Professional Documents
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Zimb O: CH XR/ Oi (S
Zimb O: CH XR/ Oi (S
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ZIMB A ts IvE s cH L
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General Certificatc of EcJucalirrn L, oi{ s o Ii r\/ [.,,{ L
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GEOGR.APF{Y
PAPER ] -, 91s6/1
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i rF{STRUCTIONS TO CA] T}IDATES
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:lnswer fo ur questions.
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Section A (Prncticals)
A 88*95 I l.- l9
B 03 - i0 07*15
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(a) How would )'ou use the availabie data to show the seasonal,,occunellae of
rainfall at intiividual weather stationsf t6l
(h) (i) Dcscribe how you would use the rainfall data. and the topographicaf
map rc consrruct a map showing the distribution of annual rdnfalf in
thc arca. t l0l
(ii) Brietly discuss rhe advantages and limitations of the mapping technique
You illustrated in b(i) above' i5l
" (iii) Explain how rainfall dispersion graphs can be usQd to show rainfall
reliabiliry. t4l
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(a) BrieflyexpIainthetermsgreenhouse,efectandg|obul,,,,n.,,.^in,8,'.
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witlr refere'ce to'examples. explain how heat islancrs cl.r.elop.
*'e), draw ,(b) lrban Ir 2]
ires of the (c) with, reference to examples of'air rnasses, describe a'd
explain trre
development of wearher at the Inter-Tropical Converg.n..
zon. (ITCZ)
in Africa.
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etween
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ri, 4 (a) Deilnethetertl.tscle+|:,t.ctitlzltldhcti[.
: (b) Irig. 1 shows the nieart amual frequeney of tirunderstorm ilays over Aliica (.1=,t
..,) (.c)
20"N
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Fig. I
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,z) Briefly explain the causes and nature of overiand flow trrat occLlrs on siopes.
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ib) with reference to Fig.2,explain the inrpor{.ance
oloverlanci flovr anci rnass
--l--'1 v,'astilg in the cievelopment of slope forms,
rnl
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ir I
Zone of I
little eresion i
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Transport
N\
v\\
t\ \ slope
Vr Zone of
'+^ deposition
a^ot
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/^ x\
'9%r.^{
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f+ direction and
(}^
c retatlve rmpoFtance oer,
' of water movement
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9156/t N2004
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Explain tlre differtjnces bettveen block tlis:it'ttegrcrtion and granulat: rli.tinteg4ation.16
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(b' (i) With the aiid of diagrams, describe the narure trf:deep rvearlrdi'erl :lay,e-rs ,,
I
in tropical regions. i,, . :ri''l
,
(c) How has the stripping of regoliths contributed to the developmenr of Iarrdfbrms
in the tropics?
8 (a) Dlaw a labelled diagram to show the linkages that €xist in tropical grassland, ,
ecosystems [6
tc, ASsesstheeffec,tivenedsofrrieasuresuse<itoreciucethenegativeimpactof
human activities on tropical grassland ecosysrerns. U
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to
9l 56/l:N2001
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arrdtbrtns .o
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Fig.3
(c) To rvhat extent can environmental degradation in the h"opical regions O" unttOu,*!,r,
to human activity?
j9156iliN2004
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(b) 1{ow may the.,processes at the constructive plate boundaries be trsed'to expiain '.
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the origin and:distribLrtion of landforitls on:a global scale'? l , .L
(a) Briefly desuribe tbc natur9 of hazards resulting fiom ctustal movements' 19]
11
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(b) With reference to areas you have studied, ekplain the effectiveness olmeasures :
taken to cope rvith the efl'ects ofthe hazards you have identified in (a,) abgve' [1t
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t2 (') l}:iefly explain how the soilsand vegetation of arid and semi-arid areas have
been influence d by the prevailing climatic conditions. le
(b) Assess the role of past climates in ihe developmeni of desert landfol:n-rs. [.],
13 (a) With the aid of cliagrams, ciescribe the rnain processes leacl.ing to ciiff rqcession
al..,rng tloastal areas, Ie
([r) IJotv can coast.s be protected in a maruler which is treneficial to both hutnan
Lises and the cnvironrrtt:nt'/ [1
(1,) Witfu the aid of diagrams, clesclibe the ma.in piocesses of alpine glacial et'osion. Ii
(c) Using exarnples, explain the. det,elopment of fl r.rvic- glaci al landlbr ins " Li
1
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Generar certificate
of Education Acjva'ced Lever
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Section A (Practicals)
1 (a) Sketch maps that generalize the landforms arrd drainage features as
' as labeling the features either directly or though a key InoufO O.
well
rewarded.
