INTRODUCTION

Solid Mensuration or (solid geometry) is one of the most practical and

exciting courses in college. An average student encounters and uses various
geometric figures every day. Recognizing these figures, understanding their value in
society, and knowing how to measure them is a very important competency. This
module is designed to help college students acquire a great deal of understanding of
geometric concepts and develop a mastery of the skill of measuring various plane and
solid figures. These knowledge and skills are essential for success in related higher
mathematics course. Covered topics are Mensuration of Plane Figures, Solids for
which Volume = Base x Height, Solids for which Volume = 1/3 Base x Height, and
Sphere.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon completion of this module, you will be able to:

1. Distinguish and apply appropriate formulas in mensuration of standard plane and

solid figures
2. Analyze and solve word problems in practical situations
3. Illustrate the concept of solid mensuration and relate applications to problem in
navigation
 LET’S LEARN

Lesson 6: Mensuration of Plane Figures

At the end of this lesson you should be able to:

1. Distinguish the different plane figures and identify their properties according
to their angles or sides
2. Use the Pythagorean Theorem and the properties of special right triangles to
find the unknown sides of a given right triangle
3. Apply formulas to compute the perimeter and areas of different plane figures

LET’S READ!

Geometry is one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It involves study of

the properties of points, lines, plane surfaces, and solid figures. In this lesson, you
will concentrate on the application of the ideas of plane geometry to do technical
work.

LET’S DEFINE SOME IMPORTANT TERMS!

• Polygons is a two – dimensional closed figure bounded by straight line segments

Example: triangle & parallelogram
• Triangle is a polygon with three sides and three interior angles
Classification of triangles:
1. Equilateral triangle is a three – sided polygon with three equal sides.
2. Right triangle is a three – sided polygon with one right angle.
3. Oblique triangle is a triangle with no right angle.
4. Acute triangle is a three – sided polygon having three acute angles.
5. Obtuse triangle is a three – sided polygon having one obtuse angle
• Parallelogram
Classification of parallelogram:
1. Rectangle is essentially a parallelogram in which the interior angles are all
right angles
2. A square is a special type of rectangle in which all the sides are equal
3. Rhombus is a parallelogram in which all the sides are equal
4. Trapezoid is a quadrilateral with one pair of parallel sides
5. Trapezium is a quadrilateral with no two sides that are parallel
• Circle is a set of points, each of which is equidistant from a fixed point called the
center
• An ellipse is a conic with an eccentricity that is less than one. The region
enclosed by an ellipse is called an elliptical section
• A parabola is a conic section whose eccentricity is equal to one
• A composite plane figure is a plane figure made of different geometric figures
whose areas can be determined

STUDY AND REMEMBER THESE!

Formulas relating to plane figures are shown in table 1. It is important that you
have to remember all of these formulas because when you will take your exams it is
easier for you to solve all of the given problems.
Table 1: Formulas relating to plane figures:
Square

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒)2.
𝑨 = 𝒂2
a
a
Rectangle

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.

a 𝑨 = 𝒃𝒂
b
Right triangle

1
a 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.
2
90° 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒃𝒂.
b 𝟐

Pythagorean theorem
(𝐻𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑢𝑠)𝟐
c a = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑙𝑒𝑔𝑠.
90°
𝒄𝟐 = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐, or 𝑎 = √(𝑐 − 𝑏) (𝑐 + 𝑏)
b

Oblique triangle

1
a b 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.
2
h 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉.
c 𝟐

𝐴 = √𝑠(𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐), where 𝑠 =

(𝑎 +𝑏+𝑐)
2
 .

Parallelogram (opposite sides parallel)

a 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.

h 𝑨 = 𝒃𝒉.
b

Trapezoid (one pair of opposite sides parallel)

1
a 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒.
2
h 𝟏
𝑨 = (𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒉.
b 𝟐

Circle

𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 2𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠) = 𝜋 (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟).

