ARDHI UNIVERSITY

Telephone: P. O. BOX35176

Gen. Line: (+255-022) – 2775004 Dar es Salaam

Dir. Line: (+255-022) – 2775245 e-mail: aruso@aru.ac.tz

Fax : (+255-022) – 2775391 Website : http//www.aur.ac.tz

Telegram: ARDHICHUO

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND
MANAGEMENT (SACEM)
BUILDING ECONOMICS DEPARTIMENT

DAR ES SALAAM DECEMBER, 2020

Name of trainee: DAVID, EDGAR.M

Registration number: 21437/T.2018
Coarse Name: B.Sc. in Building Economics
Year of study: Second year
Submission Date: December, 2020
Semester of study: Second semester
Organization: MOROGORO MUNICIPALITY
Address: P.O. BOX 166, Morogoro.
 ARDHI UNIVERSITY

Telephone: P. O. BOX35176

Gen. Line: (+255-022) – 2775004 Dar es Salaam

Dir. Line: (+255-022) – 2775245 e-mail: aruso@aru.ac.tz

Fax : (+255-022) – 2775391 Website : http//www.aur.ac.tz

Telegram: ARDHICHUO

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE, CONSTRUCTION ECONOMICS AND
MANAGEMENT (SACEM)
BUILDING ECONOMICS DEPARTIMENT

DAR ES SALAAM DECEMBER, 2020

Name of trainee: DAVID, EDGAR.M

Registration number: 21437/T.2018
Coarse Name: B.Sc. in Building Economics
Year of study: Second year
Submission Date: December, 2020
Semester of study: Second semester
Organization: MOROGORO MUNICIPALITY
Address: P.O. BOX 166, Morogoro.

i
 PROJECT TITLES OF DIFFERENT SITES

Plate No i Plate No ii

Plate No iii Plate No iv

ii
 DECLARATION
I DAVID,EDGAR.M,I declare that this report is due to my own effort which resulted
from attending the Industrial training which was accompanied with very much
cooperation with the laborers, masons and carpenters in daily work operation in every
stage of construction of our building at different various sites in Morogoro Municipality
that entails different projects of a multi storey buildings; 1st, PROPOSED
COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT No- 11/ 3BLOCK ZONE
II STATION ROAD MOROGORO with three storey of client T- RANPURA & A-
RANPURA P.O.BOX 624 MOROGORO; 2nd, PROPOSED COMMERCIAL
RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT No.5 BLOCK “E” PUGU STREET
MOROGORO MUNICIPALITY; with three storey of client FAUSTA GWARUDA
GITAMBO; 3rd, PROPOSED HOSTEL OF PASSIONIST FATHERS
FORMATION CENTRE MOROGORO at Bigwa Ward Morogoro Tanzania; 4th
PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF INTERGRATED JUSTICE CENTRE
(PRIMARY COURT, REGIONAL MAGISTRATE COURT, AND HIGH COURT)
BUILDING ON PLOT No 430 BLOCK G MOROGORO REGION- TANZANIA;
with four storey of the client JUDICIARY OF TANZANIA and the financer WORLD
BANK located near the Dodoma road where I learned through practice and being given
some tasks at hand to supervise accompanied with asking of different questions to the site
Engineer the supervising Engineer from the Morogoro Municipality, masons and
carpenters.
DAVID, EDGAR M

21437/T.2018

_______________

B.Sc. in BE student

Declared to be faithful to;

________________ _______________

Dr. NG. SOSPETER QS. Novatus Mikapagaro

Head of Building Economics department IT coordinator

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly, I would like to thank God for his guidance and protection, my family and my school
friends for their tremendous support from the scratch to the very end of my Industrial
training field work.

Moreover, I give special thanks and appreciation to my industrial training officers

Engineer Aidan, different site engineers Mr. Charles, Mr. David and Eng. John who
supported me in one way or the other through instructing me on how to handle over
different construction works and answers to my question where I needed their help, and
generally thanking MOROGORO MUNICIPAL Engineer who did everything possible to
ensure we get something out of constructional industry.

Lastly, I would like to thank my Building Economics (BE) head of department Dr. NG.
Sospeter, the Industrial Training coordinator QS. Novatus Mikapagaro, the searcher of the
IT Organization Dr. Monko the Civil head of department and others played a big role in
supporting and enabling me together with my fellows to undertake the industrial training
with tremendous prosperity in Morogoro Municipality.

iv
 ABSTRACT

This Industrial Training (IT) is about getting us exposed to real practical training on
constructional sites where we became successfully to meet as many as possible sites as
seen above in the declaration by which all were building mult- storey commercial
residential buildings with an exceptional of one at the Passionist Fathers built a single
storey Hostel.