Atterrpts to- reproduce mini contour maps will receive.very merit.
Area A
ReJret .. . -.:,
flrninrna
rrqri tqq9
- Main rivet's are lManwanzou and Chipfurubwe, which flow East and
North East respectively.
- The plain is characterized by a dendriiic drainage pattern while the
uplands are fairly wet.
Area B t
Drainaqe
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Section A (Practicals)
z1
1 (a) Sketch maps that generaiize the landforms'and drainage features as well
as labeling the features either direcily or though a-key ihould be
rewarded.
Atternpts to reproduce mini contour maps wirr receive very merit.
Area A
Rekf.
- Mainly a hilly area. ,
t
uplands such as Musaru and Gungubwe uplands.
l-\rai^-^^
utuit rc!l('
lVlain rivers are lVlanwanzou and Chipfurubvie, which flow Eaet and
North East respectively.
The plain is characteriz_ed gy a dendritic drainage pattern while the
uplands are fairly wet.
Area B
Drainaqe
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Section A (Practicals)
1 (a)
' Sketch maps that generalize the landforms and drainage featuies as well
as labeling the features either directly or though a-key should be
rewarded.
Atternpts to reproduce mini contour maps will receive very merit.
,
( ii)
The sketch maps should show the following. -
Area A
Bqltet
Mainlya hilly area.
- llrins,to the South Earth with few resirjual hills, e g. Nharira,
Zimanu, etc
- Rugged section to the North West with moderately dissected h
uplands such as Musaru and Gungubvre uplands. f"
Drainaqe
- Main rivers are fl,4anwanzou and Chipfurubwe, which flow East and
North East respectively.
- The plain is characterized by a dendriiic drainage pattern while the
uplands are fairly wet.
Area B
lrir
Gerrerally a near level surface/gentle sloping plain !'
-,: Few isolaied hills and uplands such as Derere and Dikatir '
Drainage 1
:
. _=-.,;
=r '
::
-.[
Rock tvpe
Areas A and B could probably
i as well have rjiflerent rock type with
that in area A being more ruritt*tlhan
in This courd B
resutr in A havino riore ,pruno-i
hilly/rugged. - rvr 1..,;;1,
-r'-'
(r Iq ;. i;u o iIffir,1_
:
(ii)
ry maturing stage of landform
evoiution hence the many uplands
suoh as isolated hi,s.
' -r ':''. ', ':.ii,' ' , Area,B courd be in the rui" rutrriiri ,tug*
or.randfo'm
::'' ',',';'i,:
,,
,'evorutiorr hence the'near
rever of uirrnau.penepr,aihs 1,
(iii) Rcck permeabilitv
ta. lffi i';i :"J*. i;' [ff; ?: :; l'" ffi ::?! [, i f ; "# ! T.
o,
",
ed About 4 marks for each fully developed
poirrt
(iv) Radiai drainage in A is due to presence
,sheds B has marnfy oenCiiiic drainage of hills which act as water ,
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lonstruction of isoline rnap to
'.'lethod of show rainfall distribution
ccnstructio.n
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calculation of mean arinuai rainfali
rainfall figures are plotted i" p",_.r"ii totals for eaci: station
on the base map
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(ii) Advantageg 'i ' '
Limitations
- | interpolation
is highly subjective
density shading giu"r thaimpression of abrupt changes in distribution.
