3-3

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Seismic Design and Retrofit Chapter 4

4.3.4  Computer Analysis Verification

The computer results shall be verified to ensure accuracy and correctness. The designer should use the
following procedures for model verification:
• Using graphics to check the orientation of all nodes, members, supports, joint and member
releases. Make sure that all the structural components and connections correctly model the actual
structure.
• Check dead load reactions with hand calculations. The difference should be less than 5 percent.
• Calculate fundamental and subsequent modes by hand and compare results with computer results.
• Check the mode shapes and verify that structure movements are reasonable.
• Increase the number of modes to obtain 90 percent or more mass participation in each direction.
SEISAB/GTSTRUDL/SAP2000 directly calculates the percentage of mass participation.
• Check the distribution of lateral forces. Are they consistent with column stiffness? Do small
changes in stiffness of certain columns give predictable results?

4.3.5  Earthquake Restrainers

Span unseating is a common problem for existing bridges when the seat width is not sufficient. As
a retrofit measure, longitudinal earthquake restrainers are used to tie bridge superstructure sections
together at in-span hinges and at locations with expansion joints.
Longitudinal restrainers are high strength bars with both ends anchored on both sides of the adjacent
units. A minimum two-inch gap should be maintained at one end of the restrainer to allow for thermal
movement. High strength cable may be utilized if the rod cannot fit because of complex geometry,
such as: a curved bridge or the movable portion of a ferry terminal.
Bridge Special provision BSP022604.GB6 specifies the current material requirements for the high
strength steel bars.
Transverse restrainers are provided to prevent shear failure of the longitudinal restrainers during
an earthquake. If the longitudinal restrainers cross a concrete or steel diaphragm, the holes in the
diaphragm should be at least one inch larger than the diameter of the high strength steel bars. The
transverse restrainer shall limit the bridge transverse movement to less than ½ inch.
A satisfactory method for designing the size and number of restrainers required at expansion
joints is not currently available. Adequate seat shall be provided to prevent unseating as a primary
requirement. For retrofit, earthquake restrainers shall be designed in accordance with the Caltrans
Equivalent Static Analysis method and checked with AASHTO LRFD Section 3.10.9.5.

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Chapter 4 Seismic Design and Retrofit

4.99  Bibliography
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 4th Edition, 2007 and Successive Interims.
AASHTO Guide specifications for LRFD Seismic Bridge Design, May, 2007.
Caltrans, 1989, Bridge Design Aids-Equivalent Static Analysis of Restrainers, California Department
of Transportation, Sacramento, California, pp 14-11 to 14-25.
FHWA Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Structures: Part 1-Bridges, Publication No. FHWA-
HRT-06-032, January 2006.

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 Earthquake
Appendix 4.1-A1 Probability - Poisson Model

Earthquake Probability Example

The probability, P, that an earthquake can occur within a certain time frame, tL, can be estimated using
Poisson’s distribution:
  P = 1 – e-λa tL
For example, assume the average return time or recurrence of an earthquake is 100 years, estimate the
probability that it will occur in the next 100 years.
Let Ta = mean return period in years = 1/λa
Where: λa = average annual probability that the peak ground acceleration will exceed a certain
acceleration, “a”.
In a typical design situation, the designer is interested in the probability that such a peak exceeds “a”
during the life of the structure, tL.
For the earthquake recurrence example, Ta = 100 years, λa = 1/100 = 0.01 and tL = 100 years:
  P = 1 – e-λa tL = 1 – e -0.01(100) = 0.63 or 63%
Using the same earthquake, determine the chance that the same earthquake will occur within the next
20 years:
  P = 1 – e λa tL = 1 – e -0.01(20) = 0.18 or 18%
An earthquake with a peak ground acceleration coefficient map with a 7% probability of exceedance
in 75 years corresponds to a return period of 1000 years.
Proof: Ta = 1000 years, λa = 1/1000 and tL = 75 years
  P = 1 – e λa tL = 1 – e -(1/1000)(75) = 0.0723 or 7% Checks

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Appendix 4.6-B1 Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits

Appendix 4.6-B1 Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits

Earthquake Restrainer Example

Bridge Type: Multiple Simple Spans
This Design Example is based on CALTRAN’s Seismic Design References (1997)

Seismic Data: Acceleration Coeficient, A = 0.3g; Soil Type II, S = 1.2

Dead Load of the Span = 540 kips
Bearings: Roller Bearings with no longitudinal restraint. Shear blocks to be added to
provide transverse restraint.
Restrainers: 20 foot long High-Strength steel rods (ASTM F1554 Grade 105)
Fy = 105 ksi and E = 29,000 ksi
2 inch gap at end of High-Strength rod

