The University of

Duhok

Chapter 3: Triangulation adjustment

Lecture 7
The Triangulation adjustment
By: Dr. Farsat Heeto

November, 2017
 Triangulation
 Triangulation was the preferred method for horizontal control
surveys until the EDM was developed
 Angles could be measured to a high level of accuracy
 Measured baseline distances were included every so often to
strengthen the network.
 The most probable values of angles can be determined using two
methods
1. Lease squares adjustment method, for large areas
2. Equal Shift adjustment method, where the sides are not more than
3km (i.e., for small areas)
Equal shift adjustment method. The University of

Duhok

 In many text books on elementary survey adjustments the method of

equal shifts is proposed.
 This involves adjustment of angles by equal amounts and the application
of the side equation.
 Provided all angles (or directions) have been observed to a high
standard, this form of adjustment may suffice for small figures.
 However, unless the figure is exceptionally well conditioned, it will fail
badly in a geodetic figure where spherical excess (ε″) is a factor.
 ε″ = (S/πR2)*180°
 S: is the surface area of the spherical triangle
 R: is the radius of sphere on which the triangle is formed
Spherical excess
 Knowing one length and all angles of triangle a β
b
𝑆2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼×𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽
 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ×
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾
α γ
 𝛼 + 𝛽 + 𝛾 = 180° + 𝜀
c
 = 180° + 𝜀 ∓ 𝐸𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟
𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
 To convert between the distance and angles.
𝑆𝑘𝑚 𝑆°
𝑆° = ∗ 180° ;𝑆𝑘𝑚 = ∗ 𝜋𝑅
𝜋𝑅 180°
S
Central angle S km
1″ 31 m R
0.1″ 3.1 m R
0.01″ 0.31 m C
0.001″ 0.03m
Balancing of quadrilateral figure
 Example: Triangulated Quadrilateral
D C
g CA= Angle condition CA= A-L+1 = 8-6+1= 3
h 7 6 f e
Cs= Side condition Cs=n-2S+3=6-2*4+3= 1
8 5

1 4
a
b
2 3 c d
A B

 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 + 𝑓 + 𝑔 + ℎ = 360° … … . . 1
 𝑓 + 𝑔 = 𝑏 + 𝑐 … … … …………………………..2
 ℎ + 𝑎 = 𝑑 + 𝑒 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .3
 Using Sin law to compute all sides of quadrilateral
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑
 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 × ; 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐵𝐶 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 → 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒
 Balancing of quadrilateral figure
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓
 𝐶𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 × ; 𝐷𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 × ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑓
 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐷𝐴. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐 → 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵. × × ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐
 𝑠𝑖𝑛2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛4. 𝑠𝑖𝑛6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛8 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛5. 𝑠𝑖𝑛7
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 = 0
 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 + log 𝑠𝑖𝑛4 + log 𝑠𝑖𝑛6 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛8 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛1
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛5 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛7
𝑛 𝑛
 𝑖=1 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝑖=1 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑
 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 - log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 … … … … … … 4
 How to distribute errors?
 1 + 𝑣1 + 2 + 𝑣2 + 3 + 𝑣3 +……. 8 + 𝑣8 − 360° = 0
Balancing of quadrilateral figure
 First condition
 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒1 + 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒2 + 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒3 + ⋯ . +𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒8 = 360 ∓ 𝛿″1
𝛿″1
 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 𝑣4 = 𝑣5 = 𝑣6 = 𝑣7 = 𝑣8 = 𝑣 =
8
 Second condition
 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒2 + 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒3 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒6 + 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒7 = 𝛿 ″ 2
𝛿″2
 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 𝑣6 = 𝑣7 = 𝑣 =
4
 If angle 2 and angle3 greater than angle6 and angle7, the error
subtracted from 2,3 and add to 6,7 and vice versa.
 Third condition
 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒1 + 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒8 − 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒4 + 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒5 = 𝛿 ″ 3
𝛿″3
 𝑣1 = 𝑣8 = 𝑣4 = 𝑣5 = 𝑣 =
4
 Balancing of quadrilateral figure
 Fourth condition
 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 - log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝛿4 this is a logarithm value
not second
 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑣 = log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + ∆. 𝑣, Δ different 1″ in log sinα
 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 + ∆1. 𝑣1 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼3 + ∆3. 𝑣3 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼5
+ ∆5. 𝑣5 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼7 + ∆7. 𝑣7 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼2 + ∆2. 𝑣2
+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼4 + ∆4. 𝑣4 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼6 + ∆6. 𝑣6 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼8
+ ∆8. 𝑣8 = 𝛿4
 ∆1. 𝑣1 + ∆3. 𝑣3 + ∆5. 𝑣5 + ∆7. 𝑣7 − ∆2. 𝑣2 + ∆4. 𝑣4
+ ∆6. 𝑣6 + ∆8. 𝑣8 − 𝛿4 = 0
 𝑣1 = 𝑣2 = 𝑣3 = 𝑣4 = 𝑣5 = 𝑣6 = 𝑣7 = 𝑣8 = 𝑣
8 𝛿4
 𝑉 𝑖=1 ∆𝑖 = 𝛿4 ; 𝑉 = ∆𝑖 𝑝𝑒𝑟 1″
 Balancing of quadrilateral figure