the method can be used effectiveiy only when there are many points or
the base ntap
Up to 3 marl<s for advantages and limitation but iotal skrould not exceed 5'
(ii) Calculate deviation from the mean and inter'-quartile range. Higlt
cieviations and ranges indicate great variability/unreliability and
'-r--r:-
collcefll.i -r rL^
aIlutlal uullu '-^^ -n indicates a high degree of i-eliabilitv'
LI lc lllud
3 mari<s eacl-r i6
Jr
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(b) Examples fiUst
riust hn h_'-^r such
be named
f;;l ;fi _
as chicago, London
or other rargercities
"
iistribution,
3,; Candidates nrust
explain ,n! 1.121
: ,
mass rouuruli:"Tiil?"".?"."0t or r-r- c.z ancthow
:any points or r"tJ,:u"o'"".'il?'in " it arre*s air
F;:,T,"T"T be rere,recr to e-s
Z+i;X;l"ir' sor rn
^^^! tt J
uti
L
!f 2 ,,.narks ior the explanatir
Lr ctr z is a
.-).
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ir :: svsrem,concept :lll"
o*he r 1. c t-he z
r;gir
accoroins
;i:il3i':IJi:"rilre iliJh rucruares in posiriorr
enables North
nniddrereversrf,i:;lj::':,',#re::'i"J,iffi HIif .'"'^":l;{ff ii'
a.r i 'o
^:^t-iti+,,
= tdlJltlly. a ct v ty, wh
i
chn, n i,i, i".l ['JEl;,, ]f : c?n v_e rs e n c e n;;n"j ; ;." il;
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rrggered or by ro."r ;:X?, ,fl
::ail dispersior .uiiJ., n".,i,JJ... ""
The
:
wearher ri
s ;;, J,?"r;?Y',ff
o n d it io n
IA
( h e a vv
ra n a n d g
[*5;'i? id:. cre ve rop rn e
.
n ror ti n s r a b I e
r?q
LL"
i
h rnl n r i
sl *",i'#,:,^I#:i:Ti"r' i o-, lH, J" Ir,o rm s
"l' " "
:s carbon Mark by jmpression
-. surface and
-i-
t7I
ri climate, -"
;[.j:*]?f:[:1i,ffi:l;'JilI"ilt^,^y:l:r
""hen
ground temperatures
dropieis o,r
located near,round
rever. rt occu.s
r,16 t2si
Rain - water droplets of greater than 0.5 mm that fall to the eari| from
the I
poil! at q. htgn
,
t6l rw Re
lL)
(b)
,'ha ' Storms ar"e lriglrly significarl! featules ,o.1,i1",'{utlnel,1f'ff1ica'with lO"to 2t
1.
mote than i'00 thunderstorm'idays each year'
i
,r
the.continent experiincing
Candidates should note the foiiowing:
Bcg-sryg
+i
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12) 112)
t6l : ways in which human activities infruence
the amount
qrrr\rLir of rainfail. rr
Reference should be made to ilre
._._. torioffi. -
',vjth 20% of ' ,.. -a..:..,
s each year. - cloud seeding
' urbanization and industrialization and
the subsequent development
of urban heat isrands, which
'Yr rrur I rrin"ru"u"-
rL'r cdbe tendencies towards
ihstanitity.
pollution which increases condensation
nuclei.
oevegetation and draining of swamps
-, Dam construction
The gr-eenhouse effect resurts in intensification
droughts of cycrones and
greqhsl vzloerlj,. -
esence of Iwsl fril:n^'
an West'
lfi dac
:, i 'lsAafiru
' : 'ii''r
i i'l trnrl wa
'iii gwal fiicftia tl, la
"' ".d;&rt
I
I Aexcc luv,t vol
aly
i
(ii) Long-term variations are associated with 'the annual rainfali dtstl
pattern and generai snowmelt in sJ:ring for temperate rivers. ,,ffiE
(c) Candidates shoulcJ debate the iar;ses of flooding and evaluate the srgnll
of tl-re huttran factor.
Qauscg*qf&qds , ''
Naturdl ,*
sr-row nteits. tropical cyclones, tidal wavas, higlr annual i
abnclrnla ly wet seasc)n s ij sscci fi ted'r;ith sft ort-tei-nl cl irnatic changes.