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Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits Appendix 4.6-B1

Calculate Available Seat Width: (22”/2) – 4” –1” = 6 inches

Determine Maximum Restrainer Deflection (Dr):
Let Dy = max. elastic deformation of rod when restrainer is stressed to Fy
Dy = FyL/E = (105 ksi)(20ft)(12in/ft)/(29,000 ksi) = 0.9 inches
Dgap 2.0
Dr = Resultant Longitudinal Displacement = Dy + Dgap = 2.9 inches < 6 inches
2 2
Try four 1 inch diameter rods: Ag = 4(0.785in ) = 3.14 in Use Ag of plain rod for stiffness/
elongation calculations and use tensile area, At, for stress check.
(Note: Ag = At if a high strength rod is threaded for its full length):
Calculate the stiffness, Kt ,provided by the restrainer rods:
Fy Ag  105(3.14)
Kt Fy Ag  105(3.14) 114kips / inch
Kt Dr 2.9 114kips / inch
D
Calculate the period,
r T:
2.9

W 540
T 2U W 0.32 540 0.70 sec onds
T 2 U gkt 0.32 114 0.70 sec onds
gkt 114

where:  2(0.30)1.2

1.2 AS in1.seconds
Cs T =1.period
22AS 1 . 2(0.30 span
0.)671.2 = 0540
.5 g
Cs W =TDead 3 Load0of. 70the 0 .5 gkips 2
2 2 0.67
g = 32.2
T 3 ft/sec x 0 . 70
12in/ft = 386 inches/sec
Kt = 114 kips/inch
CsW 297
ft CsW 297 122.5ksi ! 105ksi
ft At 40.606 122.5ksi ! 105ksi
At 40.606
Page 4.6-B1-2 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02
CsW 297 January 2008
Dt CsW 297 2.6inches  Dr 2.9inches
 y g
Kt 114kips / inch
Dr 2.9

Appendix 4.6-B1 Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits

W 540
T 2U 0.32 0.70 sec onds
gkt 114
Calculate the Elastic Seismic Response Coefficient, Cs, for Multimodal Analysis:
F Ag  105(3.14)
Kt 1F.yy2AS A  1105 .2(0(3.30 .14))1.2114  0kips
Cs
Kt D2r3 g 2 . 9 0.67 114 .5 g // inch
kips inch
TDr 0 .
2.9 70
Fy Ag  105(3.14)
K>t 0.30g, Fy AW g  need 105not (3.14 ) 114 kips / inch
when A
TK t 2U
CFsW
f t 2 U yDgk
D  A r
Cs
Wg  297
105
0 . 32 2( 3.9 . 14
540
exceed
540 )
122.114
1140
2.0A
.
50ksi70kips
!sec 105
inch
/onds
ksi
TK
Therefore,
Kt
t CF
sAyD = 
t rgk
A 
g 40
r0.55g
t 0
<
105 . 32
0.6g,
.606
2.9114
2(3.9.14 okay )
114 114kips / inch
. kips
70 sec inch
/ onds
Calculate theFseismic yD  ArWg  force
t
1052(3.and 9.14 540 )
tensile stress, ft, to be resisted by the restrainers:
TK t 21U.2 AS W 297 1 0.2.32( 0 . 30 540
)  1 . 2 114
 0.70 kips inch
sec/ onds
CU.s2D2ASW 202..930
TD 2area:
Cs
Use tensile 1 rgk
W 0.2.32
Att = 10.606 ( in
. 6 114
540
) 
inches 1 . 2 
2 per restrainer
0 . 70
0D. 5sec
g onds
rod
2.9inches
Cst 2 UT
T K t23gk 0.32 0.70114 0.70 0.5sec g onds
0.67 r
t 114
Seismic W
gk 0.70 = 114 540
0.67
T 2 UTForce 3 t = CsW
0.32 0.55(540) 0.70=sec 297onds kips
1.2 AS W
gkt 1 . 2 ( 0 . 30 )
540
114  1 . 2 
Cs 2C1F
T Us.W 22AS A  0.2.32
1297
105 (03.30 .98 0) 1.20.70 0.5sec g onds
 
