Colligative

Properties of
Solution
Colligative Properties
A property that depends on the number of solute and solvent
molecules but not the identity of the solute.
Colligative Properties of Solution:
-Vapour pressure lowering
-Boiling point elevation
-Freezing point depression
-Osmotic pressure
Vapour pressure lowering
An effect at any given temperature,
the vapor pressure of a solution
containing a nonvolatile solute is
less than that of the pure solvent 
Raoult’s law
A relation between relative lowering in vapour pressure and mole fraction.
It states that the relative lowering in vapour pressure of a dilute solution is
equal to the mole fraction of the solute present in the solution.
Psolvent = XsolventPosolvent
where:
        Psolvent is the vapor pressure of the solvent above the solution,
        Xsolvent is the mole fraction of the solvent in the solution, and
        Posolvent is the vapor pressure of the pure solvent.
Application:
Freeze drying 
 A water removal process typically used to
preserve perishable materials, to extend shelf
life or make the material more convenient for
transport.

Freeze drying is an example of vapor pressure

lowering, this occurs because the vapor pressure of
the surrounding air is lowered causing the
surrounding air to take heat from the substance
which then freezes
Boiling point elevation
Refers to the difference in the boiling point of the solution and the boiling point of the pure
solvent.
Occurs when the boiling point of a solution becomes higher than the boiling point of a pure
solvent. The temperature at which the solvent boils is increased by adding any non-volatile solute. 
The change in boiling point is proportional to the molality of the solution:
Tb = Kb  m
where
Kb is the molal boiling point elevation constant, a property of the solvent.
Tb is added to the normal boiling point of the solvent.
m = molality of solute
Application:

Adding salt to water before or while heating it will increase its boiling point, so the water
will actually be hotter than it would otherwise be when it comes to a boil.
Freezing point depression
The decrease in freezing point of a dilute solution compared to that of the pure solvent, ΔTf
Occurs when the freezing point of a liquid is lowered or depressed by adding another
compound to it.
Directly proportional to the molal concentration of the solute.

Tf = Kf  m
where 
m is the molal concentration of the solute in the solvent and 
Kf is called the freezing point depression constant
Application:

 Freezing point depression is exploited to remove ice from (a) roadways and (b) the control
surfaces of aircraft.
• When salt is put on an icy road, the salt mixes with a small amount of liquid water
to prevent melting ice from re-freezing.
Solvent Boiling Point (°C at Kb (Cm−1) Freezing Point (°C Kf (Cm−1)
1 atm) at 1 atm)

water 100.0 0.512 0.0 1.86

hydrogen acetate 118.1 3.07 16.6 3.9

benzene 80.1 2.53 5.5 5.12

chloroform 61.26 3.63 −63.5 4.68

nitrobenzene 210.9 5.24 5.67 8.1

Boiling Point Elevation and Freezing Point Depression Constants for Several Solvents
Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure
Osmosis
The movement of solvent
molecules through a
semipermeable membrane
from a region of low solute
concentration to a region of
high solute concentration.
Osmotic Pressure
The minimum amount of pressure needed to prevent water from
flowing into it across a semipermeable membrane. 
The pressure that stops the process of osmosis. 
Osmotic pressure is expressed by the formula:

 = iMRT
where
 =is the osmotic pressure in atm
i = van 't Hoff factor of the solute
M = molar concentration in mol/L
R = universal gas constant = 0.08206 L·atm/mol·K
T = absolute temperature in   K
Application:
Plants maintain their upright
shape with the help of osmotic
pressure. When sufficient water is
supplied to the plant, its cells
(which contain several salts)
absorb water and expand. This
expansion of plant cells increases
the pressure exerted on their cell
walls, causing them to stand
upright.
References:
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Colligative Properties of Solutions." ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020,
thoughtco.com/definition-of-colligative-properties-604410.
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Boiling Point Elevation." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020,
thoughtco.com/understanding-boiling-point-elevation-609180.
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Freezing Point Depression." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020,
thoughtco.com/understanding-freezing-point-depression-609182.
Helmenstine, Todd. "How to Calculate Osmotic Pressure." ThoughtCo, Aug. 26, 2020,
thoughtco.com/calculate-osmotic-pressure-example-609518.
References:
https://byjus.com/jee/colligative-properties/
https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/11-4-colligative-properties/#fs-idm37127680
https://byjus.com/chemistry/osmotic-pressure-equation/#:~:text=Osmotic%20pressure%20can
%20be%20defined,solute%20particles%20in%20the%20solution
.
http://web.colby.edu/ch141/files/2013/12/Chapter-13-Slides.ppt
http://www1.lasalle.edu/~prushan/CHM%20112%20Documents/chapter%2011%20lecture.ppt
https://sciencing.com/uses-boiling-point-elevation-8344665.html
https://www.slideshare.net/ocirej_23/chemistry-8698713
https://byjus.com/chemistry/osmotic-pressure-equation/