Royal University Of Agriculture

Subject: Applied plant pathology

Taught by: Ms. Ong Socheat
For cultural control practices
to be effective, an understanding of the basic
biology of
the target pathogen is essential.
For cultural control practices
to be effective, an understanding of the basic
biology of
the target pathogen is essential.
For cultural control practices
to be effective, an understanding of the basic
biology of
the target pathogen is essential.
that
use controlled irrigation schemes.
Furthermore, these
control practices would need to be
implemented between
cropping seasons as the soil-water
environments
described are likely to be detrimental to the
viability of
the crop plants themselves.
For cultural control practices
to be effective, an understanding of the basic
biology of
the target pathogen is essential.
For cultural control practices
to be effective, an understanding of the basic
biology of
the target pathogen is essential.
After I read this passage, it’s really helpful to famer to prevent from plant disease” Sclerotinia sclerotiorum” by using this several cultural
control practices

For cultural control practices to be effective, an understanding of the basic biology of the target pathogen is essential. The control of SSR
in canola relies heavily on cultural control practices. These practices generally aim to reduce the number of sclerotia in the soil, or create a
local environment that is non-conducive to SSR development.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum spends around 90% of its life cycle as sclerotia in the soil . Under suitable environmental conditions, sclerotia
germi- nate and develop inoculum-laden. A popular way for canola growers to man- age the number of sclerotia within their fields is via
crop rotation.

Crop rotation is only effective if the life cycle of the target pathogen is interrupted. For crop rotation to be effective against S.
sclerotiorum it must be coupled with an effi- cient weed control programme that minimizes the chances of a ‘green bridge’ establishing
and allowing S. sclerotiorum to persist in fields when canola is not in rotation.

The effect of tilling on the survival of sclerotia in the soil has been extensively studied. Tilling practices reduce the ability of sclerotia to
produce apothecia by burying them deep in the soil. Abawi & Grogan (1979) reported that sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum are functional only
in the top 2–3 cm of soil as apothecial stipes are unable to grow longer than 3cm. Williams & Stelfox (1980) confirmed that ploughing
sclerotia to a depth of 76–15 cm reduced

germination and apothecium production the following year. However, the survival rate of S. sclerotiorum scle- rotia is enhanced when
sclerotia are buried deep in the soil (Merriman et al., 1979). Successive years of tilling would only bring previously buried sclerotia back
to the soil surface. Therefore, this technique is more effective if the sclerotia are buried and remain buried until sclerotial viability is
reduced.

Another technique that serves to reduce the viability of sclerotia in the soil involves manipulating the soil-water content. High soil
moisture has been shown to negatively affect the survival rates of sclerotia (Teo et al., 1989; Wu et al., 2008). In extreme cases where
flooding has occurred for more than 24 consecutive days, sclerotial viability has been severely affected (Moore, 1949).

Additionally, chemical amendment of soil has also been shown to be effective at reducing carpogenic germi- nation of sclerotia. Namely,
the commercially available fertilizer Perlka (calcium cyanamide) was shown to significantly reduce the number of apothecia in four field
trials by up to 87% (Huang et al., 2006).