 ∆ 1 = log sin 1 + 1″ − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛1 → 𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑡1 ∗ 2.106 = ∆ 1

 Example: data observed from the field as shown in the table

Angle Angle log sin d 1″ Angle equation Side eq. Adjusted angle
a 65º 06′ 18″ 0.98 -0.6 -2.3 +0.8 65º 06′ 15.8″
b 44º 03′ 38″ 2.18 -0.6 +3 -0.8 44º 03′ 39.5″
c 42º 26′ 47″ 2.30 -0.6 +3 +0.9
d 50º 44′ 05″ 1.72 -0.6 +2.3 -0.9
e 45º 42′ 22″ 2.28 -0.6 +2.3 +0.9
f 55º 51′ 40″ 1.43 -0.6 -3 -0.9
g 30º 38′ 57″ 3.55 -0.6 -3 +0.8
h 28º 23′ 18″ 3.90 -0.6 -2.3 -0.9
360º 00′ 05″ 18.34 -5″ 360º 00′ 00″
Balancing of quadrilateral figure
 Error = 360º 00′ 05″-360º 00′ 00″= 5″
 Correction = -Error = -5″
−5″
1- 𝛿1 = 8
= −0.6″
−9″
2. 𝑎 + ℎ – 𝑑 + 𝑒 = 36″ − 27″ = 9″; 𝛿2 = = −2.3″
4
Subtract −2.3″ from angle a,h and +2.3″ add to angle d,e
12″
3. 𝑏 + 𝑐 – 𝑔 + 𝑓 = 25″ − 37″ = −12″; 𝛿2 = = 3″
4
add 3″ to angle b,c and Subtract 3″ from angle g,f
4. 𝑇ℎ𝑒 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎, 𝑐, 𝑒, 𝑔 - log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏, 𝑑, 𝑓, ℎ
39.326062-39.326078 = -16
𝛿4 16
𝑉= 8 = = 0.87
𝑖=1 ∆𝑖 18.3
 Central point figure
h g
 1. 𝑎 + ℎ + 𝑖 = 180°
f
 2.𝑔 + 𝑙 + 𝑓 = 180° a i l
b j k e
 3. 𝑘 + 𝑑 + 𝑒 = 180°
 4.𝑏 + 𝑗 + 𝑐 = 180° c d
 5. 𝑖 + 𝑙 + 𝑘 + 𝑗 = 360°
 6. log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 0
𝛿1
 1. 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣ℎ = 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣 =
3
𝛿2
 2. 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑐 = 𝑣𝑗 = 𝑣 =
3
𝛿3
 3. 𝑣𝑑 = 𝑣𝑒 = 𝑣𝑘 = 𝑣 =
3
 Central point figure
𝛿4
 4. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑔 = 𝑣𝑙 = 𝑣 =
3
𝛿5
 5. 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑗 = 𝑣𝑘 = 𝑣𝑙 = 𝑣 =
4
 The central angle ijkl was corrected when used in the fifth condition.
𝛿5
Each triangle takes half correction of 4
1 𝛿5 1 𝛿5 1 𝛿5
 𝑣𝑎 = 𝑣ℎ = ∓ . ; 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑣𝑐 = ∓ . ; 𝑣𝑑 = 𝑣𝑒 = ∓2. 4
2 4 2 4
1 𝛿5
 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑔 = ∓ .
2 4
 6. log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑑𝑑 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 = 𝛿6
𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛿6
 𝑣𝑖 =
∆𝑖
 The purpose of this adjustment to computed the adjusted coordinates
 Central point figure cont.
Angle Angle d 1″ Angle eq. Condition Angle log Side Final
log sin center sin condition angle

