ELEMENTARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR & CoMPOSITION FOR CLASS 6 By NK. Aggarwala MA. HES (Retd.) Formerly Director of Public Instruction Haryana and Indu Lekha Wanchoo MA., BEd. Formerly Senior English Teacher St. Francis College, Lucknow and Cambridge School, Sriniwaspuri, New Delhi © GOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHANGOYAL BROTHERS PRAKASHAN EDUCATIONAL PUBLISHERS Sales & Registered Office : 11/1903, Chuna Mandi, Paharganj, New Delhi - 110055 Post Box : 5720, Phones : 23584658 & 23582812 E-mail : info@goyal-books.com website : www.goyal-books.com Administrative Office : D-231, Sector 63, Noida-201301 (UP) Phone : 0120-38300, Fax : 0120-3830001 Branches : Ahmedabad : BL-Y, Shop No.9, Dev Castle, Opp. Radhe Krishna Complex, Jay Chennai Guwahati Mala Society Road (Opp. St. Mary’s School), Govindwadi, Isanpur, Maninagar, Ahmedabad-383443, Mobile: 09925004030 : No, Sl (New) 87 (Old), East CIT Nagar, Sth Main Road, Nandanam, Chennai-600 035 (Tamil Nadu) Phones : 044-24322767, Fax No. 044-24322777 + Bishop Plaza, Col. J. 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Nagar, Bhopal-462 011 (MP), ‘Tele-fax : 0755-4271371 + B-318, Sector-B, Mahanagar, Opposite P.A.C Main Gate, Lucknow - 226 006, Phone : 0522-2320841 rd Main Ramamohanapuram, Bengaluru - 560 021, + Ravi Kiran Apartment, Flat No. 2-A, Second floor, Near Water Pumping Station, Pani Tanki Lane, Pirmohani, Patna — 800003 To buy our books online log on to www.goyal-books.com © Reserved Edition ; 2017 Printed and Published by Roshan Lal Goyal for Goyal Brothers Prakashan, New DelhiINTRODUCTION We are pleased to present the revised edition of ELEMENTARY ENGLISH GRAMMAR & COMPOSITION for Classes 6-8. Encouraged by the response and feedback, we have added new and innovative exercises to our Grammar Section and revised our Writing Skill section thoroughly. All the changes and additions have been made keeping in view, the suggestions of schools across the country. Each book in the series is scientifically graded and planned to teach Functional Grammar, Sentence Structures and Correct Usage rather than teaching Formal Grammar. This we have tried to achieve by planning and redesigning exercises to meet the needs and requirements of schools throughout India. The books contain illustrations, ctosswords, examples and specimens of all types of Functional Grammar and Correct Usage. There are Revision Tests at regular intervals in all the books Equal importance is given to vocabulary and spellings and great stress is laid on mastery of a comprehensive vocabulary by the learners. We have completely revamped our section on Writing Skills. More and more verbal and written communicative skills have been included in this section. All parts of English Composition have been fully covered, for example Short Compositions include paragraph writing, messages, notices, advertisements and posters. Longer Compositions include, story-writing, picture compositions, letter-writing Essays teach every variety of essay writing—descriptive, narrative, argumentative and imaginative Comprehension of unseen passages include prose, as well as poetry. Themes chosen are usually about the latest events or situations a child can relate to. All the changes, like more examples, more exercises have been added to make the concepts very cleat to learners. Emphasis is not on learning the rules but the correct application of rules. The new exercises, additions to vocabulary and the writing skills revamped to improve the thinking, analytical and critical skills of the students. We fervently hope that our new books find support from students and teachers all over India and abroad as all the books of Mr. N.K. Aggarwala have for decades. Any suggestions for further improvement of the books is most welcome. — Publishers10. 11. CONTENTS PART | : FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR: THE SENTENCE e Kinds of Sentences © Subject and Predicate Exercises 1-14 NOUNS : KINDS OF NOUNS Exercises 1-5 PRONOUNS : KINDS OF PRONOUNS © Personal Pronouns Reflexive and Emphasising Pronouns © Demonstrative Pronouns e Indefinite Pronouns e Distributive Pronouns © Interrogative Pronouns e Relative Pronouns Exercises 1-11 ADJECTIVES : KINDS OF ADJECTIVES © Kinds of Adjectives Exercises 1-10 REVISION TEST-1 VERBS : KINDS OF VERBS Exercises 1-8 ADVERBS : KINDS OF ADVERBS Exercises 1-5 REVISION TEST-2 PREPOSITIONS © Types of Prepositions Exercises 1-5 CONJUNCTIONS : KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS © The Use of Conjunctions Exercises 1-4 INTERJECTIONS Exercise 1 REVISION TEST-3 PART Il : CORRECT USAGE NOUNS : NUMBER © Ways of Forming the Plurals of Nouns Exercises 1-6 NOUNS : GENDER © By a Change of Word e Feminine of Compound Nouns Exercises 1-6 7-11 12-19 20-25 26-27 28-31 32-34 35-36 37-39 40-42 43 44-46 47-54 55-5812. 