https://www.scribd.

com/document/445198118/DISTRIBUTOR-SUPPLY-CHAIN
For other uses, see Wasp (disambiguation).

Wasp

Temporal range: Jurassic–
Present 

PreЄ

Pg

A social wasp, Vespula
 germanica

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Superorder Hymenopterid
: a

Order: Hymenoptera

Groups included

 Most of
suborder Apocrita
Cladistically included but
traditionally excluded
taxa

 clade Anthophila (b
ees)
 family Formicidae (
ants)
A wasp is any narrow-waisted insect of the order of ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies
(Hymenoptera) that is neither a bee nor an ant; some of them can sting their insect
prey. The wasp-waisted insects are a complete natural group with a single ancestor;
wasps are not such a group, as they do not include the bees and the ants.

The most commonly known wasps, such

as yellowjackets and hornets, are in the
family Vespidae and are eusocial, living together in
a nest with an egg-laying queen and non-
reproducing workers. Eusociality is favoured by the
unusual haplodiploid system of sex determination in
Hymenoptera, as it makes sisters exceptionally
closely related to each other. However, the majority
of wasp species are solitary, with each adult female
living and breeding independently. Females typically
have an ovipositor for laying eggs in or near a food
source for the larvae, though in the Aculeata the
ovipositor is often modified instead into
a sting used for defense or prey capture. Wasps
play many ecological roles. Some are predators or
pollinators, whether to feed themselves or to
provision their nests. Many, notably the cuckoo
wasps, are kleptoparasites, laying eggs in the nests
of other wasps. Many of the solitary wasps
are parasitoidal, meaning they lay eggs on or in
other insects (any life stage from egg to adult) and
often provision their own nests with such hosts.
Unlike true parasites, the wasp larvae eventually kill
their hosts. Solitary wasps parasitize almost
every pest insect, making wasps valuable Taxonomy
and phylogeny[edit]
V. mandarinia is a species in the genus Vespa, which comprises all true hornets. Along with
seven other species, V. mandarinia is a part of the V. tropica species group, defined by the single
notch located on the apical margin of the seventh gastral sternum of the male. The most closely
related species within the species group is V. soror. The triangular shape of the apical margin of
the clypeus of the female is diagnostic, the vertex of both species is enlarged, and the shape of
the apex of the aedeagus is distinct and similar.[10] Division of the genus into subgenera has been
attempted in the past,[11] but has been abandoned, due to the anatomical similarity among
species and because behavioural similarity is not associated with phylogeny.[7]
As of 2012, three subspecies were recognized:[12] V. m. mandarinia, V. m. magnifica, and V. m.
nobilis. The former subspecies referred to as V. m. japonica has not been considered valid since
1997.[13] The most recent revision in 2020 has eliminated all of the subspecies rankings entirely,
with "japonica", "magnifica", and "nobilis" now relegated to informal nontaxonomic names for
different color forms.[2]

Description[edit]
 Head detail

Regardless of sex, the hornet's head is a light shade of orange and its antennae are brown with
a yellow-orange base. Its eyes and ocelli are dark brown to black. V. mandarinia is distinguished
from other hornets by its pronounced clypeus and large genae. Its orange mandible contains a
black tooth that it uses for digging.[14] The thorax is dark brown, with two grey wings varying in
span from 3.5 to 7.5 cm. Its forelegs are brighter than the mid and hind legs. The base of the
forelegs is darker than the rest. The abdomen alternates between bands of dark brown or black,
and a yellow-orange hue (consistent with its head color). The sixth segment is yellow. Its stinger
is typically 6 mm (1⁄4 in) long and contains a potent venom that, in cases of multiple hornets
stinging simultaneously, can kill a human.[14]
in horticulture for biological pest control of species such as whitefly in tomatoes and
other crops.
Wasps first appeared in the fossil record in the Jurassic, and diversified into many
surviving superfamilies by the Cretaceous. They are a successful and diverse group
of insects with tens of thousands of described species; wasps have spread to all
parts of the world except for the polar regions. The largest social wasp is the Asian
giant hornet, at up to 5 centimetres (2.0 in) in length; among the largest solitary
wasps is a group of species known as tarantula hawks, along with the giant scoliid of
Indonesia (Megascolia procer). The smallest wasps are solitary chalcid wasps in the
family Mymaridae, including the world's smallest known insect, with a body length of
only 0.139 mm (0.0055 in), and the smallest known flying insect, only 0.15 mm
(0.0059 in) long.
Wasps have appeared in literature from Classical times, as the eponymous chorus of
old men in Aristophanes' 422 BC comedy Σφῆκες (Sphēkes), The Wasps, and
in science fiction from H. G. Wells's 1904 novel The Food of the Gods and How It
Came to Earth, featuring giant wasps with three-inch-long stings. The name "Wasp"
has been used for many warships and other military equipment.

