The University of

Duhok

Chapter 2: Method of coordinates Determination

Lecture 4
Complementary of Resection methods

By: Dr. Farsat Heeto

26, October, 2017

Resection by station of triangles The University of

Duhok
 From the figure shown below determine the coordinates of point P
Known data
 Coordinates of A,B and C ; Measured angle: x and y
 Unknown: coordinates of point P? B
 Procedure: α
c a
1. Calculate the Azimuth and length of AB and BC.
x′ y′
2. Calculate (α) from Azimuth of line AB and BC. α1 α2
A C
3. Calculate α1+α2 = [360° - (α + x + y)]
x y
4. Calculate angles α1 and α2 from this equation
−1
𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × sin(𝛼1 + 𝛼2)
α1 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
𝑐 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 + 𝑎 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 × cos(𝛼1 + 𝛼2) P

𝑐 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 × sin(𝛼1 + 𝛼2)

α2 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑎 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑦 × cos(𝛼1 + 𝛼2)
Resection by station of triangles cont.
The University of

Duhok

4. Using sine rule to calculate the length AP and BP.

 In the Triangle ABP, the length BP can be calculated.
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥′ B
= =
𝑐 𝐵𝑃 𝐴𝑃 α
< x′ = 180° - (α1+x) c a
𝑐 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1 x′ y′
𝐵𝑃 = α1 α2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 A C
𝑐 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥′ y
𝐴𝑃 = x
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
P
5. Calculate the Azimuth of AP and BP.
6. Calculate coordinate of P from A and B
7. Check the coordinates of point P from triangle BCP
Example
 Find the coordinates of point P from the given data.

Point Easting Northing Clockwis value

(m) (m) e angle
A 347490.5 145480.8 <x 133° 07′
B 356442.7 148778.9 <y 132° 25′
C 351240.2 138628.8

 Cosine rule to compute the interior angles for a triangle.

 The general equation
𝒃𝟐 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝜽= 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 𝟐𝒃𝒄
𝒂 + 𝒄𝟐 − 𝒃𝟐
𝟐
𝒃𝟐 = 𝒄𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐𝒄𝒂 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜷 𝜷 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝟏
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝟐𝒂𝒃 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶 𝟐𝒂𝒄
−𝟏
𝒂 + 𝒃𝟐 − 𝒄𝟐
𝟐
𝜶 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔
𝟐𝒂𝒃
 Solution
ΔEAB = 8952.2 m ; ΔNAB=3298.1 m; ΔEBC = -5202.5 m ; ΔNBC= -10150.1 m;
Length AB = 9540.41 m; Length BC = 11405.72
∆𝐸 −∆𝐸𝐵𝐶
𝐴𝑍𝐴𝐵 = tan −1 𝐴𝐵 = 69° 46′ 32″ ; 𝐴𝑍𝐵𝐶 = tan −1 + 180°
∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 −∆𝑁𝐵𝐶
= 27° 08′ 16″ + 180°
B
α1+α2 = [360° - (α + x + y)]
B α
From the previous equation we can get x′
α1= 28° 14′ 10″ y′
α1
α2= 23° 35′ 33″ A
A P y
Using sin rule to determine length of AP α2
AZAP = AZAB+α1
EP = EA+ LAP* sin AZAP = 351 628.61 m
NP = NA+ LAP* cos AZAP = 144 898.39 m C C
A C B
 Distance Resection
 Minimum two control points are required B
 Measured length AP, BP A
 Unknown Coordinates of Point P. α
 Procedure:
P
1. Calculate the length and direction of AB from coordinates A and B
2. Use cosine law to calculate the interior angle of the triangle APB.
1. check the sum of angles.
2. Check the Horizontal angle α measured in the field
3. Calculate the Azimuth of line AP and BP
4. Calculate the coordinate of point P from A and B.
5. To check the coordinate of point P, include third control point.
Resection cont. The University of

Duhok
 3-D coordinates, Two point Resection.
 Measuring slope or Horizontal distance from unknown point (P) to control points
 Vertical angle to the targets of control point
 Horizontal angle subtended by both control point at (P).
 Measure Hi (height of instrument at point P), Height of target at both control point
(Ht, RA, RB).
 Required: (Ep, Np, Zp) RA
RB
A (EA, NA, ZA)
B (EB, NB, ZB)
α
V1 VA VB
V2
Hi Horizontal plane of instrument

P
 The University of
Solution Duhok
Procedure of calculation
1. Calculate the length and Azimuth of AB from plane coordinates
2. Calculate Horizontal distance from P to A and B
1. H.DPA= Slope DPA * cos V1
2. H.DPB= Slope DPB * cos V2
3. Calculate Horizontal angle PAB and ABP using cosine law, then
check angle α
4. Calculate the Azimuth of line AP and BP
5. Calculate coordinates of point P from A and B; (EP , NP)
6. Calculate ZP
1. Calculate VA and VB using slope distance (PA, PB)
1. VA = Slope.DPA* sin V1
2. VB = Slope.DPB* sin V2
Solution cont.
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Duhok

 Or Using Horizontal Distance (PA, PB)

