Assignment: 1st

Name: Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad

Reg: 19-NTU-TE-0044

Semester: 2nd

Department: Weaving

Date of Submission: 02-05-2020

Submit To: Dr Tahir Siddique

National Textile University FSD

1|Page
Table of Contents:

Contents
Title of Assignment................................................................................................................................3
depression of freezing point:.............................................................................................................4
graph.................................................................................................................................................4
uses of depression of freezing point..................................................................................................4
elevation of boiling point:..................................................................................................................4
graph:....................................................................................................................................................5
uses of elevation of boiling point:......................................................................................................7

2|Page
 Title of Assignment

Depression of freezing point and Elevation in boiling point

3|Page
Freezing –point Depression:
Freezing-point depression is the decrease of the freezing point of a solvent on the addition of a
non-volatile solute. Examples include salt in water, alcohol in water, or the mixing of two solids
such as impurities into a finely powdered drug. In all cases, the substance added/present in
smaller amounts is taken into account the solute, while the first substance present in larger
quantity is assumed of because the solvent. The resulting liquid solution or solid-solid mixture
has a lower melting point than the pure solvent or solid because the chemical potential of the
solvent within the mixture is less than that of the pure solvent, the difference between the 2 being
proportional to the natural logarithm of the mole fraction. In a very similar manner, the chemical
potential of the vapor above the answer is less than that above a pure solvent, which ends up in
boiling-point elevation. Freezing-point depression is what causes sea water, (a mixture of salt
[and other things] in water) to stay liquid at temperatures below 0 °C (32 °F), the freezing point
of pure water.

Graph

Explanation:
The freezing point is that the temperature at which the liquid solvent and solid solvent are at
equilibrium, in order that their vapor pressures are equal. When a non-volatile solute is added to
a volatile liquid solvent, the answer vapor pressure are going to be less than that of the pure
solvent. As a result, the solid will reach equilibrium with the answer at a lower temperature than
with the pure solvent. This explanation in terms of vapor pressure is like the argument supported
chemical potential, since the chemical potential of a vapor is logarithmically associated with
pressure. All of the colligative properties result from a lowering of the chemical potential of the
solvent within the presence of a solute. This lowering is an entropy effect. The greater
randomness of the answer (as compared to the pure solvent) acts con to freezing, in order that a
lower temperature must be reached, over a broader range, before equilibrium between the liquid
solution and solid solution phases is achieved. Freezing point determinations are commonly
exploited in chemistry to assist in identifying substances and to determine their purity.

4|Page
Uses of freezing point depression:
The phenomenon of freezing-point depression has many practical uses. The radiator fluid in an
automobile is a mixture of water and ethylene glycol. As a results of freezing-point depression,
radiators don't freeze in winter. Road salting takes advantage of this effect to lower the melting
point of the ice it's placed on. Lowering the melting point allows the road ice to melt at lower
temperatures, preventing the buildup of dangerous, slippery ice. Commonly used common salt
can depress the melting point of water to about −21 °C (−6 °F). If the paved surface temperature
is lower, NaCl becomes ineffective and other salts are used, like salt, magnesium chloride or a
mix of the many. These salts are somewhat aggressive to metals, especially iron, so in airports
safer media like sodium formate, potassium formate, sodium acetate, potassium acetate are used
instead.

Freezing-point depression is used by some organisms that sleep in extreme cold. Such creatures
have evolved means through which they will produce a high concentration of varied compounds
like sorbitol and glycerol. This elevated concentration of solute decreases the melting point of
the water inside them, preventing the organism from freezing solid whilst the water around them
freezes, or because the air around them becomes very cold. Samples of organisms that produce
antifreeze compounds include some species of arctic-living fish like the rainbow smelt, which
produces glycerol and other molecules to survive in frozen-over estuaries during the winter
months. In other animals, like the Hyla crucifer frog (Pseudacris crucifer), the molality is
increased temporarily as a reaction to cold temperatures. within the case of the peeper frog,
freezing temperatures trigger a large-scale breakdown of glycogen within the frog's liver and
subsequent release of massive amounts of glucose into the blood.
Freezing-point depression also can be used as a purity analysis tool when analyzed by
differential scanning calorimetry. The results obtained are in mol%, but the tactic has its place,
where other methods of study fail.