I
h
Irlatr-rre of overland florrrl r
- slreet wash
- concentrated flow
i5
zcne 2. - upper pari -- convex creep srope srre et
wash remr:ve.s fiirr:-
i;al reierials. -fransporlationai nrain,siope: conce'tratecj flow
-il\ielrelrts are irnportant. Tlrere is rapid *r,ur
melts (daY : I' ei-osion
- "noretreat.
ancJ slope
; nronth, incll REctilinear slope frclrl develr:ps
isr:anageme I
t"'
.. ' ;
(aI fir lv
I rieccmposed I rrck i re s clLi Lr i ci*br s'')
i r
(c') resiriual cJebris .r^r1il^r slcrrrea
(c) cols sio;'r*s wiii-i residual ricbrrs
{d) a ciearly definecj basai surlace t.rf r,,,,eathering
(e) F a |ii a I'; ra.'eaitlrei-od b edrr:ck
i
iVla><irnurn 'il fr:r texi witirr:rrt a rliagr.anr
(lrt+tJit ll,:ir.) r-)l'a lericu iri ciiiiijr'.:riil, tc si)o\1v
3;[3q-1; in regolith forrnatiort,
I
(r.i) t.jarrdir!r:rir,:g vilrcii-rlci r.lisr;r.i:;siire rnle r:f rri;:r1::rrr1.1 of regoliil"rs iri seasonal
hittnid lrttl:ir:s itrtlil iite. baiE,;.ri i::rJri'i.icc lrels b,$un ex1.roeJ.-|. firipping aurnt
i)rF"*$$rJr'{:} rmlei.r:;r i:trcJ i-jililiitil; i91 q;r.r:-'t:rllrn,* rtir:}r.s T"[is irici.ea*es seleciirr
i:[le,:rititr;'tl lveultlierirrJ,; [-;:nrjiorriis; io l.iel Liili.r:usgecl ll6or-ricj
incit..rcje it1 -4
iitlloviirr{'-t. irt*cli:.,ui-13u, tr}i^$, latcr.ite-r:;apperj rnels;ii$, ijules, etc. t' *
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I'ri[1. i)rciiiL lirilt;;r1,;n t:liegrr.nnl* r)liri ;it ici nr:r ii,-;it t r;rli.iirei:1
l{i
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I his is ;) r:i?se stucry- hcsr:cJ questii.rn:
specili* i;liar.n;:rr,*,;
Are recir;ireci ior- hi,r,1h nrarlis. i..rr.,r:r .
i - rninirrglquarr3ring
t6I
- rltisma.fla$en]ent nf farnllarill*, *r.g-1.
cfulrlulicl
&reffs, arairle.: farnring oi1 sf{.},el-i
cr.rltrri"..rlit-,rrt irr !!- r\/ ,h,,1
fit.ivu r;rin,.r,[gil
il
t{'i
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(i) Effective measures, can include systenratic culling of wilcjlife, *.otorrirr *$
i:
MarN by impressiorr.
(a) ' llog!.sol are [Jeneral associated vyith temperate coniferous forests..They:,
develop in areas wirere precipiiation exceeds evapotrarrspirationi'r
Excessive ieaching,.y of bases and iron learres behind silica content. Horizor
A is learched. lllurviation of seqLlioxides intcl irorizon B results irr
,, :it', t't indurations., Podsols develop inrareas of marked seasortaliiy. .. J
,::..'
i
leloials- are tropical soiis Tlrey develop in areas of good drainage and
surplus. Rapid lrurnification ierid ieaching are important. Desilificati
acidifrcation of soils occur due to excessive leaching. Soils have a well-
illuviation horizon, e.g. not humid tropics.