The designs and construction of all those buildings considered cost saving and standard
observation that was done through proper design and construction and through choosing
of best building materials.

All the building construction were located within Morogoro Municipality besides the
main roads that made the sites to be easily accessible.

The last two chapters has addressed Conclusion of this IT, Problems encountered,
Recommendation, References used and the Bibliography.

v
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGES

DECLARATION .............................................................................................................. iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................ iv
ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF PLATES ........................................................................................................... viii
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ......................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE ..................................................................................................................1
INTRODUCTION ...............................................................................................................1
1.0.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................1
1.0.2 Objectives of the training ........................................................................................2
1.0.3 Significance of the training .....................................................................................2
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................3
METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................................................3
CHAPTER THREE .............................................................................................................4
MAIN BODY.......................................................................................................................4
3.0.1 Site utilities ..............................................................................................................4

3.0.2 Site topography and neighborhood ..........................................................................4

3.0.3 Site climatic conditions .............................................................................................5

3.0.4 Site vegetation and soil type .....................................................................................6

3.0.5 Excavation................................................................................................................6
3.0.6 Foundation ..............................................................................................................7
3.0.7 Functional requirement of foundation ....................................................................9
3.0.8 Factors for choice of foundation type .....................................................................9
3.0.9 Weekly summaries .................................................................................................10
3.1.0 Weekly summary one ...........................................................................................10

vi
3. 1.1 Weekly summary two ..........................................................................................13
3. 1.2 Weekly summary three .........................................................................................15
3. 1.3 Weekly summary four...........................................................................................18
3. 1.4 Weekly summary five ...........................................................................................20
3. 1.5 Weekly summary six.............................................................................................23
CHAPTER FOUR .............................................................................................................25

CONCLUSSION, PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .....................................25

4.0.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................25
4.0.2 Conclusion ............................................................................................................25
4.0.3 Problems encountered ...........................................................................................25
4.0.4 Recommendation .................................................................................................25
CHAPTER FIVE ...............................................................................................................26
5.0.1 References .............................................................................................................26

vii
 LIST OF PLATES
Plate No i............................................................................................................................. ii
Plate No ii ........................................................................................................................... ii
Plate No iii .......................................................................................................................... ii
Plate No iv........................................................................................................................... ii
Plate 3.0.0.............................................................................................................................4
Plate 3.0.1.............................................................................................................................4
Plate 3.0.2.............................................................................................................................5
Plate 3.0.3.............................................................................................................................5
Plate 3.0.4.............................................................................................................................5
Plate 3.0.5.............................................................................................................................5
Plate 3.0.6.............................................................................................................................6
Plate 3.0.7.............................................................................................................................6
Plate 3.0.8.............................................................................................................................7
Plate 3.0.9.............................................................................................................................7
Plate 3.1.0.............................................................................................................................7
Plate 3.1.1.............................................................................................................................7
Plate 3.1.2.............................................................................................................................8
Plate 3.1.3.............................................................................................................................8
Plate 3.1.4.............................................................................................................................8
Plate 3.1.5.............................................................................................................................8
Plate 3.1.6.............................................................................................................................9
Plate 3.1.7.............................................................................................................................9
Plate 3.1.8.............................................................................................................................9
Plate 3.1.9.............................................................................................................................9
Plate 3.1.9...........................................................................................................................11
Plate 3.2.0...........................................................................................................................11
Plate 3.2.1...........................................................................................................................11
Plate 3.2.2...........................................................................................................................11
Plate 3.2.3...........................................................................................................................11

viii
Plate 3.2.4...........................................................................................................................12
Plate 3.2.5...........................................................................................................................12
Plate 3.2.6...........................................................................................................................12
Plate 3.2.7...........................................................................................................................13
Plate 3.2.8...........................................................................................................................14
Plate 3.2.9...........................................................................................................................14
Plate 3.3.0...........................................................................................................................15
Plate 3.3.1...........................................................................................................................15
Plate 3.3.2...........................................................................................................................15
Plate 3.3.3...........................................................................................................................16
Plate 3.3.4...........................................................................................................................16
Plate 3.3.5...........................................................................................................................16
Plate 3.3.6...........................................................................................................................16
Plate 3.3.7...........................................................................................................................16
Plate 3.3.8...........................................................................................................................16
Plate 3.3.9...........................................................................................................................17
Plate 3.4.0...........................................................................................................................17
Plate 3.4.1...........................................................................................................................18
Plate 3.4.2...........................................................................................................................18
Plate 3.4.3...........................................................................................................................18
Plate 3.4.4...........................................................................................................................19
Plate 3.4.5...........................................................................................................................19
Plate 3.4.6...........................................................................................................................19
Plate 3.4.7...........................................................................................................................20
Plate 3.4.8...........................................................................................................................21
Plate 3.4.9...........................................................................................................................21
Plate 3.5.0...........................................................................................................................21
Plate 3.5.1...........................................................................................................................21
Plate 3.5.2...........................................................................................................................21
Plate 3.5.3...........................................................................................................................21