Contents

 1Taxonomy and phylogeny

o 1.1Paraphyletic grouping
o 1.2Fossils
o 1.3Diversity
 2Social wasps
 3Solitary wasps
 4Biology
o 4.1Anatomy
o 4.2Diet
o 4.3Sex determination
o 4.4Inbreeding avoidance
 5Ecology
o 5.1As pollinators
o 5.2As parasitoids
o 5.3As parasites
o 5.4As predators
o 5.5As models for mimics
o 5.6As prey
 6Relationship with humans
o 6.1As pests
o 6.2In horticulture
o 6.3In sport
o 6.4In fashion
o 6.5In literature
o 6.6In military names
 7See also
 8Notes
 9References
 10Sources
 11External links

Taxonomy and phylogeny

Wasps are paraphyletic, consisting of the clade Apocrita without ants and bees, which are

not usually considered to be wasps. The Hymenoptera also contain the somewhat
wasplike Symphyta, the sawflies. The familiar common wasps and yellowjackets belong to
one family, the Vespidae.
Paraphyletic grouping
The wasps are a cosmopolitan paraphyletic grouping of hundreds of thousands of
species,[1][2] consisting of the narrow-waisted Apocrita without the ants and bees.
[3]
 The Hymenoptera also contain the somewhat wasplike but unwaisted Symphyta,
the sawflies.
The term wasp is sometimes used more narrowly for members of the Vespidae,
which includes several eusocial wasp lineages, such as yellowjackets (the
genera Vespula and Dolichovespula), hornets (genus Vespa), and members of the
subfamily Polistinae.
She-Hulk (Jennifer Susan Walters) is a fictional superhero appearing in American
comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and
artist John Buscema, she first appeared in Savage She-Hulk #1 (cover-
dated February 1980).[2] Walters is a lawyer who, after an injury, received an
emergency blood transfusion from her cousin, Bruce Banner, and acquired a milder
version of his Hulk condition. As such, Walters becomes a large, powerful green-
hued version of herself; however, unlike Banner, she still largely retains her
personality - in particular, she retains the majority of her intelligence and emotional
control, although like Hulk, she is still susceptible to outbursts of temper and
becomes much stronger if enraged. In later issues of the comics, her transformation
is permanent.
She-Hulk has been a member of the Avengers, the Fantastic Four, Heroes for Hire,
the Defenders, Fantastic Force and S.H.I.E.L.D. As a highly skilled lawyer who
became a superhero by accident, she frequently leverages her legal and personal
experience to serve as legal counsel to various superheroes and other metahumans.
[3]

She-Hulk is scheduled to make her live-action debut in She-Hulk, an upcoming

television series as part of the Marvel Cinematic Universe on Disney+.

Asian giant hornet

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Asian giant hornet

Vespa mandarinia form "magnifica".

Private collection, F. Turetta.

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Arthropoda

Class: Insecta

Order: Hymenoptera

Family: Vespidae

Genus: Vespa

Species: V. mandarinia

Binomial name

Vespa mandarinia

Smith, 1852[1]

Synonyms

 Vespa magnifica Smith,
1852
  Vespa
japonica Radoszkowski, 1857
 Vespa bellona Smith,
1871

 Vespa
magnifica var. latilineata C
ameron, 1903

 Vespa mandarina Dalla
Torre, 1894 (misspelling)

 Vespa mandarinia
nobilis Sonan, 1929
 Vespa magnifica
sonani Matsumura, 1930

The Asian giant hornet (Vespa mandarinia), including the color form referred to as the
"Japanese giant hornet",[2][3] is the world's largest hornet. It is native to temperate and
tropical East Asia, South Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, and parts of the Russian Far East. It
was also found in the Pacific Northwest of North America in late 2019,[4] with three additional
sightings in 2020.[5][6] They prefer to live in low mountains and forests, while almost completely
avoiding plains and high-altitude climates. V. mandarinia creates nests by digging, co-opting pre-
existing tunnels dug by rodents, or occupying spaces near rotted pine roots.[7] It feeds primarily
on larger insects, colonies of other eusocial insects, tree sap, and honey from honey bee
colonies.[8] The hornet has a body length of 45 mm (1.8 in), a wingspan around 75 mm (3.0 in),
and a stinger 6 mm (1⁄4 in) long, which injects a large amount of potent venom.[9]
The Asian giant hornet is often confused with the yellow-legged hornet (Vespa velutina), also
known as the Asian hornet, an invasive species of major concern across Europe, including the
UK.

Contents

 1Taxonomy and phylogeny

 2Description
o 2.1Queens and workers
o 2.2Drones
 3Geographic distribution
 4Nesting
 5Colony cycle
o 5.1Prenesting period
o 5.2Solitary, cooperative and polyethic periods
o 5.3Dissolution and hibernating period
 6Sting
o 6.1Effects on humans
 7Parasites
 8Communication and perception
 9Scent marking
 10Interspecies dominance
 11Predation
o 11.1Native honey bees
 12Extermination methods
o 12.1Beating
o 12.2Nest removal
o 12.3Bait traps
o 12.4Mass poisoning
o 12.5Trapping at hive entrances
o 12.6Protective screens
 13Human consumption
 14References
 15External links