(b) Glglzatlqn occurs irr areas of i'righ rainfail and gentle slopes. ,lntermitt
rogcJrngresults in inrpede soil drainage. Oxidation of ferric com
restrioted and tlre; solid develops a bluslr * grey rnolted appearanob
preserice of ferror-rs compounr:s. Soiis cor..rpounci has no recognizable s
12
Itl
lr
l:-: cales sht:Lilcl ciebate the roie of f-rurnan r:c;tivity irr
":: aieas A baianced answer slrolrid refer to botlr l^rr,trnanthe r1egratJation oJ,
,,:
=valuatiori - maximr_rm 5 nrari:s
;=se.-ve :
2 nra|lis for eitirer iitrntair Oi cartses. .. -.'' ,
l-;artr-i;-cl
ii] )
0-s,l
:tage and ===tures of clivergent bounclarie:i to inclucje the following
Desilifica ..ci-tittain ranges, submarine
volcanic islands. mirJ-ocearric riclg;es,'axia-i r"ift valleys,
ai/e a well --asaltic lava flolirs. and pillow lava:;. nragnetic stripping
.-e mid-oceanic ricige. -) " r-I' crr eitirer ulJ" u
.,:agramstclshr:ivdivergingcurrelrls,rnaglI€lrisirtg;irrrdsomeoltlre
: :'cve-listed features
lntermitt
-t-ic com
is0earan0e a/- /\
7z /'-
I
'
cnizable,s r/'/
//"2
e high rain{
i Leachiii
:rizan.
v/;*i* **-
.nrpeded dn
:-.:latiorr- ol_i
#0:-\\\t?ffi)i:f/1zr;--*
D lu era,^ r'E,ialsli
:t jn?l:, l?,. the <iiasfer;r'Htr-,Ft'Jffi,r**o ciiagr:inr L,a,r score more
nrarks each. Marks for tireory.
srriace due
i;its irr forma Iej
:as of steep641 Candidates shouid brietly outltne the theory crf plate
activities at divergent boundaries wiiir tl"rose tectonrcs and link
occurring at convergent arrd
ccnservative irrargins. E:.g at destrctrr.,e/convergent
rid then lin, and forrnations, irenches lnd israncis arns margils srrbduction
vvhire."at ,Jlgino
there is fornration of transforrn faults. "or,r""ruu1iuo
li
C}rnstruciir,'e+ nrarglin$ - r.tp ir_r I rne:rlis.
l"iestructivr-l rnargii'ts - r,';;r tr Z nrarks.
'lcrl:arl
siroLrld not e;lcec;ci '12
lViarlt by iilrl:rres;*iiorr
()relrJit relicrencr; lo l*r rdbrrn rleveiopmeirt along constructive
nrargiris.
[16j
, l25l
11 (a) l.'lsrzarc1s rilsr-rlting ironr crusiai moveinent are comt'rronly associated witfi
eartlrrlr.ri;rltes elricj vr:lr:::nic er upticirs.
-l;.{rtll*iir':l*s;iliii.};lv;.:iatrche.:g
- licli,rl w;lr.rrirsiii;r.ii-reritii
l-.)a n rai;e tr-r i.: u r i cj i rr g g a cJ i r rfra.structu rer
..
r-r
k.lr;s r.:1'lil-c
Up to 5 niarlcs
\lt;lr.:;,tr iic.: er r.tf)l ir r; I r cli,Lr)i.i lir,i;iirt r-ls:
' il-ivir i.li';.i ii;t.t..' ilct,oi,l.;
^ Ir,ric:iltii,llli-riiI,
. \lr.rlr:;trnic lli.jrli..]$ arrr:i ngh
ttr;tii. ; i'r..il l,r::)i;
it ti:iIic:'i i,tlir;i t r ii tr,.;!'ltltrrtictt i ;inci l;r-riIc-lirig1s
". l."Ltii${:}f i;,,il^tttlilrLiJti
.- ,i\1.:jr"l l;irir.-.u
\
'lntal [-lp to 5 mair.iis
sliulrl<J rtot e)(.f,cicrl g. igl
ilr) '1..:ritt(liiliii(]r; liit:.ritlrf rr /{,ikJiti# tlru r,;i;et:tivi}trs$$i cif gtirt*; rri'llre tflear;t.ti*:s:
rrrinirrti;::it-t1.1l.liriliJirrgirrlrig;lr-riskareas
l rt i'i,J &$oi ijrr I i{i l;r..r i lcli i"i g rjesi gi is
I I
p rr:cl uii c I ol1 i-r ncl f-.a i"i y';y*1 1^'-n i nt; s yrg{slrt s
i i
it ir.;ur irr ir-:tl i;ga i rrst pol:: i I ri+,, r'_la ila gellost;es
rtilr riir;iir riJ :jyI;t0itli,i
iti'r;:Lrt,.i zsti ti:iilt-r
;il$lt-:,' i f.'rli.ir. I tiirit fi ::tCii i ii-rf y
Cl i I t i
l/1
Vo1ppnoe.g
- hazalcl ;rr-rnatieit nraps
- mCInitcririgvolcanoesanclfr";t'*r:;rstini;r:ru;riiortr.r
- disasl.r*r respcrisri lnachin*ry
/nia-rcl
Jittt, :ic ;,:ssessrttlli'it (]'i i11.Jt:i$i.lr(:iit -- Iiril,x.ilt rt-irit 1 (J.