ix
Plate 3.5.4...........................................................................................................................21
Plate 3.5.5...........................................................................................................................22
Plate 3.5.6...........................................................................................................................22
Plate 3.5.7...........................................................................................................................23
Plate 3.5.8...........................................................................................................................23
Plate 3.5.9...........................................................................................................................23
Plate 3.6.0...........................................................................................................................24
Plate 3.6.1...........................................................................................................................24
Plate 3.6.2...........................................................................................................................24

x
 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

Conc. : Concrete
IT : Industrial Training
B.Sc. : Bachelor of Science
P.O.BOX : Postal Address
No : Number
BE : Building Economics
DPC : Damp Proof Coarse
DPM : Damp Proof Membrane
SFL : Structural Floor Level
RCC : Reinforced Concrete Cement
C&S : Cement and Sand
OQ : Ordinally Quality

xi
 CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION:
1.0.1 Introduction;
The industrial training began on 14th SEPT, 2020 and was scheduled to end on 23rd
OCTOBER, 2020; I was allocated to undertake my industrial training in Morogoro region
with the Morogoro Municipality.

I succeeded to report at the Morogoro Municipal Office on date and instantly being
introduced to different five sites in which I was to undertake my trainings located at
station road near the Municipal, Pugu Street, old Dar Es Salaam road and near Dodoma
road in Morogoro municipality.

In the projects;
 PROPOSED COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT No-
11/ 3BLOCK ZONE II STATION ROAD MOROGORO with three storey of
client T- RANPURA & A- RANPURA P.O.BOX 624 MOROGORO found at
excavation stage using the combination of strip and pad foundation.
 PROPOSED COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT No.5
BLOCK “E” PUGU STREET MOROGORO MUNICIPALITY, with three
storey of client FAUSTA GWARUDA GITAMBO found at the second floor
beam and slab reinforcement fixing together with their formworks.
 PROPOSED HOSTEL OF PASSIONIST FATHERS FORMATION
CENTRE MOROGORO of single storey at Bigwa Ward Morogoro Tanzania
found at hardcore packing in stepped strip foundation.
 PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF INTERGRATED JUSTICE CENTRE
(PRIMARY COURT, REGIONAL MAGISTRATE COURT, AND HIGH
COURT) BUILDING ON PLOT No 430 BLOCK G MOROGORO
REGION- TANZANIA, with four storey of the client JUDICIARY OF
TANZANIA found at the third floor partition wall construction and steel section
roofing and finishing stage particularly plastering and rendering.
The working environment for me was pleasing in matters involving support in learning as
the site engineers (Project Coordinators) and the Engineer from the Municipal as my
training officers offered to me much cooperation where necessarily needed by answering
various question I used to question them and very interesting the faith they had on me to
an extent they left me with some task to oversee and supervise as well as showing
demonstration to masons, steel fixers, welders and other laborers as well as learning from

1
them something that provided me with very much experience and confidence in spheres
of construction where by the time I completed my industrial training, I succeeded to
perform so many tasks in building construction and that was brought after deciding to add
myself an extra time of IT and that was due to me having thirsty of knowing more in
building construction.

1.0.2 Objectives of the training;

This industrial training (IT) for first third year students was aimed at giving us more
practical knowledge about the building construction industry and enable us to transform
theory knowledge that we got from the class to the site and also to learn new techniques
of construction that are not provided in the class and gain more experience in the industry
as well as exposing us to the job market.

1.0.3 Significance of the training;

 It helped me to know how construction activities take place.

 It helped me to know to know different sources and suppliers of building
materials.
 It helped me to put the theoretical knowledge obtained from the class into
practice.
 It helped me to know a wide range of building materials used in construction
activities.

2
 CHAPTER TWO
METHODOLOGY
The methodologies used to obtain data and acquire knowledge involved the following;

 Fully practical involvement of myself in various building construction works as a

supervisor of the works.
 Visual observation of how different construction techniques are tackled by
engineers, masons, carpenters, steel fixers and welders.
 Face to face consultations with my training officers accompanied with asking of
various important construction questions where necessary together with the
masons carpenters steel fixers and welders.
 Google searching.
 Building construction books reading.
 Physical observation of the site where I observed the nature of the site like terrain,
type of soil and neighborhood.
 Site data collection where I visited the sites and collected the data by taking
photos of different elements being constructed using a smart phone.
 Consultations; my IT involved several consultations with from different site
engineers, my training officer and several other workers.