a 𝑆𝑖 𝑆5 1 ±𝑉𝑖

Corrected angles must be = 360º

Log sin(α1+1″)-log sinα1= Δ1 .
b 3 4 2
i= 1 to 4
Angle measured Angle measured in the field

Angles after correction

or cotα1*2.106=Δ1

d
e
f
g
h
i 𝑆𝑖 𝑆5
j 3 4
in the field

i=1 to 4
k
l
Polygon with the central station The University of

Duhok
 Adjusting a polygon with the central station
 The following three conditions help in the adjustment.
 The apex condition: ∑o= 360° at the apex o
 The triangle conditions: For each triangle, the sum of the angles is 180°, <O1 +
<A2 + <B1=180° for triangle OAB and so on. From this it follows that the sum of
interior angles will be equal to (2n-4)*90°, n being the number of sides.
 The side-equation condition is also called the log side condition. The sum of the log
sine of the left-hand angles must equal that of the right-hand angles
 Log sinA1+LogsinB1+...= Log sinA2+LogsinB2+...
 Home work
The University of

Duhok
 The following values are of observed angles for the figure shown
below. Correct these angles by using the method of equal shift
adjustment. Angle Values
1 17˚44′11″
2 36˚18′02″
3 80˚46′39″
4 19˚46′36″
5 25˚36′05″
6 48˚13′11″
7 74˚36′56″
8 56˚58′26″
9 125˚57′56″
10 79˚26′51″
11 106˚09′56″
12 48˚25′14″
Adjustment, equal shifts The University of

Duhok
 Example: Triangulated Quadrilateral
 In the figure below the values of observed angles are tabulated
in the table, correct these angle using equal shift adjustment.
<1= 84° 08´ 00″
<2= 40° 10´ 36″
<3= 16° 11´ 20″
<4= 39° 29´ 53″
<5= 75° 03´ 02″
<6= 49° 15´ 28″
<7= 30° 05´ 21″
<8= 25° 36´ 25″
 Solution
The University of

Duhok
1. Compute number of geometric conditions
2. C= (n´-S´+1) + (n+3-2*S)
3. = (6-4+1) +(6+3-2*4)
3 + 1=4
There are 3 angular condition and one side condition or
𝑪𝑨 = 𝑨 − 𝑳 + 𝟏; A= number of measured angle; L =No. of measured line.
CA= 8-6+1= 3 angular condition
CS= n-2S+3= 6-2*4+3= 1 side condition
C total= CA+ CS = 4
Angular condition
< 1 + < 2 + < 3 + < 4 = 180°
< 5 + < 6 + < 7 + < 8 = 180°
< 1 + < 2 + < 7 + < 8 = 180°
 The University of
Solution cont. Duhok
1. < 1 + < 2 + < 3 + < 4 = 179° 59´ 49″
Error = 179° 59´ 49″-180° = -11ʺ
Correction = - Error
Correction = 11″/4 =2.75″ added (+3″) for angle (2,3,4) and added
(+2″) for angle (1).
2. < 5 + < 6 + < 7 + < 8 = 180° 00´ 16″
Error = 180° 00´ 16″- 180°= + 16″
Correction = -16″/4 = -4″ added (-4″) for all angle angles (5,6,7,8)
3. < 1 + < 2 + < 7 + < 8 = 180° 00´ 19″
Error = 180° 00´ 19″- 180°= + 19″
Correction = -19″/4 = -4.75″ added (-5″) for angle (1,2,7) and added (-
4″) for angle (8).
 The University of
Solution cont. Duhok
Angles correction