13. 14. 15. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 26. 25. 26. 27. NOUNS : CASE @ How to Form the Possessive Case Exercises 1-5 PRONOUNS : NUMBER, GENDER AND CASE © Number Gender @ Case @ Personal Pronouns @ Use of ‘it’ Exercises 1-7 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES © Formation of the Comparative and Superlative Exercises 1-6 USE OF ARTICLES oe @ Use of ‘A’ or ‘AN’ @ Use of the ‘THE’ © Omission of ‘The’ Article Exercises 1-3 REVISION TEST-4 TENSES Exercises 1-4 THE USES OF THE TENSES : SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE Exercises 1-4 SIMPLE PAST TENSE © Important Rules for Forming Past Tense e Strong and Weak Verbs Exercises 1-6 SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE Exercises 1-2 THE PRESENT, PAST AND FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSES Exercises 1-4 THE ‘PERFECT’ TENSES Exercises 1-4 REVISION TEST-5 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE Exercises 1-8 AGREEMENT OF THE VERB WITH THE SUBJECT Exercises 1-3 COMPARISON OF ADVERBS Exercise 1 MORE ABOUT PREPOSITIONS Exercises 1-3 PUNCTUATION AND CAPITAL LETTERS Exercises 1-2 DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH © Changes in Pronouns @ Questions Commands and Requests Exercises 1-4 59-61 62-65 66-69 70-73 14-75 76-78 79-80 81-86 87-88 89-91 92-96 95-96 97-100 101-103 104-105 106-109 110-113 114-11929. 30. 3. 32. 33. 34. REVISION TEST-6 PART Ill : VOCABULARY WORDS OFTEN CONFUSED © Words often Confused and Misused Exercises 1-6 SYNONYMS AND ANTONYMS © Synonyms @ Antonyms Exercises 1-4 IDIOMS AND VERBAL PHRASES Exercises 1-2 REVISION TEST-7 PART IV : WRITING SKILLS COMPOSITION © A Paragraph Writing @ Notice Writing Exercises 1-7 LONGER COMPOSITIONS © Picture Compositions © Descriptive and Narrative Essays @ Imaginative Compositions Exercises 1-2 LETTER WRITING Exercise 1 COMPREHENSION OF UNSEEN PASSAGES Exercises 1-5 120-122 123-127 128-130 131-133 134-136 137-142 143-147 148-150 151-1581 PART | : FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR The Sentence 2. Now, read carefully the following groups of words in Column A and Column B : A 1. long tail 1 2, under the table 2, 3. across the road 3. 4. in the air 4, B . A monkey has a long tail . The shoes are under the table. The boy ran across the road. . Birds fly in the air. The words in Column A have some sense but not complete sense. There is no verb in the groups of f words in this column. The groups of words do not begin with a Capital letter and have no full stop at the end. The groups of words like these are called Phrases. The groups of words in Column B make complete sense. The sentences in Column B have a verb — (i) has (ii) are (iii) ran Gv) fly. The groups of words begin with a capital letter. They have a full stop at the end. The groups of words like these are called Sentences. O0 IMPORTANT > A group of words that makes complete sense is called a sentence. A Sentence always begins with a Capital letter and ends with a full stop (.) SSSOETED The words below have been jumbled. Put them in their correct order to make meaningful sentences — 1. 3. 5. 7. 9. 1. 3. bird, our, national, peacock, is, the . sun, moves, the, earth, round, the rubber, made, are, balls, of, tennis . wins, slow, the, race, and, steady . happy, are, not, the, rich, always 2. tiger, is, the, national, animal, our 4. exercise, is, a, good, swimming 6. a, day, in, Rome, was, not, built 8. wife, children, care, he, takes, of, his, and 10. never, forgets, an, elephant Which of the following groups of words are sentences and which are phrases? Use the phrases in sentences of your own :— Might is right. Aeroplanes zoom. 2, Work hard. 4. To tell lies is wrong.5. Mind your own business 6, hard work 7. ina great hurry 8. how to do it 9. in the early morning 10. The elephant PERUEESD Complete the following incomplete sentences — ‘Small people Owl's sleep