3
 CHAPTER THREE

MAIN BODY

3.0.1 Site utilities

All the sites were composed of all necessary site utilities that assisted the construction
such as the access road toward the construction area, Electricity poles showing the
presence and availability of electricity to be used during the construction and during the
use of the building, Water hose with the meter showing the availability of water in the
site, Drainage system for disposing running water and run offs during rainfall as well as
presence of communication lines.

Plate No 3.0.0: Water hose Plate No 3.0.1: Drainage system

3.0.2 Site topography and neighborhood

The site topography and terrain of the PROPOSED COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL

BUILDING ON PLOT No- 11/ 3BLOCK ZONE II STATION ROAD
MOROGORO with three storey with neighborhood the mosque and the Municipal
offices, PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF INTERGRATED JUSTICE CENTRE
(PRIMARY COURT, REGIONAL MAGISTRATE COURT, AND HIGH COURT)
BUILDING ON PLOT No 430 BLOCK G MOROGORO REGION- TANZANIA of
four storey and PROPOSED COMMERCIAL RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON
PLOT No.5 BLOCK “E” PUGU STREET MOROGORO MUNICIPALITY of three
storey were all together relatively gentle that led to choice of foundation used and the
plinth height 3rd, PROPOSED HOSTEL OF PASSIONIST FATHERS
FORMATION CENTRE MOROGORO at Bigwa Ward Morogoro Tanzania its

4
topography was steep slope something that led to the use of stepped strip foundation in
order to save the quantity use of materials in foundation.

Plate No 3.0.2: stepped strip

3.0.3 Site climatic conditions

Morogoro municipal climatic average temperature, weather by month, average

precipitation/ rainfall where the driest month is August with 13mm of rain in which the
construction of our buildings was undertaken through November and the most
precipitation month is April with an average of 191mm rain in which the contractors
escaped undertaking building construction in it as it could bring several difficulties in
undertaking site works.

The warmest month is December with an average of 26.9 0C/ 80.4 0F and the lowest
average temperature of the year is 21.5 0C/ 70.7 0F in July.

Plate No 3.0.3: Temperature Plate No 3.0.4: Temperature Plate No 3.0.5:

Chart Cumulative Temp &precipitation

5
3.0.4 Site vegetation and soil type

As the vegetation reduces temperature, it was considered during the design where
Morogoro is seems to be occupied with many green trees.

Two of the five sites in which we did our IT which were found at foundation excavation
stage, one site PROPOSED HOSTEL OF PASSIONIST FATHERS FORMATION
CENTRE MOROGORO of single storey at Bigwa Ward Morogoro Tanzania of had
silty soil type resulted to stepped stripped foundation proposed and constructed and the
other site PROPOSED COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT
No- 11/ 3BLOCK ZONE II STATION ROAD MOROGORO with three storey of
client T- RANPURA & A- RANPURA P.O.BOX 624 MOROGORO had sandy soil
type that resulted to combination of pad and strip foundation proposed and constructed.

Plate No 3.0.6: Silty soil type Plate No 3.0.7: Sandy soil type

3.0.5 Excavation
In the site PROPOSED HOSTEL OF PASSIONIST FATHERS FORMATION
CENTRE MOROGORO of single storey at Bigwa Ward Morogoro Tanzania that had
silty soil type, at this site we excavated the stepped trench foundation to receive strip
foundation of 700mm wide and pits to receive pads of 1000x1000x300mm thick as
column footings for the entrance verandah. The reason behind to excavate steps in the
trench was mainly to save construction materials in foundation as the site was observed to
have very steep slope.

6
Plate No 3.0.8: Stepped trench excavation Plate No 3.0.9: Pits excavation

In the site PROPOSED COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT

No- 11/ 3BLOCK ZONE II STATION ROAD MOROGORO with three storey of
client T- RANPURA & A- RANPURA P.O.BOX 624 MOROGORO had sandy soil
type, at this site we excavated pits of different sizes to receive pads of
1500x1500x300mm thick, 1800x1800x300mm thick and trenches to receive strip
foundation of 700mm wide x 300mm thick resulted to combination of pad and strip
foundation.