< Observed Correcti Corrected Correc Corrected

angles on angles tion angles
1 84° 08´ 00″ +2″ 84° 08´ 02″ -5″ 84° 07´ 57″
2 40° 10´ 36″ +3″ 40° 10´ 39″ -5″ 40° 10´ 34″
3 16° 11´ 20″ +3″ 16° 11´ 23″ +5″ 16° 11´ 28″
4 39° 29´ 53″ +3″ 39° 29´ 56″ +5″ 39° 30´ 01″
5 75° 03´ 02″ -4″ 75° 02´ 58″ +4″ 75° 03´ 02″
6 49° 15´ 28″ -4″ 49° 15´ 24″ +5″ 49° 15´ 29″
7 30° 05´ 21″ -4″ 30° 05´ 17″ -5″ 30° 05´ 12″
8 25° 36´ 25″ -4″ 25° 36´ 21″ -4″ 25° 36´ 17″
 Setting up a theodolite The University of

Duhok
. Correction for each angle =

< Corrected Log (sin odd Log (sin even Log sin angle-log Error Corrected
angles angles) angles) sin -1″ angles
1 84° 07´ 57″ -0.002281265339 2.1638241*10-7 +2 84° 07´ 59″
2 40° 10´ 34″ -0.190346586 2.4936657*10-6 -2 40° 10´ 32″
3 16° 11´ 28″ -0.55464162 7.2515087*10-6 +2 16° 11´ 30″
4 39° 30´ 01″ -0.19648692 2.554186*10-6 -2 39° 29´ 59″
5 75° 03´ 02″ -0.014953724 5.6218682*10-7 +2 75° 03´ 04″
6 49° 15´ 29″ -0.120527502 1.8137245*10-6 -2 49° 15´ 27″
7 30° 05´ 12″ -0.299894157 3.6341801*10-6 +2 30° 05´ 14″
8 25° 36´ 17″ -0.364355358 4.3936553*10-6 -2 25° 36´ 15″
-0.871770766 -0.871716366 2.291948953*10-5

0.871770766 – 0.871716366
𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = −5
= 2.373″ = 2ʺ
2.291948953 ∗ 10
 Computation and adjustment The University of

Duhok
 Computation and adjustment θ2

 Systematic error
θ1 θ3
 Random error
θ1, θ2, θ3, 𝜃𝑖 ≠ 0 , due to
systematic and random error

Trilateration
1. Angle adjustment
2. Azimuth of all lines

Compute internal angles using cosine

rule, then the next step is adjustment and
All sides measured
finally we compute the coordinates
 Error propagate in triangulation
The University of

Duhok
B
𝑏 𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵
 = →𝑏= 𝑐
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐶 c
a
θ
A b C

𝜕 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 2 𝜕 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐵 2
 𝜎𝑏2 = 𝑐. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝜎𝐵2 + 𝑐. 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶 𝜎𝐶2
𝜕𝐵 𝜕𝐶

 𝜎𝑏2 = 𝑏 2 . 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐵. 𝜎𝐵2 + 𝑏 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐶. 𝜎𝐶2

 𝜎𝑏2 = 𝑏 2 . 𝜎𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐶

𝜎𝑏
 = 𝜎𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐵 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡 2 𝐶
𝑏
 Braced quadrilateral adjustment
Adjusted the braced quadrilateral by condition equation method
using least square solution.
 Solving Braced quadrilateral using Condition equation
 Line AD is known from previous triangulation
 Total number of known is 9 ( 8 angles and one length observed)

Important figure in Δn

θ5 B C
θ4
θ3 θ4
θ2 θ5

A
θ1
θ8 θ8
A θ6
θ7
B
Fixing two unknown points C and D D
 Braced quadrilateral cont.
• Need of adjustment of Braced quadrilateral
Observation needed to fix size and shape
Example: in Braced quadrilateral AB is known determine the Point CD
no = 5 number of observation required
4 angles + 1 length (AB) θ3 θ4
D C θ2 θ5
<DAB = β
<CAB = α
no=5 θ1
<ABD = γ
<ABC = θ θ8
Length AB. β γ θ6
θ7 ΔABD
α
A θ 1 + 2 , 3, 8
Figure 1 B C
8 angles +Length AB = 9 obs. = n; no = 5 B
4 5
r = n-no = 4 means four equation required to adjust this figure 3 6
Note: is not Correct to adjust individual parts because some value 2 87
ΔBCA
will include in the adjustment twice. A 1 D
All the observations, should be participated in whole system of adjustment 2 3 + 4 , 5
 Solution
 Observations taken n=9; no= 5; r = n-no= 4 D C
 Write three independent conditions of angles? θ4
θ3
 One side condition θ2 θ5
Condition Angles
 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 𝜃5 + 𝜃6 θ1