A stitch in time. All work and no play yeep er Prevention is SERTZD Read the following passage. Punctuate it (capitals, commas and full stops) to make proper sentences — they rejoiced in leaving the forest far behind and once more they could see fences built beside the road these were painted green and when they came to a farmer’s house that also was painted green they passed by several houses and people in them peeped at them but none came near to speak to them being scared of the great lion KINDS OF SENTENCES D) Sentences are of four kinds. For example : 1. A sentence can make a statement; as, The sun rises in the east. The boys made a noise. e or Assertive A sentence that states or declares something is called a Declarat Sentence or a sentence that makes a statement. [NOTE When the order of the words in a sentence is changed in a certain way, the statement becomes a question, You were late yesterday. Were you late yesterday? You have done your question. Have you done your question? Indrani can speak Hindi and English. Can Indrani speak Hindi and English? 2. A sentence can ask a question; as, Why were you late yesterday? Have you done your lesson? A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative Sentence. » A sentence can give an order or make a request; as, Bali, shut the door. Please, do this just now. Please, let me work.A sentence that expresses a command, a request, ot a desire is called an Imperative Sentence. 4. A sentence can express some strong or sudden feeling; as, How beautiful this rose is ! What a pleasant weather ! A sentence that expresses some strong or sudden feeling is called an Exclamatory Sentence (EB) Study the following examples carefully : Examples of Orders 1. Stand up. 2. Get ready quickly. 3. Mind your own business. 4. Do this work just now. 5. Don't make a noise. Examples of Requests 1. Please, allow me to pass. Please, let me go. 3. Pray, excuse me this time. 4. Allow me to sit down. Nv Examples of Polite Questions 1. May I come in, please? Will you please let me use your book? Will you have a little more tea? Would you mind my coming a little later? Could you tell me where Ashok lives? ya RL Examples of Exclamations 1. How hot it is! (= It is very hot.) What a noise they are making! (= They are making a great noise.) May you soon be well! (= I hope you will soon be well.) Would that my sons were here! (= I wish my sons were here.) What a pity she has not come! (= It is a great pity that she has not come) whe SSRUETED Rewrite each of the following sentences using the correct punctuation marks :— 1. all that glitters is not gold 2. how sweet this rose smells 3. what is the time by your watch 4, will you please give me your book 5. how dreadful the accident was 6. mind your own business 7. who has broken this misror 8. what a horrible sight it was 9. how foolish I have been =. 10. does the earth move round the sun Lae “YRMED Write the kind of each sentence given below (S for statements; Q for questions, O for orders; P for polite questions; R for requests, and E for exclamations). Put in the correct punctuation marks. One is done for you :—1. What a sweet voice! E 2. Don’t spit on the floor 3. She was tired after the race 4, Let me finish my work first, please 5. How sad it is 6. Why are you late today Write these sentences correctly by placing the words in their proper order. Don't fail to put in the correct punctuation marks. One is done for you. 1. a foolish friend, a wise enemy, is, better than A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend. in the bush, is, worth two, a bird, in hand a leopard, can, change, his spots how naughty, today, is, the child you, will, please, let me use, your dictionary ayes eh you, would, mind, my staying, a little longer SSRUGEED Use each of the words given below in four sentences. (a statement, a question, a command and an exclamation) -— Example : boy 1. He is a very naughty boy. (Statement) 2. Why is this naughty boy late to school again? (Question) 3. Tell this naughty boy to stop talking at once. (Command) 4. What a naughty boy he is! (Exclamatory) 2. Children 3. Book 4, Mango 5. Puppy e SERED Change the following sentences into Interrogative (question) sentences :-— 1. Sheeba will take part in the play. 2. The school will close for Xmas holidays tomorrow. 3. The recess is over.2 SRWAED Change the question sentences into statements :— 1. Are you going to a movie tomorrow? 