.67
Cs
fKt C1.T y
W2 AS gk
3 g
1 .
297 2 (0 .
0 70
. 30 114
) 122 1 . 2. 5
144 ksi 0 .!
kips 5 g105 ksi
/ inch
Csftt AT s 3
D
2 t
4 0 . 606 02 . 70
. 
9
0 . 67
122
)1.2
. 5 ksi 0 . !5 g105 ksi No Good for Stress
Cs
1A .2 AS
T
t
t
2 r3 4 10..2606 (00.70 
30 0 . 67
0.5 g
Calculate C1.T
the W22AS
selastic 1297.2(00.70
elongation .300).67in 1.2the5ksifour 5 g1105inchksidiameter retrainer rods, Dt:
3
fCs CCssW W2 297 297 0.67 122 . 0.!
D
t
f tt CCAT ssW t 3W 4
W 0297
297 .606 0.270 .6540 122.5ksi
inches  D!r 1052ksi .9inches
TD f t t 2 UA K 
411400.606.322.6inches 122.50ksi .62D!secr 105
onds.9inches
2ksi
ft
CA sW
K
tt
t t
gkt 4114  0297. 606  144
122.5ksi ! 105ksi okay
D CCAssW W 4297
AS
Ag  297
 0297.6062.6inches  D 2.9inches
033.230 1.2144
ft C FysW t
122 .5ksiis!less r 105than ksi the resultant displacement. However, the
The elastic
KDttt elongation
1CF A.K2syW t Ag  4 10105
114
297
of 
..2606
105
the ..98
.
restrainers
6
98 inches
  Dr / inch
kips 2.9inches
tensileCs Kstress
D K
atDt2the threaded
t
114 2.29ends .60.inches of144 the 0kips
.D60
rod gexceeds
r / inch
.6 gfy. Therefore, it is necessary to increase
2.09inches
the number
tt CT
of K sDW r3
restrainers 297 0or
114 2 .62. 9
67
increase the diameter of the restrainers in order to reduce the elastic
Dt
CFKsyW 
t

Kt Fy t AWg  10532..98

elongation. A
r
 297
114 105  3
2.6inches  Dr 2.9inches
. 98 
 144
g
D inches
6540 kips
Dr / inch 2.9inches
TD
Try four K t 1-1/82C UFKsyD W 
tA
inch rWg  diameter
114 0.540
0.6105 32 23.9.98 x540 8UN2 . 25
1440 . kips
62
threaded
inches sec / inch
 onds
rods:
D A2g.9=inches
2
4(0.994 in ) = 3.98 in
2
TKtt 2 U FKyDt AD gkr t 0.323.98
144
105
2 .
2.9 144
9 144  144 0.62 kips sec/ inch
onds r

Kt gkg
144kips / inch
FyDArWg  10523.9.98
r t
540  144kips / inch
TK t 21U.2 AS W 1 0.2.32 0 . 30 
540 1 .2 0.62 sec onds
Tf 2C1Us.W
Cs D
22AS 1.20.300.
gk
rW t
324
0 . 32 2 . 9 144
540 1.2.50ksi
102 .62
0.60 sec g onds
105 0.6 g
ksi
T 2 UA Tt 23gk t 400 .32  144 0.62 secg onds
67
Cs t
. 0.62
790 0.60 0.6 g
3W t
gk 540
144
0 .67
T 2 UT 0.32 0 . 62 sec onds
1.2 AS W t 1.20.30144
gk 1.2 0.62
540
Cs
T f2C 1U.s2W2AS 0.160.2.540
cc D
00.62
32 .30 0.
 144 671.2  0.62 sec onds
0 . 60 g 0.6 g
t t 1C.Ts2W2AS t 0.16.2540
Cs
D
Cs
gk
3 00.62 .30  0.6712.225 inches
2 . 25 0
inches . 60 g D0.6 g2.9inches
0.60 g D0rr .6 g2.9inches
Dt 58K 144
T .200.62 .30 1.2
3
1K .2 AS t2 1144 0 .67
Cs T t2 3 0.60 g 0.6 g
1C.Ts2WAS 0.16.2540 0 0.62 .30  
0.67
1.2
Dt CC
Cs 0W .32 380 .324
sW
3
6540 0.672.25inches 0.60 g D0r .6 g2.9inches
?t D
D
f t t CCsK
ftt ssW
T W
AKt t58 40144
t 3 0 . 6144
324 0540
0.20
.790 102
.62" !102 20.25
2.25
.5"inches
min 105
ksi
ksi  105
.5inches
D
D
ksi
ksi
r 2.9inches
2.9inches
Dt
CA KstW t .790
40.06144 540
2.25inches  Dr 2.9inches
r
okay for Elongation
Df t ffccC
C C D W
Ks t
s W 0 . 324
6144 540  102 ksi  105
.5inches D ksi 2.9inches
sW
cc D 324 2.25
ttf t t f58 Ccc D
A K W 4  0 .790 102.5ksi  105ksi
144
324
r