R 𝑪 = 𝟐𝝅𝑹 = 𝝅𝑫.
𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋 (𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠)2 = (𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟)2.
4
𝝅
𝑨 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 = 𝑫𝟐.
𝟒

Sector of circle
c
1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑐.
2
𝜃 R 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝑹𝒄 = 𝑹𝟐𝜽.
𝟐 𝟐

Segment of circle
c
R 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒
𝜃 𝟏 𝟏
𝑨 = 𝑹𝒄 − 𝒃𝒂.
𝟐 𝟐
Ellipse

b
a 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝜋𝑎𝑏.

Quadrilateral
B
a b 𝐴=
A C √(𝑠 − 𝑎) (𝑠 − 𝑏) (𝑠 − 𝑐) (𝑠 − 𝑑) − 𝑎𝑏𝑐𝑑𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝜃
d c 𝑎+𝑏+𝑐+𝑑
𝑠=
2
D
𝐴+𝐶 𝐵+𝐷
𝜃= =
2 2

Rhombus

𝑑1
1
𝐴= 𝑑 𝑑
2 1 2
𝑑2

Speandrel

1
𝐴 = 𝑏ℎ
3

Parabolic section

2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑏ℎ
3
 SAMPLE PROBLEMS

How was the video tutorial? Do you think you got the hang of it now or you
feel that you might need a little more of practice?

If you’re still having confusions about it, you do not need to pressure yourself
to learn it all at once. Here are more sample problems and their solutions to get you
going.

Example 1: The altitude of an isosceles triangle is 15cm. If the base angles are each
45°, determine the perimeter of the triangle.

Solution:

y y 15cm
45° 45°
x

Let P = perimeter of the isosceles triangle

P = x + 2y
To solve for x,
15
𝑇𝑎𝑛 45° = , x = 2( 15 ) = 30cm
𝑥/2 tan 45°

To solve for y,
15
𝑆𝑖𝑛 45° = , y= 15 = 21.21cm
𝑦 tan 45°

Therefore, P = 30 + (2)(21.21) = 72.42cm. Answer.

Example 2: If the diagonal length of a square is tripled, how much is the increase in the area
of that square?

Solution:
x

x d

Let x = one side of the square

d = diagonal of the square
Where: 𝑑 = √𝑥2 + 𝑥2 = 𝑥√2 and Area of square = 𝑥2

Let D = increased diagonal

Then: D = (3) 𝑥√2 , and the sides will also increase.
We now let y = one side of the square whose diagonal was increased 3 times
y

y D

We equate 𝑦√2 with (3) 𝑥√2

(3) 𝑥√2
Solving for y in terms of x, 𝑦= = 3𝑥
√2

Area = 𝑦2 = (3𝑥)2 = 9𝑥2

Therefore, the area of the square was increase 9 times. Answer
Example 3: Find the area of a portion of a circle that is outside the area of an
inscribed equilateral triangle of altitude 10cm if the base of the triangle lies on the
diameter of the circle.

Solution:
x x

The interior angles of an isosceles triangle are each equal to 60°. Solving for x,
10
tan 60° =
𝑥/2

Then, x = 11.55cm.
Since the base of the triangle coincides with the diameter of the circle, it is
understood that the diameter of the circle is also 11.55cm.

Let A = area of the circle outside the inscribed triangle

A = Area of circle – Area of triangle
1
A = (𝜋 ) (11.55)2 − ( )(11.55)(10) = 47.02 cm2 Answer.
4 2
 NOW IT’S YOUR TURN!

Practice Exercises 6: Mensuration of Plane Figures

Instruction:
Solve the following problems. Use separate sheets of paper for your solutions. Each
problem will be scored five(5) points. Point system will be based on the rubric.

Name : Date :
Schedule: Score :

PROBLEMS
1. The vertical end of a trough has the following dimensions: width at top 4.4 ft., width
at bottom 3.2 ft., depth 3.5 ft. Find the area of the end of the trough.

2. A model boiler is made having an overall height of 75mm corresponding to an

overall height of actual boiler of 6m. If the area of the metal required for the model is
12500mm, determine, in square meters, the area of metal required for the actual
boiler.
3. Find the area of a regular octagon with a perimeter of 124 inches.