2. Have you done your English homework? 3. Is Chennai very hot during summer? SUBJECT AND PREDICATE Every sentence consists of two parts : 1. The person or thing we speak about. 2.What we speak about that person or thing. Consider the following sentence : Ashok is an intelligent boy. In this sentence, (i) we speak about Ashok, and (ii) what we say about him is that he is an intelligent boy. The name of the person or thing we speak about is called the Subject. What we say about the Subject is called the Predicate. The Subject and the Predicate may each consist of a single word or of many words. Examine the Subject and the Predicate in each of the following sentences : Subject Predicate ‘Aeroplanes zoom. That black dog bit the poor beggar. The poor little girl sat in a comer. The boys of our school made Raman the captain. Mountains add to the beauty of a country. Sometimes in sentences expressing orders or requests, the Subject is left out; as, “Sit down” means “You sit down.” “Thank you” means “/ thank you.” T) From the above, it is clear that — 1. Every sentence begins with a Capital Letter. 2. A Full Stop (.) is placed at the end of every Declarative or Imperative Sentence. 3. A Question Mark (?) is placed at the end of every Interrogative Sentence. 4. An Exclamation Mark (!) is placed at the end of every Exelamatory Sentence. J] How to find the ‘Subject’ of a sentence? We can easily find the subject of a sentence by taking the verb and asking the question ‘Who ?’ or ‘What ?” 1. Sita sings well. [Put the question—Who sings well ? The answer is Sita. So Sita is the Subject.] 2. The sun shines brightly. [Put the question—What shines brightly ? The answer is — The sun. So the sun is the Subject.]SEEMED Divide each of the following sentences into Subject and Predicate -— Subject Predicate - Sweet are the uses of adversity. . Barking dogs seldom bite. . A thing of beauty is a joy forever. Rene |. Some mischievous boys were throwing stones at the birds w . The shepherd hears a barking sound 6. The Himalayas are the highest mountains in the world. PYREMEEED Choose from B the Predicates which go with the Subjects in A :— A (Subjects) B (Predicates) A B 1. My watch (a) are kept in a zoo. 1 2. Grapes (b) has a long trunk 2 3. A bad workman (c) was appointed. 3 4. Good boys (d) never tell lies. 4 5. The beautiful rainbow (e) keeps good time. 5 6. Wild animals (f) grow on vines. 6 7. A committee of five (g) blames his tools. 1 8. The elephant (h) soon faded away. 8 SEU) Add Predicates to these Subjects :-— A bunch of flowers Swimming Delhi, the capital of India, The Himalayas a’ Pe YP The girl standing in the comer. 2 MRED Add Subjects to these Predicates -— can speak English very well. 2. sells tea, coffee and sugar. 3. marched through the town. 4. wear uniforms. 5. is the last day of the week.Nouns 3 Kinds of Nouns KINDS OF NOUNS We have already learnt that there are five kinds of Nouns. 1. Proper Nouns 2. Common Nouns 3. Collective Nouns 4, Material Nouns 5. Abstract Nouns 1. Proper Nouns (AJ Proper Nouns are words that represent a particular, person, place, animal or thing. Examples : 2 ig 1. Amitabh Bachchan is a versatile Indian actor. 2. My dog, Spotty loves to play with a ball. 3. Mr. Pranab Mukherjee, the President of India lives in Rashtrapati Bhawan. 4. The spacecraft Columbia, in which Kalpana Chawla travelled, ended in disaster. Did you notice that all the words in bold or italics are Nouns? But only the bold words are special names of a person, place, animal and things. 2. Common Nouns ‘Common Nouns are words that represent common people, places, animals and things of the same class or kind. Examples : 1. My dog sleeps in his kennel at night, 2. My neighbour lives in a big house with a lovely garden. 3. Camels are found in desert countries 3. Collective Nouns Collective Nouns represent groups of people, animals and things considered as one complete whole.1. The naughty boys were attacked by a swarm of bees. 2. The excited crowd cheered the leader loudly. 