This is also an equivalent principle acting within the melting-point depression observed when the
freezing point of an impure solid mixture is measured with a melting-point apparatus since
melting and freezing points both ask the liquid-solid phase change (albeit in several directions).

In principle, the boiling-point elevation and therefore the freezing-point depression might be
used interchangeably for this purpose. However, the cryoscopic constant is larger than the
ebullioscopic constant, and therefore the melting point is usually easier to live with precision,
which suggests measurements using the freezing-point depression are more precise.
Also, this phenomenon is applicable in preparing a mixture to be used in an ice-cream machine.
For this purpose, NaCl or another salt is employed to lower the freezing point of ice.

5|Page
Boiling point of elevation:
Boiling-point elevation describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid (a solvent)
will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling
point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to
a pure solvent, such as water. The boiling point can be measured accurately using an
ebullioscope.

Explanation
The boiling point elevation is a colligative property, which means that it is dependent on the
presence of dissolved particles and their number, but not their identity. It is an effect of the
dilution of the solvent in the presence of a solute. It is a phenomenon that happens for all solutes
in all solutions, even in ideal solutions, and does not depend on any specific solute–solvent
interactions. The boiling point elevation happens both when the solute is an electrolyte, such as
various salts, and a nonelectrolyte. In thermodynamic terms, the origin of the boiling point
elevation is entropic and can be explained in terms of the vapor pressure or chemical potential of
the solvent. In both cases, the explanation depends on the fact that many solutes are only present
in the liquid phase and do not enter into the gas phase (except at extremely high temperatures).
Put in chemical potential terms, at the boiling point, the liquid phase and the gas (or vapor) phase
have the same chemical potential (or vapor pressure) meaning that they are energetically
equivalent. The chemical potential is dependent on the temperature, and at other temperatures
either the liquid or the gas phase has a lower chemical potential and is more energetically
favorable than the other phase. This means that when a nonvolatile solute is added, the chemical
potential of the solvent in the liquid phase is decreased by dilution, but the chemical potential of
the solvent in the gas phase is not affected. This means in turn that the equilibrium between the
liquid and gas phase is established at another temperature for a solution than a pure liquid, i.e.,
the boiling point is elevated.
The phenomenon of freezing-point depression is analogous to boiling point elevation. However,
the magnitude of the freezing point depression is larger than the boiling point elevation for the
same solvent and the same concentration of a solute. Because of these two phenomena, the liquid
range of a solvent is increased in the presence of a solute.

6|Page
Graph

Uses of boiling point elevation:

Antifreeze
Ethylene glycol or antifreeze helps prevent the water in your vehicle's radiator from freezing
through freezing-point depression. But you may not have realized that it also elevates the boiling
point of the fluids well. By raising the boiling point, it helps to protect against boil-overs. Many
brands of antifreeze will list both the amount of boil-over protection and the freeze-up protection
offered.

Cooking
Adding salt to water before or while heating it will increase its boiling point, so the water will
actually be hotter than it would otherwise be when it comes to a boil. The amount of this
increase, however, is quite negligible at low salt concentrations; adding a couple grams of salt to
10 cups of water, for example, would only yield a boiling point elevation of about 0.015 degrees
Celsius, which will not affect your cooking significantly. Nonetheless, cooking is one use of
boiling point elevation. It's also important to note that -- contrary to myth -- adding salt to water
will not make it boil faster. Quite the contrary, in fact, it will take slightly longer to boil, since its
boiling point has now been elevated.

Measurement of Molar Mass

Boiling point elevation depends on the identity of the solvent and the concentration of solute
particles, but not the identity of the solute. Consequently, just like freezing point depression,
boiling point elevation can be used to determine the molar mass of a solute. If the solution is an
electrolyte -- one containing a substance like sodium chloride, for example, which splits up
when it dissolves -- this procedure becomes somewhat more complicated, because the number
of particles produced by dissociation of the solute must also be taken into account. Chemists
nowadays generally use techniques like mass spectrometry to determine the molar mass of

7|Page
compounds, but boiling point elevation and freezing point depression are still viable
alternatives.

Sugar Refining
Once a sugarcane crop has been harvested and the cane juice extracted, it must be refined to
produce crystalline sugar for consumption. At some stages during the process, the cane juice or
syrup is boiled, and the temperature at which it boils will depend on the sugar concentration. In
fact, the boiling point elevation offers a way to monitor the level of saturation of the solution,
which is an important consideration for crystallization.

8|Page