Plate No 3.1.0: Pits excavation Plate No 3.1.1: Trench

excavation
Local tools and equipment were used to excavate such as hand holes, pick axle, shovels,
builder’s ropes, timber pegs, profile boards, nails, plumb bob and the square ruler.

3.0.6 Foundation
By definition;
Foundation is the part of the building which bears load on it and transmit it to the hard
stratum of the ground.
In the site PROPOSED HOSTEL OF PASSIONIST FATHERS FORMATION
CENTRE MOROGORO of single storey at Bigwa Ward Morogoro Tanzania that had
silty soil type, proposed a strip foundation of 700mm wide pads foundation of
1000x1000x300mm thick as column footings for the entrance verandah.

7
The foundation was made up of three layers i.e. 700mm wide x 150mm thick hardcore
bed followed 700mm wide x 200mm thick grade 20; mix ratio (1:2:4) plain in-situ
concrete bed, then finally blocks.
All levels of the strip foundation were leveled using the dumpy level.

Plate No 3.1.2: Hardcore bed Plate No 3.1.3: Levelling

In the site PROPOSED COMMERCIAL/ RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ON PLOT

No- 11/ 3BLOCK ZONE II STATION ROAD MOROGORO with three storey of
client T- RANPURA & A- RANPURA P.O.BOX 624 MOROGORO had sandy soil
type, at this site we incorporated pad foundation of 1500x1500x300mm thick,
1800x1800x300mm thick and strip foundation of 700mm wide x 300mm thick that
resulted to combination of pad and strip foundations.
The pads were reinforced by only bottom bars of Y16 at a spacing of 200mm tied up
using binding wires, concrete covers being 50mm and the pads being moulded using
timber formworks ready to receive the concrete.

Plate No 3.1.4: Formwork & reinforcement Plate No 3.1.5: Pad foundation

The strips were not reinforced that were to be built up with plain concrete according to
the design, though the trenches were found to be in a great need for formworks and the
used forms used were timber forms, the reason of the incorporation of forms being the
incompactible kind of soil that could not be a mould itself for the plain concrete.

8
Plate No 3.1.6: Formwork to strip Plate No 3.1.7: Strip foundation
Foundation

3.0.7 Functional requirement of foundation

The following are the functional requirements of the foundation that led to the proposed
types of foundations we have witnessed above;
 Strength and stability of the foundation with respect of the soil type and the
design load to be carried i.e. safely transmitting load to the ground without
deforming the building.
 Resistance capability of the foundation to ground moisture where by in this, DPM
and DPC were used to prevent ground water from entering the building, the DPM
being lied over the blinded hardcore bed and the DPC being bedded on the SFL
just before the walling.

Plate No 3.1.8: DPM Plate No 3.1.9: DPC

3.0.8 Factors for choice of foundation type

The following are the factors for choice of the foundation type that led to the proposed
types of foundations we have witnessed above;
 Nature of soil and bearing capacity of the sub soil in our sites were the mainly
reason behind of the proposed foundations.

9
  Type and total loading (dead, live, seismic and wind loads) of the structure is
likely to be supported by the particular foundation.

3.0.9 Weekly summaries

The following sub heading demonstrates different six works performed that were broadly
discussed and understood heavily.

3.1.0 Weekly summary one

SPACER BLOCKS MAKING
By definition;
Spacer block Is a geometrical spacer that is used to the rebar matrix off the ground, used
during concrete work in between the form work and the steel reinforcement rebar so that
concrete may not flow underneath the rebar and avoid projection of the steel rebar off the
concrete as when they project can cause building damages after a period of time resulted
from rusting.

The type of spacer blocks we used in our construction are the concrete ones with a mix
ratio 1:6 that is cement to sand ratio.

The sizes used for spacing were 50mm thick used in the column footing in between the
weak concrete blinding and the reinforcement rebar, in between column footing
formwork and the reinforcements, 25mm thick spacer blocks used in between column
reinforcement rebar and their forms.

The following is the purpose of using the spacer blocks;

 To provide the reinforcing rebar with thermal insulation.

 To provide the reinforcement rebar sufficient space to enable them to be stressed
without slipping.
 To protect the reinforcing steel rebar from environmental effects like corrosion
caused by rust.

10
The material used in the spacer blocks making were;
 Cement
 Sand
 Binding wires
 Pure water

Plate No 3.1.9: Cement Plate No 3.2.0: Sand Plate No 3.2.1: Binding

Silos wires

Tools and equipment used were;

 Steel trowel.
 Tape measure.
 Mould.
 Metal knife.
 Spade.

