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Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 General Retaining walls are used for grade separation. There
are many different types of retaining walls, and each has its own benefits based on
factors such as the site’s geotechnical conditions, geometry constraints, the type of
backfill that is available, the function or application of the wall, and whether it is in cut or
fill. Retaining walls prevent down slope movement or erosion and provide support for
vertical or near-vertical grade changes. Cofferdams and bulkheads, structures that hold
back water, are sometimes also considered retaining walls.

Retaining walls are generally made of masonry, stone, brick, concrete, vinyl, steel or
timber. 1.2 types of retaining walls Gravity wall Cantliver wall Counterfort wall Crib walls
Gabion walls Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Walls Sheet Pile Walls Soldier piles and
logging walls Slurry walls In-situ walls Figure1.1: Types of retaining wall 1.3 MSE wall The
development of MSEW such us polymeric materials in the form of geosynthetics has
brought major changes in the civil engineering profession.

MSEW structures are cost-effective alternatives are available in a wide range of

compositions appropriate to different applications and environments. where reinforced
concrete or gravity type walls have traditionally been used to retain soil. These include
bridge abutments and wing walls, as well as areas where the right-of-way is restricted,
such that an embankment or excavation with stable side slopes cannot be constructed.
They are particularly suited to economical construction in steep-sided terrain, in ground
subject to slope instability, or in areas where foundation soils are poor.

MSE walls offer significant technical and cost advantages over conventional reinforced
concrete retaining structures at sites with poor foundation conditions. In such cases, the
elimination of costs for foundation improvements such as piles and pile caps, that may
be required for support of conventional structures, have resulted in cost savings of
greater than 50 percent on completed projects. Figure 1.2: Typical cross-section of a
(GRR) wall
1.3.1 History of MSE wall The use of reinforced earth is a recent development in the
design and construction of foundations and earth-retaining structures.

Reinforced earth is a construction material made from soil that has been strengthened
by tensile elements such as metal rods or strips, no biodegradable fabrics (geotextiles),
geogrids, and the like. The fundamental idea of reinforcing soil is not new; in fact, it
goes back several centuries. However, the present concept of systematic analysis and
design was developed by a French engineer, H. Vidal (1966). The French Road Research
Laboratory has done extensive research on the applicability and the beneficial effects of
the use of reinforced earth as a construction material.

This research has been documented in detail by Darbin (1970), Schlosser and Long
(1974), and Schlosser and Vidal (1969). The tests that were conducted involved the use
of metallic strips as reinforcing material. Retaining walls with reinforced earth have been
constructed around the world since Vidal began his work. The first reinforced-earth
retaining wall with metal strips as reinforcement in the United States was constructed in
1972 in southern California. The beneficial effects of soil reinforcement derive from (a)
the soil’s increased tensile strength and (b) the shear resistance developed from the
friction at the soil-reinforcement interfaces. Such reinforcement is comparable to that of
concrete structures.

Currently, most reinforced-earth design is done with free-draining granular soil only.
Thus, the effect of pore water development in cohesive soils, which, in turn, reduces the
shear strength of the soil, is avoided. Today, MSE walls are the wall of choice in most fill
situations, and MSE walls are used extensively in the worldwide. Figure 1.3: SeaTac
Airport runway extension MSE wall (41m height). 1.3.2 MSE wall components A
Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) retaining wall is a composite structure consisting of
alternating layers of compacted backfill and soil reinforcement elements, fixed to a wall
facing.

The stability of the wall system is derived from the interaction between the backfill and
soil reinforcements, involving friction and tension. The wall facing is relatively thin, with
the primary function of preventing erosion of the structural backfill. The result is a
coherent gravity structure that is flexible and can carry a variety of heavy loads. The
properties and materials of the three major components can vary, and an engineer must
choose the most efficient combination of materials based on the wall’s design
criteria. Facing elements are modular precast concrete panels or wire mesh.

Each facing type offers different advantages when considering criteria such as
aesthetics, durability, construction procedure, and expected settlement. Soil
reinforcements are typically steel or geosynthetic, in the form of strips or ladders. All soil
reinforcement options have unique characteristics for pullout and tensile capacity,
corrosion, and durability. Select backfill allows for reliable construction and performance
of the wall, in which the gradation, plasticity, electrochemical properties, and overall
durability should be closely analyzed. It can be obtained on site, or from a distributor
Figure1.4: MSE wall components 1.3.3 Functions of geosynthetic For any given
application of a geosynthetic, there can be one or more functions that the geosynthetic
will be expected to serve during its performance life.

The selection of ageosynthetic for any field application is highly governed by the
function(s) to be performed by the geosynthetic in that specific application.
Reinforcement Separation Filtration Drainage Fluid barrier Protection. Reinforcement A
geosynthetic performs the reinforcement function by improving the mechanical
properties of a soil mass as a result of its inclusion. When soil and geosynthetic
reinforcement are combined, a composite material, ‘reinforced soil’, possessing high
compressive and tensile strength (and similar, in principle, to the reinforced concrete) is
produced.

In fact, any geosynthetic applied as reinforcement has the main task of resisting applied
stresses or preventing inadmissible deformations in geotechnical structures. In this
process, the geosynthetic acts as a tensioned member coupled to the soil/fill material by
friction, adhesion, interlocking or confinement and thus maintains the stability of the soil
mass .geosynthatics can works as following functions under reinforcement function: A
tensile member Shear Anchorage Membrane ( carry normal and plane loads)
Interlocking effect Figure 1.5: Functions of reinforcements 1.3.4

Advantages of MSE retaining wall Flexibility to accommodate high differential

settlement and several feet of total settlement Bearing pressure is distributed over a
wide foundation area Extreme wall heights can be achieved ( no limited height) Extreme
loads can be carried (bridge abutment footings, cranes) High resistance to seismic and
other dynamic forces. Free-draining, due to granular backfill and open panel joints Soil
reinforcing strips can easily accommodate obstructions within the MSE backfill volume
MSE wall is more economic than other types. for height more than 3m. Very versatile.

Special design can allow for nearly any geometry Rapid, predictable, and repetitive
construction Mechanical connection of soil reinforcements to facing units. wall system
construction is relatively rapid and does not require specialized labor or equipment (Do
not require special skills for construction). Limited foundation preparation is required.
Reinforcement is light and easy to handle. concrete facing panels permit greater
flexibility in the choice of facing and architectural finishes
 1.4

gali ali bag highway transportation project overview Gali ali bag is located in Kurdistan
Region, which lies in the mountainous northern part of the country in the Kurdistan
Region, some 95 km north east of Erbil city. Gali ali bag road is part of Hamilton road
that constructed by New Zealand engineer ‘Archibald Milne Hamilton. The road is
between east and south Kurdistan. Gali ali bag road is Redesign and start to construct in
2014. But after a few years a big soil sliding failure was accrued. As shown in figure1.6
Soil sliding is continues to fail. Figure 1.6: failure location

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