3. The police have arrested a gang of car thieves 4. Material Nouns Material Nouns are words that stand for the matter or substance of which things are made. Examples : 1, The iron pillar at Qutub Minar is admired by all tourists 2. Anita wanted to buy some jewellery in gold. 3. The farmer cut the tree for its wood (iliwore> All the Nouns you have learnt-Common, Proper, Collective and Material are CONCRETE NOUNS. You can see, feel or touch them. 5. Abstract Nouns [Now, learn about a Noun which you cannot see or touch, but which you can only think of. [Abstract Nouns are words that represent a quality or an idea. 1. Gandhiji believed in truth and non-violence. 2. The Gurkhas are famous in the world for their bravery. 3. Mr. Bose, our Principal explained the importance of punctuality.PSSVGESD Underline the Nouns in the following sentences and say whether they are Common, Proper, Material, Collective, or Abstract :— 1, Clothes are made of cotton, wool and silk. Without health there is no happiness. The people who live in Holland are called the Dutch. Solomon was famous for his wisdom. There was a large crowd in the street, ‘The jury found the prisoner guilty. Ashoka was a just and wise ruler. The police dispersed the mob, eer awe ew P Our class consists of forty pupils. ‘YRUWY Put these Collective Nouns in the blanks below :— mob regiment crew flock herd swarm committee jury fleet team 1. Our won the match by two goals. 2. We saw a of ships in the harbour. 3. The ship has a of a hundred sailors. 4A of bees flew out of the hive. 5. The found the prisoner guilty. 6 A of five was appointed. 7. The police dispersed the & A of cattle was grazing in the forest. a A of sheep was seen in the field. 10. The of soldiers has marched away. SXRD Fill in the blanks with the Abstract Nouns formed from the words given in brackets -— 1. Solomon was famous for his (wise) 2, Always speak the (true) 3. We all love (honest) 4, The elephant has great (strong) 5. Without health there is no . (happy) 6. I believe in her (innocent) 7. 1 often think of the happy days of my « (child) 8. A slave knows no . (free) 9. She accepted our (invite) 10. The Headmaster gave him for telling a lie. (punish)SEATED Choose from the box the noun which has the same meaning as given in List A :— cattle library aeroplane battle patient patriot fleet List A (meanings) a place where books are kept a machine that flies through the air a person who loves and is ready to defend his country a person who is receiving medical treatment a fight between two armies cows, oxen, bullocks all together a A number of buses COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS (F) Nouns can be both countable and uncountable. 1. Countable Nouns Countable Nouns refer to Nouns that can be counted, They can be both singular and plural. Examples : a Z (te hinis| | | \ t Tri My sons are playing with our This mall is always crowded dog, Caesar. with shoppers. 2. Uncountable Nouns Uncountable Nouns refer to Nouns that cannot be counted. Examples : (4 L 2. 3 Many people in Asia Tea is a popular drink We must not waste water. eat rice, in India,3. How to Use Articles with Uncountable Nouns We can use these words with Nouns, that we can’t count. Examples : cup of coffee/tea a bottle of water a glass of water/milk/juice = k ey a bag of sugar/rice. Ss a tin of tomatoes a bowl of soup a Z ¢ @ & ae a piece of cheese a carton of milk a loaf of bread SYR State whether the underlined Nouns are Countable or Uncountable. Write C or Un in the 1. 2. 3. Open the windows, the air in this room is stale. 10. il. 12. 13. 14. 15. Swen ame space given. ‘The smoke made me cough very badly. This is the best picture you have painted. ‘They have to put on masks because of the dust. . Mother made some cookies from wheat flour. . The sand in my shoes is hurting me. |. We need water to survive. . Most cars run on petrol. . Iam going to make biscuits this evening and I need flour, sugar and chocolate. ‘There are eight boys and twelve girls in this class. We bought a pack of cards from the shop. Please serve hot coffee to the guests She put too much butter in the cake. Mother eats a toast and drinks a cup of tea at breakfast. The rich must help the poor.a Read the following passage. i Sameera said that Sameera had lost Sameera’s bag in the park. { The bag was big and the bag was of red colour. Malati, K } Sameera’s friend, told Sameera that Malati would look for the ae bag. As the bag was red the bag should be found easily. How did you like reading the passage? Didn’t you feel bored by reading the words Sameera, Malati and bag again and again? Now read the same passage again. Sameera said that she had Jost her bag in the park. It was big and