Plate No 3.2.2: Tape measure Plate No 3.2.3: Wood float

11
Plate No 3.2.4: Spade Plate No 3.2.5: Steel trowel

Procedures involved in the spacer block making were as follows;

 The tools and equipment were assembled to be used in the making of the spacer
blocks.
 The surface appropriate for the mixing of the cement and sand in the appropriate
ratio was cleaned so as to get a good mixture.
 The materials that is cement, sand and water were mixed in the appropriate mix
ratio according to cement to water ratio (c/w).
 The concrete was then poured in the 25mm or 50mm thick Mould.
 Using a metal knife, the mortar was divided to get the required sizes.
 The small length of binding wire was placed in the concrete before they harden to
provide them with fixing capability in the respective areas.
 The spacer blocks were cured for 7 days for them to attain the required
compressive strength.
 Then lastly, the concrete spacer blocks were removed from the moulds ready for
use.

Plate No 3.2.6: Conc. Spacer blocks

12
3. 1.1 Weekly summary two
CONCRETE WORK IN BASE COLUMN FOOTINGS (PADS)
By definitions;
A pad foundation is a reinforced concrete base footing of column used to receive
isolated piers as well as columns.
In this type of foundation, the load of the structure are transmitted though piers and
columns to the foundation base (pad) then distributed into the hard stratum of the soil, the
particular foundation is used when the soil is having low load bearing capacity.
Concrete is a mixture of cement, fine aggregate (sand) and coarse aggregates (gravels)
usually of 1 / 2 inch and ¾ inch diameter with pure water as a lubricant in a controlled
cement to water ratio (C/W).
The cement to fine aggregate to coarse aggregate ratio used in our column footing
concrete was 1:11/2:3 mix ratio where one silo of cement (50kg) Portland cement was
mixed with three buckets (20 litre buckets) of coarse aggregate of compressive strength
(grade) 25.

Plate No 3.2.7: Pad

Materials used in concrete casting were;

 Fine aggregates (sand).
 Portland cement.
 Coarse aggregates (3/4 inch diameter).
 Pure water.

Tools and equipment used in concrete casting were;

 Poker vibrating machine used for distributing, spreading and compacting of the
concrete in Mould to reduce air voids.
 Concrete mixing machine used to mix the concrete materials. i.e. cement, fine
aggregates, coarse aggregates together with water in the appropriate mixing ratio.

13
  20 litre buckets normally used for fine aggregates and coarse aggregates
measuring to be poured into the concrete mixing machine.
 Shovels and spades used for feting of coarse aggregates and fine aggregates to be
fed in buckets as well as spread of concrete in place.
 Wooden rods of 40x80mm used for levelling of the concrete after pouring.

Plate No 3.2.8: Poker vibrating machine Plate No 3.2.9: concrete

Mixer
Procedures involved in concrete work were;
 Selecting and assembling of materials, tools and equipment to be used in the
particular work where laborers started by carrying cement silos to approach them
near the area where the concrete was to be poured and setting of the concrete
mixing machine ready for the work.
 Concrete production was done in to the concrete mixing machine with the correct
mixing ratio of 1:11/2:3, compressive strength grade 25 as designed with slowly
addition of pure water into the machine in the correct controlled cement to water
ratio (C/W) to produce the paste of concrete.
 Concrete was casted in the column footing moulds, the concrete being spread and
compacted using poker vibrating machine to remove air voids.
 Timely dismantling of timber forms after when the concrete has attained its
strength was done to at least after two days.
 The concrete was cured for 28 days purposely for good strength attainance using
pure water.

14
3. 1.2 Weekly summary three
FORMWORK TO CIRCULAR, SQUARE AND RECTANGULAR COLUMN
STARTER
By definitions;
Form work is a term used for the purpose of creating a temporal Mould in to which
concrete is poured and formed.

In our sites, the forms’ kind used for column starter were plywood marine board plex
sawn formwork to rectangular, square column starters and the timber sawn formworks to
circular starter columns.

Starter column is a lowest vertical structural member which is casted before the casting
of the whole column on top of the each floor intended to transfer compressive loads.

Sawn formwork is a type of formwork which is used for the structural element which is
requiring additional finishing over it, normally made of ply woods, softwood and hard
wood timber.

Plate No 3.3.0: Square forms Plate No 3.3.1: Circular Plate No 3.3.2: Starter
Forms Column

Materials used for formwork to column starter were;

 3inch nails.
 40x160mm timber forms.
 40x40mm timber false works.
 40x40mm timber braces.
 Binding wires.
 1inch nails.
 Concrete nails.
 30x25mm thick cut ply woods of marine plex boards.

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Tools and equipment used for formwork to starter columns were;
 Electric circular saw.
 Harmer.
 Tape measure.
 Steel saw.
 Plumb bob.
 Spirit level.
 Builder’s strings.
 Square meter.
 Chalk.
 Pincer.