l10l
l-,Al
I,LJ)
-'.'r'ic:.r iriiit t/;rlie'l atea.\ ,, , ,
::aterj' v'lith
;i+=A!''/e 2 titittl.ll; ii-r! i)i r:]Ll::;.
,.i L ili'ic;Ciir,r,:i ie r;i i-,i rl()i;:$it-lr {-':l iij ;1,i1;1lr::rtl ti r.it r(}le+ct (,}i f(rr rhl"lc'ilctt)'y'
'
:a,.,eloL,irie tti '
I'il'l
I =--'i:irlatts i;i rr)rrjc r-lisc,-.rs$ tlrn iirilr:tvii rU
l":lidaies .r';!roulcj c{ei:ate tl're roie r.rf g:r;lsi i:lintal+: inr tllc cJevalo[lri+rrit n['
:=:e:i !anejir:r'nis. iieltr*rerrce slrr::i-rlr:l be lhacle to'ihe foilcnnrirrr:-'l :
15
{
. : j: ;
125l
4a (a) candidates shouid describe briefly processes of waVe eiosion ..' :
#; lffi i:i:iiii.Hg,:Tffi ,
- 't.lFg.',
G(eenSanu
\crnqn-
5€C*curs
be*,k* IT,{l'
**,.- ,
ffi
fi:,,irfi
t ,'irl \ir 1.!
-iCl;:'r:.;i r: -r
i;\:::;:&Ei
siUi :)
lti:.,1ffil; ;:'f Hllf !" 0".,,,,
E^-A Rr-e-
;
r-jrir;
r$
.i,i
lel
-'i
.d
(h) Measures to proteci cc;ilsr.ei i:ir i:j,.js srlih :rs sprrt rt-ianagerpernt
stabilizaiio. of coa.stal rJunes. ilc;i;irr,.r i:r:rrr:r.eie ,,:r.;ili,
1.1i:o1;i,*n, *i. srrourcr
be disctrrist:rj trt rlctail i'rllr:lelctic:rr l;i,,-,:lr: i,i,, j,,,,.,,i,r..',,.1, ,-:.-,i,_;,:;l ,r*u.** :trnw
pose lretzat'd {o ecosy'st*rtil; i)coltle.ri:ll i;:i.,iji_:{)1r_jii ,- -, 5r,
:}mg
,.lrriiji .ii,,.i$ lrr
other places, natr-tral pr1:r:t,;,3s,it,,,; :;iil.ritju i-:* ii:.ii i.j .,;,,,r;,rii, "",r.r'Jtiiyr.il
interflerence.