of red colour. Malati, her friend, told her that she would look for it. As it was red it should be found easily. Doesn’t the passage sound better now? The words Sameera, Malati and bag are Nouns. She, her and it are words that replaced the Nouns. Pronouns are words that are used instead of nouns in speaking and writing. Pronouns are used to replace Nouns to avoid monotony of repetition. Read the following sentences : Look at Lalitha, she is dancing. Alia and Sujata have come to see her. They are glad to see her dancing. She is also as happy as them. PORTANT > © All the underlined words have been used in place of Nouns. A Pronoun has the same position as a Noun in a sentence. Like a Noun, a Pronoun is also a subject of a sentence and may have a direct object or indirect object in a sentence. Example—She is dancing. Like a Noun a Pronoun is also an object of a sentence, Example, she is also as happy as them. They are glad to see her Like a Noun, the Pronoun should also agree with verb in a substance. A Pronoun also has a number (I, you, she, he, it — Singular, We, you, they ~ Plural). A Pronoun also has a gender. He, his, masculine; she, her, hers, Feminine; I, you, we, it, can be both; till it is specified, they are masculine or feminine.KINDS OF PRONOUNS [D) There are seven kinds of pronouns. 1. cal 4, 5, 6. 7. The Personal Pronouns are so called because they stand for the three persons, vi 1 Personal Pronouns I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, us, you, his, her, it, them Reflexive and Emphasising Pronouns Myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves Demonstrative Pronouns This, that, these, those, such Indefinite Pronouns Some, one, none, few, all, many, others Distributive Pronouns Each, either, neither Interrogative Pronouns What, who, which, whose, whom Relative Pronouns Who, whose, whom, that, which (E) Let us study each one of them in detail. I. PERSONAL PRONOUNS The Pronouns which refer to the person or persons speaking are called Pronouns of the First Person; as, J, we, me, us, mine, ours. The Pronouns which refer to the person or persons spoken fo are called Pronouns of the Second Person; as, thou, thee, you, yours ‘The Pronouns which refer to the person or thing spoken of are called Pronouns of the Third Person; as, he, she, him, her, hers, they, them, theirs, it. SSSVGLSD Fill in the blanks with the correct Pronouns : 1 The birds flew over the house. Did the children see No, did not see The teacher said to Shiela, “Please tell all the girls to come into the room immediately because want to teach The pupils said to the teacher. “Sir, _ __ want __ to teach the use of prepositions.” The teacher said to Raman, “Why are late again ? Didn't tell _ to come to school in time ?” Raman said, “ am_ sorry am late, sir. Please excuse this time.” The king said to the queen, “Please take these jewels and put carefully in a box. Then come back to and will tell why must keep carefully.”Rene Rene Il. REFLEXIVE AND EMPHASISING PRONOUNS Read the following sentences : A I blame myself for it. 5. He hanged himself. We often talk to ourselves. 6. She put herself to trouble for nothing You will hurt yourself, 7. They always talk about themselves You will enjoy yourselves, boys. | 8. The horse has hurt itself. B I myself was there 5. He himself told me this. We ourselves served the guests. | 6. She herself insulted me. You must do it yourself. 7. They themselves went there Boys, you yourselves wanted this. | 8. The town itself fell. The Pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself, in sentences grouped under (A), behave like Objects to the Verbs, but they refer to the same persons as the Subjects of the Verbs. Such Pronouns are called Reflexive Pronouns. Whom do I blame for it ?—Myself. Whom did he hang ?—Himself. The Pronouns myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, themselves, itself, in sentences grouped under (B) are used with a Noun or Pronoun for the sake of emphasis. They are, therefore, called Emphasising Pronouns. SYST Underline the Pronouns in the following sentences, and say which are Reflexive Pronouns and which are Emphasising :-— 1 Pr aw es The boys hid themselves. The prisoner hanged himself. Pray do not inconvenience yourself. The Queen herself came to see the magician. They themselves admitted their guilt. You yourself are to blame for this. YATE Fil in the blanks with the correct Emphasising or Reflexive Pronouns -— » }» } ene Ss Sometimes we deceive She killed The king was there. a The wall fell. They were present there, 6. The prisoner hanged I went to see her. 8. We enjoyed They blamed 10. We heard her saying so.II. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS Read these sentences : 1. This is my pencil. 2. These are my books. 3. That is my house. 4. Those are your books. 5. Such were his actual words. In the above sentences this, these, that, those, such, are used to point out the object or objects for which they are used. This and These refer to things near at hand ; that and those refer to things lying at a distance. They are, therefore, called Demonstrative Pronouns. (A) Examine the words printed in thick type in the following sentences :— 1. This is my pencil. (Dem. Pronoun) This pencil is mine (Dem. Adjective) a 2. That is my book. (Dem. Pronoun) That book is mine (Dem. Adjective) —— 3. These are your pens. (Dem. Pronoun) These pens are yours. (Dem, Adjective) 4. Those are her dogs. (Dem. Pronoun) le f sa Those dogs are hers. (Dem. Adjective) th So we see that this, that, these, those, work as Adjectives, not as Pronouns, when they are placed before Nouns SYST Underline the Demonstrative Pronouns and circle the Demonstrative Adjectives in the following sentences -— 1. This pen is mine; that pen is yours. 2. This is how you must do it. These are mere excuses. |. What is that noise? 5. That is a sound rule of health, 6. This house is to let. MBM Fil in the blanks with suitable Demonstrative Pronouns :— 1. is my book; is yours. 2. are sweet grapes; are sour, 3. The climate of Punjab is better than of Mumbai 4. Both books are good, but is better than 5. The streets of Mumbai are wider than of Kolkata ae 6. are my pens, are yours.IV. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS (] Stuay the following sentences :— 1. All are not happy. 2. Some are born great. 3. Many are poor. 4, Few are rich. 5. One cannot believe it. 6. None but fools can believe it. 7. Do good to others. In the above sentences, the Pronouns all, some, many, few, one, none, others, refer to persons or things in a general way. They do not refer to any particular person or thing. Such Pronouns are called Indefinite Pronouns. 2 SRUGEED Circle the correct Indefinite Pronouns in the following sentences :— 1. Some/None say she is foolish. 2, There is something/nothing in your hair. I think it is a bug. 3. All/Few can do this act efficiently. 4, He didn’t say anything/everything useful. 5. Anyone/None of his friends believed him. 6. One/Few cannot say what will happen. 7. Our holiday was perfect, Nothing/Everything went as we wished. 8, All/Others were drowned, 9. One/Some say she is mad. 10. Does anybody/everybody live in that house? V. DISTRIBUTIVE PRONOUNS Study the following sentences : 1. Each of the girls was given a rose. 2. Either of the two pens will do. 3. Neither of the statements is true In the above sentences, the Pronouns each, either, neither, refer to a number of persons or things, one at a time. Such Pronouns are called Distributive Pronouns. These Pronouns are always Singular and as such are always followed by a Verb in the Singular. In the following sentences each, either and neither are used as Adjectives. In such cases they are followed by Singular Nouns. Each boy received a reward. At either end of the road was a lamp. Neither of the statements was challenged. “ERMED Underline the Distributive Pronouns and circle the Distributive Adjectives in the following sentences :— 1. Each of the boys was given a prize. 2. Either of these books will do. 3. Neither of these statements is false. 4. Each boy was punished. 5. Neither of the boys was punished 6. At either end there was a lamp.VI. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS, Read these sentences : 1. Who made that noise? 2. What is the matter? 