Good afternoon Ma’am Good afternoon block mates!

I’m Joan M. Orilla your Reporter for today’s topic which is the:

The structure of the atom

So who can tell me what is an atom? Atom is the smallest particle of matter

Who can tell me what are they made up of? Okay carlo? Atom is made up of subatomic particle which are the
Proton, Neutron and electron

Thank you for your answers indeed, these days we think about atoms kind of like this;

They're made up of a variety of smaller subatomic particles, Which are the Proton, Neutron and electron

But don’t you know that in the early 1804 it was different, it was all about John Dalton’s model of atom.

So who is John Dalton?

John Dalton discovered atoms, and 1804 he proposed that atom is the smallest particle of matter,
which could not be broken down into smaller particles. And he envisioned them as solid, hard spheres

SO, in short John Dalton, believed that atom is indivisible!

Throughout the 18 hundredths more and more scientist got into this idea, It wasn’t until… in 1897 when

In 1897 Sir Joseph John Thomson or (J.J Thomson) a British physicist began experimenting with cathode
ray tubes.

In this experiment he discovered:

 Atom was a divisible entity rather than the basic unit of matter,
 Also he discovered that Atom is composed of electron, a
negatively charged atomic particle with very little mass. 

Let’s take a look about how he discovered electron

In his research, Thomson passed current,  through a cathode ray tube.

A cathode ray tube is a glass tube from which virtually all of the air has been removed.  It contains a
piece of metal called an electrode at each end. So electrode meaning it is an electrical conductor. Here
we have One electrode that is negatively charged known as a cathode and the other electrode is
positively charged known as an anode. 

So this is the setup of the cathode ray experiment

Here, Thompson connected these two pieces of electrode to a high voltage source  

When high-voltage electric current is applied to the end plates, a “cathode ray” travels from the cathode
to the anode.

“Cathode ray” is this particle beam that travels from the cathode through the slit in the anode and
created a glowing spot over here when it hit the phosphors coating on the inside of the glass. NOTE
THAT It is called "Cathode ray" because originates at the cathode metal piece and this ray glows
because phosphors that was painted has a properties that spark, or emit light, when impacted by the
cathode ray

Now Thomson wants to know, What is this cathode ray? And Wants to know if Is it just a ray
of energy that travels in waves like a ray of light? or was this cathode ray a stream of moving particles

So, To test the properties of the particles. Thomson placed two oppositely-charged electric plates
around the cathode ray. So in the image this is the positive and negatively charged electric plates which
is connected to a battery

So When he turned on electric source of the cathode ray tube he noticed that:

 The cathode ray was deflected or bends away from the negatively-charged electric plate and
bend up towards the positively-charged plate. So what does it indicates “opposite attracts, same
repels”
 This indicated that the cathode ray was composed of negatively-charged particles that have
mass and called the particles which he called “corpuscles,” but they were later renamed
electrons. 
To make sure if the cathode ray is really a negatively charged particles, he uses magnet just to make sure
because he know that is something is electrically charged and it’s moving, the magnet will push it in a
particular directions.

Thomson also placed two magnets on either side of the tube, and he observed that the magnetic field
also deflected or bend the cathode ray.

The amount by which the ray was deflected (or bend) by a magnetic field helped Thomson determine
the mass-to-charge ratio of the particles . Which led to a fascinating discovery that the mass of the
particles was 2000 times smaller than the mass of the smallest atom, the hydrogen atom.

Thomson repeated his experiments using different metals as electrode materials, and found that the
properties of the cathode ray remained constant no matter what cathode material they originated from.

From this evidence, Thomson made the following conclusions:

 The cathode ray is composed of negatively-charged particles.

 The particles must exist as part of the atom, since the mass of each particle is only
one two
¿
thousandths the mass of a hydrogen atom.
 These subatomic particles can be found within atoms of all elements.

Thomson knew that atoms had an overall neutral charge.

 Atoms had an overall neutral charge. Therefore, he reasoned that

 There must be a source of positive charge within the atom to counterbalance the negative
charge on the electrons.

This led Thomson to propose The Plum pudding model

This model proposed that atoms could be described as negative particles floating within a soup of
diffuse positive charge.
If you look at the image this pudding represents as the neutral atom with the raisins as the negatively-
charged particles embedded in pudding which represent the a sea of positive charge

So this plum pudding model of an atom was one of the most widely accepted models around the world,
however in 1911

Ernest Rutherford - In 1911 a New Zealand-born British physicist, proposed a description of the
structure of atoms called Rutherford atomic model, nuclear atom, or planetary model of the atom.