40.790 102.5ksi  105ksi okay for Stress

t
tf t 58As t t
CAsW
58
f t 1-1/8t inch 4diameter 0324 .790 102.5ksi  105ksi
Use four x 20 ft long ASTM F1554 Grade 105 High-Strength Rods with Fy
s .t3384 0.790  
fCccA D W 324
= 105?t tksi. f cc0D
f t Specify a Charpy 0.20" !102 V-Notch .5"ksimin 105
(CVN) ofksi25 ft-lbs @ 40°F, or Supplemental Requirement
S5 (15?t
t ft-lbs f58 A0D.t 358
cc @
3840.790
-40°F.BRIDGE 0.20" ! 0.25" min
0.25
DESIGN MANUAL
t 58
f58
cc D
58
t
f58 0D.338 0.20" ! 0.25" min
t?t fcccc0D.358
?t 38 0.20" ! 0.25" min
cc0.338
58
t
?t
?t f D 58
58 0.35838 00..20 " ! 0.25" min
20" ! 0.25" min
?tt f cc 0.35838 0.20" ! 0.25" min
cc D
t f58 cc D 58
t 58
f58
cc D
t
Bridge Design Manual  f58
cc DM 23-50.02 Page 4.6-B1-3
January 2008
t
58
 Kt 144kips / inch
CsW DrW 2972.9 540
Tf t 2 U 0.32 122.50ksi .62!sec ksi
onds
105
At gkt 40.606 144
Design Examples of Seismic W Retrofits 540 Appendix 4.6-B1
T 2U 0.32 0.62 sec onds
1C.s2WAS gkt 2971.20.30144 1.2 0.D60 g 2.90inches
Dt
Cs 2.60.inches r .6 g
Circular Column Steel K
T
2
t 114
3 Jacket 0 . 62
Retrofit67
Example
1.2 AS 1.20.30 1.2
LateralCs tie reinforcement of #40.67 bars at 12”
0.60centers
g 0.6isginadequate confinement for the longitudinal
F
column reinforcement.
K

2
A 
CTsyW g 0.105
3 6540
0 3.982.25144
. 62
kips /inch
Dt inches Dr 2.9inches
Concrete coreKD ist radequate 1442to.9resist seismic transverse shear force
C W 0.6540
Dt iss 3 ft. in diameter. Assume
The column 2.25inches  Dr is 21”
clearance .9inches
between column and steel jacket.
CK sW t W 144 540
324
Tf t 2thickness
Determine U of0steel
.32 jacket.102.50ksi.62sec105ksi
onds
At gkt 40.790 144
Using the FHWA CsW Guidelines 324 from Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges, (1995):
ft 102.5ksi  105ksi
f cc1AD 4 0.790
.2 AS 1.20.30 1.2
t 
t
Cs 0.60 g 0.6 g
58 2 3 0 . 62 0.67
f cc DT
where: t = thickness of steel jacket in inches
t
58 0.3f38= confining concrete core pressure in ksi = 0.300 ksi
?t CsWDcc= 36” 0.60+ .20
5402” 
"=!38”0.25" min
Dt 58 2.25inches  Dr 2.9inches
?t
0K.3t 38 144 0.20" ! 0.25" min
f cc D 58
t CW 324
Use 1/4” 58s steel jacket with 102
f t thick ksiksi
Fy =.536  105ksi
f ccA Dt 40.790
Lateralt tie reinforcement of #4 bars at 12” centers is inadequate confinement for the longitudinal
58
column reinforcement.
f cc D
t core
Concrete is adequate to resist seismic transverse shear force
58
The column is 5 ft. in diameter. Assume clearance is 1” between column and steel jacket.
Determine 0.338 0.20"jacket.
?t thickness of steel ! 0.25" min
58
Using the FHWA Guidelines from Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges, (1995):

f cc D
t
58
where: t = thickness of steel jacket in inches
fcc = confining concrete core pressure in ksi = 0.300 ksi
D = 60” + 2” = 62”

?t
0.362 0.32" ! 0.25" min
58
Use 3/8” thick steel jacket with Fy = 36 ksi
P
0.2shows the 4 ft. diameter column is required to undergo a plastic drift angle of
A seismic analysis
f '
0.045 radians.
ca Ag

tj
!0.01
D

?t j 0.01(48  2) 0.50"

x2 y 2
 1
a2 b2

f cc D
Page 4.6-B1-4
t! Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02
58
January 2008
Appendix 4.6-B1 Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits

0.3confining
The existing lateral
?t
62 reinforcement is inadequate.
0.32" ! 0.25" min
58#11 Grade 40 reinforcement and ρ = 0.04 or 4 %.
Longitudinal bars are
?t ?tP
0.362 0.3 62  l
0.32" ! 0.25" min
58 58 0.32" ! 0.25" min
The ratio 0.2
f 'ca Ag
P P 0.2 axial force in kips
where: f ' PA 0=.2resultant
f 'ca tA ca
j g f’
g
ca = 1.5(f’c)
≈ 5 ksi for an original concrete design strength of 3,000psi
!0.01 2
D Ag = gross concrete column area in in
t j t0j .!30.62
Determine  from Figure 8.5(a) Seismic Design of Bridges, Priestley, Seibel,
?t 0D
!? .t01 001 . 01 ( 48
0.32
 2
" ! 0.25
) 0.50
" min
"
D j 58
and Calvi (1996), p. 592
2 t j 20.01( 48  2)
?t P ?
j x 0.01 y0(.48
2  2) 0.50"0.50"
f 'ca aA2g  b 2 1
Use ½” thick steel
2
jacket
2
with Fy = 36 ksi
2 x 2 y
Lateralxtiereinforcement
y 
1b 2 1 of #4 bars at 12” centers is inadequate confinement for the longitudinal
taj2 ab 22 f cc D
column reinforcement.
!t0!.01
D 58
Concrete core is fadequate to resist seismic transverse shear force
f cct D cc D
t !tof the !
The size
? j?t580.01 58 3862") column
rectangular
0(.48 0.50" is 2’ x 6’
0.44"
Check size of ellipse58 to provide 1” clearance between column and steel jacket.
x 2 ?t y02.386
0."386"
0.44"
?t  2 y12 58 0.44"
2 x 2 58
a b 1
a2 2 b2 2
x 2 f ccxyD
After several tries,
2 yuse an elliptical shape such that:
 12 1
t !  ab 2 =0b7’-2”
2
.398such
" that a = 3'−7" and
Long
a 2 ?t axis
58 0.51"
Short axis = 4’-2” 58 b = 2'−1"
0.386 0."398"
98
51"0.51"
?t ?t 58 0.44
58

x2 y 2
 1
a2 b2

?t
0.398" 0.51"
58

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 4.6-B1-5

January 2008
Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits Appendix 4.6-B1

Find equivalent diameter, D = 2a = 86”

0.362
?t
?t
0.358
62 0.32" ! 0.25" min
0.32" ! 0.25" min
58
P
P 0.2
f 'ca Ag 0.2
f 'ca Ag
tj 0.362 0.32" ! 0.25" min
t?t !0.01
Dj !0.01 58
D
? t j P 0.01(48  2) 0.50"
? t j 0.01(048 .2  2) 0.50"
f 'ca Ag
x2 y 2
x 22  y 22 1
at j  b 2 1
a 2 !0b.01
D FHWA Guidelines from Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges, (1995):
Using the
f D
t ! f cccc D
t?!t j 580.01(48  2) 0.50"
58
0.386"
x 2 0y.2386" 0.44"
?t
?t2  2 581 0.44"
a b 58
Use ½”2thick 2steel jacket with Fy = 36 ksi
x2 y2
f cc
yD 1
reinforcement
Lateralxt 2tie of #4 bars at 12” centers is inadequate confinement for the longitudinal
a 2! b 22 1
columna 58
reinforcement.
b
0.is3adequate
Concrete core 98" to resist seismic transverse shear force
?t
?tof the 58
The size
?t
00.3.398
00.51
rectangular
86""
.column
44""
0.51"
is 4’ x 6’
58
58
Check size of ellipse to provide 1” clearance between column and steel jacket.
x2 y 2
 1
a2 b2
After several tries, use an elliptical shape such that:
?t
0.398"
0.51"
= 8’-2” such that a = 4'−1" and
Long axis 58
Short axis = 6’-2” such that b = 3'−1"

Page 4.6-B1-6 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

January 2008
Appendix 4.6-B1 Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits

Find equivalent diameter, D = 2a = 98”

?t
0.362 0.32" ! 0.25" min
58

P
0.2
f 'ca Ag

tj
!0.01
D

?t j 0.01(48  2) 0.50"

x2 y 2
 1
a2 b2

f cc D
t!
58

?t
0.386" 0.44"
58

x2 y 2
2
 2 1
Using athe FHWA
b Guidelines from Seismic Retrofitting Manual for Highway Bridges, (1995):

?t
0.398" 0.51"
58
Use ½” thick steel jacket with Fy = 36 ksi

Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02 Page 4.6-B1-7

January 2008
Design Examples of Seismic Retrofits Appendix 4.6-B1

Page 4.6-B1-8 Bridge Design Manual  M 23-50.02

January 2008