Plate No 3.3.3: Electric Plate No 3.3.4: Harmer Plate No 3.3.5: Plumb bob
Circular saw

Plate No 3.3.6: Pincer Plate No 3.3.7: Spirit level Plate No 3.3.8: Builder’s
String

Procedures involved in formwork to column starter were;

 Formwork set up was done by studying and fixing suitable moulds as specified by
designed element which aimed at accessing the section and height of the column
starter.
 Tools, equipment and materials for the work were assembled.

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  Size of the column starter was scribed on the concrete bottom.
 1200x2400x25mm thick marine board ply woods were cut in small pieces of
30x25mmthick helping to acquire circular section of the column.
 Nailing of the column rim on the concrete was done using concrete nails and the
inside dimensions of the column had to allow the column section of 230x230mm,
230x300mm and 300mm diameter for the circular column as shitting thickness
per side, sometimes concrete and timber kickers are used for this.
 Column boxes and cylinder were placed in to a RCC where one side was removed
first to allow placing and then nailed back.
 Timber bar belts and supports (false works) were being nailed and 50x80mm
timber braces with careful checking of the verticality using the plumb bob.
 The plumb bob was vertically hung on the masonry strings for better verticality of
the column starter.
 The spacer blocks were fixed at the upper part of the formworks.

Plate No 3.3.9: Square column starter Plate No 3.4.0: Circular column starter

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3. 1.3 Weekly summary four
FOUNDATION WALL CONSTRUCTION

Foundation wall is a wall that acts as a retaining wall to form a basement or as a frost
wall with earth on both sides.

The type of foundation wall constructed was a Flemish bonded solid concrete block wall
with C&S (1:3) mix ratio.
The dimensions size of the blocks used were 450x230x150mm thick.

Purpose of foundation wall construction;

 To provide support of the entire structure of the building.
 To distribute the weight of the structure over the large area in order to avoid
overloading the underlying soil (possibly causing unequal settlement).
 To provide a level surface for construction.
 To prevent lateral movements of the supported structure.

Materials used in the construction were;

 Solid concrete blocks.
 Fine aggregates (Sand).
 Cement (port land cement).
 Pure water.

Plate No 3.4.1: Blocks Plate No 3.4.2: Sand Plate No 3.4.3: Cement silos

The tools and equipment used in the work operation were;

 Steel trowel.
 Wood float.
 Plumb bob.

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  Spirit level.
 Masonry’s string.
 Tape measure.
 Dumpy level.
 Spade.

Plate No 3.4.4: Dumpy level

Sequence of operation in foundation wall construction were;

 Assembling of materials, tools and equipment near the area the foundation wall
had to be constructed.
 Levelling of the level surface of the foundation wall and coarse making for laying
of blocks using dumpy level.
 Mixing of the mortar particularly cement to sand mortar by the cement to sand
ratio of (1:3).
 Mason’s string laying on block coarse mark to check the horizontal alignment of
the blocks in the coarse.
 Building of masonry foundation wall with timely use of plumb bob to check
verticality of the foundation wall and the use of spirit level to check both
verticality of the wall, straightness and horizontality of the foundation wall.
 Daily consecutive curing of the walls where water is poured technically on them
for 28 days to attain stability.

Plate No 3.4.5: Levelling Plate No 3.4.6: Foundation wall

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3. 1.4 Weekly summary five
CURTAIN WALL CONSTRUCTION
By definition;
Curtain wall is am outer covering of a building in which the outer walls are non-
structural, utilized only to keep the weather out and occupants in.
The kind of curtain walls used in our site building was one blue transparent OQ glass
sheet of 1200x1800x6mm thick with Aluminium mullion and transom profile frames,
with glass used, the advantage being natural light capability to penetrate within the
building.

Plate No 3.4.7: Curtain wall element

Purpose of curtain walls;

 To transfer lateral loads (wind loads) that are incident up on it.
 To resist air and water infiltration.
 To absorb sway induced by wind and seismic forces acting on the building.

Materials used during the curtain wall construction were;

 150x50x6mm thick angle cleats.
 100x50mm Aluminium profiles.
 1200x1800x6mm thick panels of OQ glass sheets.
 Rivets.
 Bolts.
 Nuts.
 Silicone sealant black in colour which is easy to use, good adhesive and fast
curing.
 10x10mm size double tape.
 Timber and steel scaffolds.

