Hornets (insects in the genus Vespa) are the largest of the eusocial wasps, and are similar in

appearance to their close relatives yellowjackets. Some species can reach up to 5.5 cm (2.2 in)
in length. They are distinguished from other vespine wasps by the relatively large top margin of
the head and by the rounded segment of the abdomen just behind the waist. Worldwide, there
are 22 recognized species of Vespa.[2][3] Most species only occur in the tropics of Asia, though
the European hornet (Vespa crabro), is widely distributed throughout Europe, Russia, North
America and Northeast Asia. Wasps native to North America in the genus Dolichovespula are
commonly referred to as hornets (e.g., baldfaced hornets), but are actually yellowjackets.
Like other social wasps, hornets build communal nests by chewing wood to make a papery pulp.
Each nest has one queen, who lays eggs and is attended by workers who, while genetically
female, cannot lay fertile eggs. Most species make exposed nests in trees and shrubs, but some
(like Vespa orientalis) build their nests underground or in other cavities. In the tropics, these
nests may last year-round, but in temperate areas, the nest dies over the winter, with lone
queens hibernating in leaf litter or other insulative material until the spring. Male hornets are
docile and do not have stingers.
Hornets are often considered pests, as they aggressively guard their nesting sites when
threatened and their stings can be more dangerous than those of bees.[4]
In Vespa crabro, the nest is founded in spring by a fertilized female known as the queen. She
generally selects sheltered places such as dark, hollow tree trunks. She first builds a series of
cells (up to 50) out of chewed tree bark. The cells are arranged in horizontal layers named
combs, each cell being vertical and closed at the top. An egg is then laid in each cell. After 5–8
days the egg hatches. Over the following two weeks, the larva progresses through five stages of
development. During this time, the queen feeds it a protein-rich diet of insects. Then, the larva
spins a silk cap over the cell's opening and, during the next two weeks, transforms into an adult,
a process called metamorphosis. The adult then eats its way through the silk cap. This first
generation of workers, invariably females, now gradually undertakes all the tasks formerly carried
out by the queen (foraging, nest building, taking care of the brood, etc.) with the exception
of egg-laying, which remains exclusive to the queen.

Life history of Vespa crabro

As the colony size grows, new combs are added, and an envelope is built around the cell layers
until the nest is entirely covered, with the exception of an entry hole. To be able to build cells in
total darkness, they apparently use gravity to aid them. At the peak of its population, which
occurs in late summer, the colony can reach a size of 700 workers.
At this time, the queen starts producing the first reproductive individuals. Fertilized eggs develop
into females (called "gynes" by entomologists), and unfertilized ones develop into males
(sometimes called "drones"). Adult males do not participate in nest maintenance, foraging, or
caretaking of the larvae. In early to mid autumn, they leave the nest and mate during "nuptial
flights."
Other temperate species (e.g., the yellow hornet, V. simillima, or the Oriental hornet, V.
orientalis) have similar cycles. In the case of tropical species (e.g., V. tropica), life histories may
well differ, and in species with both tropical and temperate distributions (such as the Asian giant
hornet, Vespa mandarinia), the cycle likely depends on latitude.
Gadgets are very important and enhance the performance and add additional features to a product