3. Which is your book? 4. Whom do you want to see? 5. Whose is this pen? It will be seen that the Pronouns who, what, which, whom, whose, are used for asking questions. Pronouns used for asking questions are called Interrogative Pronouns. Who, whom and whose are used for asking questions about persons. What is used for asking questions about things. Which is used for asking a question about the particular person or thing; as, Which is the cleverest boy here? (Person) Which is the best book? (Thing) (N) Examine the following pairs of sentences :— 1. Which way shall we take? (Inter. Adj.) Which is your pen? (Intern. Pro.) 2. What books has he selected? (Intern. Adj.) What shall we do now? (Interr. Pro.) So we see that many of the words which work as Pronouns can also be used as Adjectives when they are placed before Nouns. SYRWGESD Fill in the blanks with suitable Interrogative Pronouns or Adjectives :— 1. To did you give the message? of are you speaking? 3, were you speaking to? 4, was she dancing with? 5, thing is better, health or wealth? 6. of these dolls will you take? 1, of these girls stood first? 8. road should I take? 9, do you prefer, milk or tea? 10. are you waiting for? VI. RELATIVE PRONOUNS (© Read the following pairs of sentences :— 1. This is the man. He stole my purse This is the man who stole my purse. 2. This is the boy. His nature is good. This is the boy whose nature is good. 3. This is the boy. The teacher praised him, This is the boy whom the teacher praised.4. This is the house. Jack built it. This is the house that Jack built. 5. This is the horse. It won the race. This is the horse which won the race. Who does two things : (i) It joins two sentences, (ii) It is also used for the Noun (man) that goes before it Whose does two things : (i) It joins nvo sentences, (ii) It is also used for the Noun (boy) that goes before it Whom does two things : (i) It joins two sentences, (ii) It is also used for the Noun (boy) that goes before it That does two things : (i) It joins two sentences, (ii) It is also used for the Noun (house) that goes before it Which does two things : (i) It joins vo sentences, (ji) It is also used for the Noun (horse) that goes before it, The Pronouns who, whom, whose, which and that, which join two sentences and refer back to Nouns going before them, are called Relative Pronouns. The Noun to which a Relative Pronoun refers or relates is called its Antecedent. It will be noticed that in sentence 1, the antecedent of who is ‘man’. In sentence 2, the antecedent of whose is ‘boy’. In sentence 4 the antecedent of that is ‘house’. SST Underline the Relative Pronouns and circle their Antecedents in the following sentences :— 1. God helps those who help themselves. It is only donkeys that bray. Bring me the clothes which the dhobi has washed. This is the man whose mother died Is this the cup that you broke? We love those persons who are kind to us. ‘Asoka was the wisest king that ever lived. This is the juggler whom we saw yesterday, The child whose parents are dead is called an orphan. 10. I hate the people who are cruel. en es be ‘Use of the Relative Pronouns (PB) Who is used for persons only. It may refer to a Singular or Plural Noun or Pronoun; as, The boy who works hard succeeds The women who saw the tricks were surprised. He who is honest is loved by all. They never fail who die for a great cause Which is used for animals and things without life. It may refer to a Singular or Plural Noun; as, The horse which won the race is Bali's The horses which we bought are not good The book which you gave me is interesting. The pens which we lost have been foundThat is used for persons, animals and things. It may refer to a Singular or Plural Noun ; as, He is the wisest man that ever lived. These are the boys that can be trusted. This is the horse that I want to buy. These are the only horses that neigh. This is the ring that I lost yesterday. These are the books that I have read. SSSNGBD Fill in the blanks with suitable Relative Pronouns -— eenawaerrP 10. He is content is rich. Take anything you like. God helps those help themselves. Here is the ring Sita lost. This is the boy hit me. This is the man horse won the race. It is only camels can cross the deserts, The man is honest is trusted. These are the boys all praise They are humble need fear no fall. SYRMEND Join together each of the following pairs of sentences by means of a Relative Pronoun : 1 ee sane wb 10. He is a rogue. No one trusts him. We got into a bus. It was full of passengers. I saw a juggler. He was showing his tricks. Here is the book. You lost it yesterday. Here is the pen. You were looking for it, We met a boy. He had lost his way. My brother is dead. I loved my brother. These are the boys. Their parents are here. Bali stole the pen. Bali was punished. That is the man. We saw him yesterday.