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Plate No 3.4.8: Angle Plate No 3.4.9: Plate No 3.5.0: Silicone Plate No 3.5.1: Steel
Cleat Alumi nium profile Sealant Scaffolds

Tools and equipment used in curtain wall construction were;

 Rivet gun.
 Electric drilling machine.
 Glass cuter.
 Screen tape.
 Electric circular saw.

Plate No 3.5.2: Silicone gun Plate No 3.5.3: Electric Plate No 3.5.4: Glass cutter
Circular saw

Procedures involved in curtain wall installation were;

 Assembling of materials, tools and equipment to be used.
 Aluminium frames and OQ glass panels were measured and cut according to the
design.
 Control lines were established and the exactly place where the stick wall should
go was found from the contractor.
 The layout which determines the exactly wall placement by the use of offset lines
and finished floor levels developed from the control lines established earlier,
where this procedure was checked and double checked by more than one person.
 Angle anchor cleat plates were placed and bolted on the wall element.
 Mullions as verticals were erected followed by installment of horizontal
(transoms) that were jointed together by rivets using the rivet gun where the
curtain wall had some parts to be sealed then.

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  The corners where the wall meets the jamb or corner were sealed, prepackaged
flashing and sealing units were supplied by the manufacturer of the units.
 The exterior part of the curtain wall was then glazed.
 Trimming where the exterior glazing once the system has been completed, and
the final sealant was applied.

Plate No 3.5.5: curtain wall Plate No 3.5.6: Morena Hotel

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3. 1.5 Weekly summary six
INTERNAL PLASTERING
By definition;
Plastering is the internal cement and sand mixture finishing that is applied directly to
the underside of a floor slab, underneath a concrete staircase or directly onto concrete
bulk heads.

The purpose of plastering were;

 Protection of the wall against external agents such as water.
 To cutter for correction of man work errors occurred during wall element
construction.
 Aesthetics view and good appearance.
 To provide better sound, fire and thermal insulation.

Tools and equipment used in plastering were;

 Wood float assisting rough surface finish.
 Levelling dots (tile pieces).
 Buckets.
 Steel trowel.
 Spade.
 Builder’s strings.

Plate No 3.5.7: Steel trowel Plate No 3.5.8: wood float Plate No 3.5.9: spade

Materials used in plastering were;

 Portland cement.
 Pure water.
 Fine aggregates (sand).

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Plate No 3.6.0: Cement silos Plate No 3.6.1: Sand

Procedures involved in plastering were;

 Materials, tools and equipment were assembled near the working area.
 The plaster mixing platform was then cleaned.
 Plaster ingredients were then mixed i.e. cement and sand (1:4) ratio.
 Dots of screed/ tiles were placed near an internal angle of 300mm away from the
adjoining wall and 25oomm away from each other and making thickness of
15mm.
 The other dot was then placed at the bottom of the wall followed by the lath in to
the dot.
 Plumb in to the two dots using the floating rule.
 Either taping in or out or bringing the wood out until the two dots were in line.
 Other two dots were paced at the other end of the wall.
 Intermediate dots were placed in the middle of the wall.
 The intermediate dots were lined and joined.
 In between screeds/ tile pieces were filled and ruled off.

Plate No 3.6.2: plastering

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 CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSSION, PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
4.0.1 Introduction
This chapter involves problems/ challenges I faced during all time period of my IT,
conclusion and recommendation in which I suggested for what I thick when done the IT
can be more beneficial to us students.

4.0.2 Conclusion
The industrial training is very much important as the organization provided us out the
scope knowledge on how to undertake various building construction activity techniques,
helped us to improve our knowledges we dug from the class to the field where we
became able to see how things work physically together with transforming us to come to
know different construction tools and equipment the way they are used.

4.0.3 Problems encountered

 Limited site area that hindered complete foundation excavations as a certain part
of building up area had to be left free purposely for parking of building materials
such as the aggregates and sand.
 Too much dependence on local tools and equipment that led to delayol of
completion of the project.
 Absence of safety tools such as site coats, hand gloves, safety helmets (hard hats)
and safety boots that led to very risky working environment to workers.
 Absence of health care services to some of the sites something that is very
dangerous when it comes to any accident to the worker.
 Very limited IT time period.

4.0.4 Recommendation
 I recommend the so called OSHA as a widely known constructional safety
supervisors to be very effective and not only concentrating at big projects leaving
small projects loose.
 Am begging for the extension of the training period as the time given has proven
to be absolutely short as at approaching the end of our training we discovered that
we have learned very little and we have left behind so many other stages of
construction that we needed to know.

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CHAPTER FIVE
5.0.1 References
 Wikipedia. Retrieved: November 13, 2016 from https://en.m.wikipedia.org.

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