 𝜃3 + 𝜃4 = 𝜃7 + 𝜃8 A θ8
θ6
 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 + 𝜃3 + 𝜃4 + 𝜃5 + 𝜃6 = 𝜃7 + 𝜃8 = 360° θ7
Condition side B
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8
𝐵𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃5
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6
𝐷𝐶 = 𝐵𝐶. → 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 × ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4
𝐴𝐷 = 𝐷𝐶. → 𝐴𝐷 = 𝐴𝐵 × × ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐷. → 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 × × × ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃7 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃7
Solution cont.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2
𝐴𝐵 = 𝐴𝐵 ×
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃3 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃5 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛7
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃1 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃3 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃5 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛7 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃2
D C
log sin 𝐿 = log sin 𝑅 θ3 θ4
θ2 θ5

log sin 𝐿 − log sin 𝑅 = 0 θ1

A θ8
θ6
θ7
B
 Left angle is 7,5,3,1; mean if you stand at each point. These angles
(7,5,3,1) lie in your left hand
 Right angle is 8,6,4,2; mean if you stand at each point. These
angles (8,6,4,2) lie in your Right hand
Angle condition
 Four conditions. These four condition will be used for adjustment.
 𝜃1 + 𝜃2 = 𝜃5 + 𝜃6
Angle conditions
 𝜃3 + 𝜃4 = 𝜃7 + 𝜃8
8
 𝑖=1 𝜃𝑖 = 360°
 log sin 𝐿 = log sin 𝑅 side condition
 We have to write in 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑓 format
 𝑙 =𝑙+𝑣

 Angle conditions: 𝐿𝑎 = 𝑙𝑏 + 𝑣; 𝜃1 = 𝜃1 + 𝑣1
 𝜃1 + 𝑣1 + 𝜃2 + 𝑣2 = 𝜃5 + 𝑣5 + 𝜃6 + 𝑣6 … . . 1
 𝜃3 + 𝑣3 + 𝜃4 + 𝑣4 = 𝜃7 + 𝑣7 + 𝜃8 + 𝑣8 … . . 2
8 8
 𝑖=1 𝜃𝑖 + 𝑖=1 𝑣𝑖 = 360°……………………3
 The same way should be done for side condition
 Line condition
 The next write in form of ; 𝐴𝑉 = 𝑓
𝐴 = matrix of the coefficient of 𝑉 Residuals
𝑉 = matrix of residuals 𝑣1 𝑣8
𝑓 = matrix of all observed θ1 θ8
log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃1 𝑣1 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃2 𝑣2 +
log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃3 𝑣3 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃4 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃4 𝑣4 +
log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃5 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃5 𝑣5 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃6 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃6 𝑣6 + 𝐿𝑎 = 𝑙𝑏 + 𝑣
log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃7 + 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃7 𝑣7 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃8 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃8 𝑣8 = 0
In the form of AV=f
𝐴
1 1 0 0 −1 −1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 −1 −1
= 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃1 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃2 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃3 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃4 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃5 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃6 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃7 −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝜃8
𝑣1
𝑣2
 𝐴 𝑉= . ; 𝑓=
.
𝑣𝑛
Line condition cont.
 In the form of matrix to solve parameters V and determine θ hat
 So, 𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝑣 for all angles
𝑣1
𝑣2
𝑣3 𝜃5 + 𝜃6 − 𝜃1 − 𝜃2
𝑣4 𝜃7 + 𝜃8 − 𝜃3 − 𝜃4
 𝑉= 𝑣 ; 𝑓=
5 360° − 𝜃𝑖
𝑣6 log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑅 − log 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝐿
𝑣7
𝑣8
 Known A and f. Solve in normal function for
 𝑘 = 𝐴𝐴𝑇 ; 𝑉 = 𝐴𝑇 𝑘 −1
 𝜃 = 𝜃 + 𝑣; 𝜃 is the Answer