1. VA = Horizontal DPA* tan V1
2. VB = Horizontal DPB* tan V2
 Calculate difference in elevation between point P and (A and B).
 ΔHPA= Hi +VA-RA
 ΔHPB= Hi +VB-RB
 Calculate the elevation of point P
 Elev. P = Elev. A- ΔHPA
 Elev. P = Elev. B- ΔHPB
 If the difference are few centimeters take average
 When the line of sight is inclined downward for e.g.
 ΔHPA= VA+RA- Hi
v1
Hi VA
 Elev. P = Elev. A+ ΔHPA
P
ΔH RA
A
 Example The University of

Duhok
Example: find the 3D coordinates of Point P from the following data
Point Easting Northing Elevation V. angle H. Angle (α) Slope
(m) (m) (m) Distance (m)
A 7034.982 5413.896 432.173 V1= 24° 33′ 42″ 102° 11′ 53″ 667.413
P
B 7843.745 5807.242 428.795 V2= 26° 35′ 08″ 612.354

RA =1.743 m ; RB =1.743 ; Hi (height of instrument at P) =1.685m

B
p B
A B

θ
b a
α A A
α: Measured
in the field A B
P
 Solution The University of

Duhok
1. Compute length and direction of Line AB.
1. ΔEAB = (EB-EA) = 808.763 m B
2. ΔNAB = (NB-NA) = 393.346 m p
∆𝐸
3. 𝐴𝑧𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 = 64° 03′ 50″ A
𝐴𝐵

4. 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝐴𝐵 = ∆𝐸𝐴𝐵 2 + ∆𝑁𝐴𝐵 2 = 899.343 a

2. Compute Interior angles using cosine law
𝑝2 + 𝑏 2 − 𝑎2 b
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 = = 36° 31′ 24″
2𝑝𝑏
𝑝2 + 𝑎2 − 𝑏 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 = = 41° 16′ 43″
2𝑝𝑎 P
2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 −𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑝 = = 102° 11′ 53″ , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝛼 𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑘
2𝑎𝑏
Sum of computed angles (<A + <B + <P) = 180° 00′ 00″
3. Calculate the Azimuth of AP and BP
AZAP = AZAB + <A = 100° 35′ 14″
AZBP= (AZAB+180°) - <B = 202° 47′ 07″
 The University of
Solution cot. Duhok
4. Calculate Horizontal distance of (PA, PB).
 H.DPA= Slope DPA * cosV1= 607.021m
 H.DPB= Slope DPB * cosV2 =547.608 m

5.Calculate the coordinates of point P from A

 ΔEAP = LAP* sin AZ AP = 596.687 m
 ΔNAP = LAP* cos AZ AP =-111.529
 EP = EA+ ΔEAP ;
 EP = 7034.982+ 607.021* sin 100° 35′ 14″= 7631.669 m
 NP = NA+ ΔNAP
 NP = 5413.896+ 607.021 * cos 100° 35′ 14″= 5302.367 m
Solution cont.
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Duhok
6. Calculate the coordinates of point P from B
 EP = EB+ LBP* sin AZ BP
 EP = 7843.745+ 547.608* sin 202° 47′ 07″= 7631.668 m
 NP = NB+ LBP* sin AZ BP
 NP = 5807.242+ 547.608* cosine 202° 47′ 07″= 5302.368 m

7. Calculate (Zp)
 Compute VA and VB using sople distancie
 VA= 667.413 * sin 24° 33′ 42″ = 277.425 m
 VB = 612.354 * sin 26° 35′ 08″ = 274.049 m
 Solution cont.
The University of

Duhok

 Calculate VA and VB From Horizontal distance

 VA= 607.021 * tan 24° 33′ 42″ = 277.425 m
 VB = 547.608 * sin 26° 35′ 08″ = 274.049 m

 Calculate ΔHPA = Hi + VA - RA
 ΔHPA = 1.685 + 277.425 -1.743 = 277.367 m
 Elev. P = 432.173-277.367= 154.806 m

 Calculate ΔHPB = Hi + VB - RB
 ΔHPB = 1.685 + 274.049 -1.743 = 273.991 m
 Elev. P = 428.795-273.991 = 154.804 m

 Zp = 154. 805 m average

 Example 2, H.W The University of

Duhok

Example: Find the coordinates of point P (Ep, Np, Zp) from the
following data.
A (E, N , Z); A (2956.372, 3224.554, 165.086)
B (E, N , Z); A (2854.615, 3541.225, 162.129)
Zenith angle to A= 110° 03′ 58″
Zenith angle to B= 115° 10′ 54″
RA= 1.158 m
RB= 1.203
Hi= 1.520
Slope distance PA = 237.894 m
Slope distance PB= 198.568 m
α= 75° 13′ 11″ ; Find (Ep, Np, Zp) ?.
Example H.W2
 For below, the X, Y, and Z coordinates (in meters) of station A are 7034.982,
5413.896, and 432.173, respectively, and those of B are 7843.745,5807.242,
and 428.795, respectively. Determine the 3D position of a total station
 instrument at point P based upon the following observations.
 v1 = 24° 33′ 42″ PA = 667.413 m, hrA = 1.743 m, γ = 77° 48′ 08″
 v2 = 26° 35′ 08″ PB = 612.354 m, hrB = 1.743 m, hiP = 1.685 m

A(XA,YA, ZA) B (XB,YB, ZB)

hrA hrB

C θ D
v1 v2

hip P(XP,YP, ZP)