In his research he showed that:

The positive charge of an atom is confined to a tiny massive region (nucleus) at the center of the atom,
rather than being spread evenly throughout the “pudding” of the atom as Thomson had suggested. 

how did came up with this idea?

Rutherford along with Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden carried out an experiment called the Gold foil
experiment.

This is how the setup of the experiment looked like

In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, a beam of  alpha α alpha  particles that was shot at a thin sheet of gold foil. Most of the  \alphaαalpha  particles passed straight

In Rutherford's gold foil experiment, a beam of α alpha particles that was shot at a thin sheet of gold foil.
. Around the gold foil is a luminescent screen detector that would flash when hit with an α alpha particle.

Now this is how they performed the experiment

His quest actually began in 1899 when he discovered that some elements give off positively charged
particles that can penetrate just about anything. He called these particles alpha (α) particles (we now
know they were helium nuclei). Like all good scientists, Rutherford was curious. He wondered how he
could use alpha particles to learn about the structure of the atom. He decided to aim a beam of alpha
particles at a sheet of very thin gold foil. He chose gold because it can be pounded into sheets that are
only 0.00004 cm thick. Surrounding the sheet of gold foil, he placed a screen that glowed when alpha
particles struck it. It would be used to detect the alpha particles after they passed through the foil. A
small slit in the screen allowed the beam of alpha particles to reach the foil from the particle emitter

What would you expect to happen when the alpha particles strike the
gold foil?
Hypothesis of the experiment:

Well, assuming on Thomson's plum pudding model, Rutherford predicted that most of the α
alpha particles would pass straight through the gold foil. This is because the positive charge in the plum
pudding model was assumed to be spread out throughout the entire volume of the atom. Therefore, the
electric field from the positively charged would be too weak to significantly affect the path of the
relatively massive and fast-moving  α alpha particles.

However what Rutherford actually observed did not match his prediction because

Most of the alpha particles passed straight through the gold foil, but a very small percentage (about 1 in
2000 particles) bounced off the gold foil at more than 90 ° from their path. Some were even redirected
back toward the source. Rutherford himself described the results with the following analogy:. “it was as
if you had fired a 15-inch [artillery] shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you.”

As the plum pudding didn’t match to the experiments Rutherford come up with an entirely new model
of the atom in order to explain his results. As the vast majority of the alpha particles had passed through
the gold, he reasoned that most of the atom was empty space. In contrast, the particles that were highly
deflected must have experienced a tremendously powerful force within the atom.

Conclusion of the experiment:

Based on his experimental results Rutherford concluded that all of the positive charge and the
majority of the mass of the atom must be concentrated in a very small space in the atom’s interior,
which he called the nucleus. The  nucleus  is the tiny, dense, central core of the atom and is composed of
but he failed to
protons. He also predicted the existence of neutral nuclear particles called neutrons,
find them. However, his student James Chadwick discovered them several
years later. 
Nevertheless, With this result, Rutherford develop a new model of atom called:
The Planetary Model of an Atom
Rutherford’s discoveries meant that Thomson’s plum pudding model was incorrect. Positive charge is
not spread evenly throughout an atom. Instead, it is all concentrated in the tiny nucleus. The rest of the
atom is empty space except for the electrons scattered through it. In Rutherford’s model of the atom,
the electrons move around the massive nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. That’s why his model is
called the planetary model.

Rutherford didn’t know exactly where or how electrons orbit the nucleus. However that research would
be undertaken by later scientists, beginning with Niels Bohr in 1913. New and
improved atomic models would also be developed. Nonetheless, Rutherford’s model is still often used to
represent the atom. 

To summarize our topic

 In 1897, J. J. Thomson discovered the first subatomic particle, the electron, while researching
cathode rays.
 To explain the neutrality of atoms, Thomson proposed a model of the atom in which negative
electrons are scattered throughout a sphere of positive charge. He called his atom the plum
pudding model.
 Ernest Rutherford discovered the nucleus of the atom in 1911. He sent a beam of alpha particles
toward gold foil and observed the way the particles were deflected by the gold atoms. From his
results, he concluded that all of the positive charge and virtually all of the mass of an atom are
concentrated in one tiny area, called the nucleus, and the rest of the atom is mostly empty
space.
 In Rutherford’s planetary model of the atom, the electrons move through empty space around
the tiny positive nucleus like planets orbiting the sun .