lrr''i
L.-:
Ma:k by impression i''.) i::.t
--5
''r-O-tpen9-eg
andformsl
- hazaicl ;i,;natiolt ntaf.)s
r nature - monitarrrrg \1ol,j:inoes filtr.j lc;ier:i:sting
- disas{er tEspct-isf} nlacflnery
r.rtLrl;iir;rrr.;
I lfij
'12):;;1
{,aircii,-iai+s $inrulrt discusli
/qe- ilie ic,jlur,lrir iil
a-{-t:o,rs
:-a!- ii) []ese'f {'}liinaiic c'':ntJi1.ipr"is "* e)rir6,:}nre :rrirJiiv. lrirll-r tr,rrrrp{ir.a{,Lrio i:r.l{l
-J:*\, e){oc}l-isi vs erra ;:o trct rr s p
,.U ' ii)
'
Fr"e'.seni.)(r L)l $(jlolteii
i
"ar,,f
r;t- li ilrr
t;r_;lr)j-ri.:J lltli l1il.s. :,r:'r;c$riil:t
gaiinigaiian cJr.le tc f
*;r'r.!ljsr\rr: no,r,,,rrol,tur,rr*i1lir;:ililrri. ,l'njJ,*r.:liur,,i
'l
\{sJF- h r ri i I'i r:il c: ti,
(iii) L-r f i t rr i a t u r t+ | az- r:.t lr i r;
irt
r, i;.
u i
j
\-r. ...Pt
) ili1j;iff,,,,,;1,,Jii,ff:,T#,ili-,*,c
;;;'" nr{;;i';ii1{i111, r,, {ir ; r:rc,^v;:riri'i;
','\c.c-e- .: tjr;ti; ll l:icxl;,lsll
_ lifr)r.opliitic trrlarrts
- pllrntg -witii ;l i;li,,rtI ljie ny.;lr: irr rr,,r;,;rr,i1r;:;t,;
'r
r':'ti l(i
itr i,t4r
ir li'r tr.r(.)1,,.(;,ri;
lr'li ;ir.,t1t,il
rait't str:rt ttg, *tc. i: )r::
f Crl
lwJ
,tl rnarir.* frrr
s;ciis
,agenl€)nt, 5 rnarj<s fr:ir veg;e,ratiori
;i. snould lllj
-^l{ie$5gS tr C;rrrJirjafes sltaulcj cjel:ate
fl.re role oi |:llsl elirrr;;l+: ir_r
:.ir'r'ts lrr fhc rlclvolo[:rlriel,.it rri
cesertiartcjfoi.trisnerere.n*lur''.],,r,:nerhi,,tei;;.;;;-icrilcrurirt6:'
; .!1:ii ,8i,11
i
t
ii--,i
JL t
.]
iil
Jfiifi":;;i?,['#J.f#j'l;il;,ffi*'X1
e vic{ence r:i clirnatici -;;;,8*,l;i;t'i,.:'",,',,,', '.]o,,€t$
i,,r'rcr r,riilcr;, ilir,,r
l;. ., j
strrirrl<f'g tat.,e.!, ,u.it. t**gli 'i;;;r;, ; g c;rleri*ivr_-i r,virc{i nctiru{jrli$,
ii,i'rii ;;fffi__
i,r\ l"ialaric*rl errgwgr siroi.rlcJ ittr:";lL.rrjr. rJrr:iinr.rr_.1"t.r,,
,,^,
1; wiirci eri:*rir:n.ara
= crel:,.riiri.r;: ;;;;;;i.',#;;;li_l;T,;}'ffi;,,fl1llll;,Jn1*:
rif .lesei t stornrs; anri tfreii gro,rri,.ri,l,ic
. sii:r-irfir:anrer, elc
l5
[A balanced answer should include present"day,processes landforms].
e;9. wind erosion and deposition, roie of sheet and stream floods, nature
of desert storms and thejr geonrorphic significance, etc.
, Jj
#T.,:t"#. i,;#ti;.o:S,.i5:;,,"
\onqo
Jt-LJ-Lo65
be-'.k*
a.aCLr"l ,
s\q&\g
f,.xtij IYoical cro<i-.".,;^- ^, -. . .
\ur-r,
,,.. *o"n i,oij,iiliii Y"":':"" .,
lel
(h) Measures to protect cc*slai l*'*ljs sr{ch i]s spit rr-ianagernenl,
stabilrzaticrn of ccastal ciuners, -;iq;i,irr!.r (.i){r,-rieie
"n,'eii i;ioliiir:s, elc should
be discussed irr rjctail f"tir:le:ctittri tlrl-,irlij i,i: ,ii-:ir4i 'r'liti;,it, j-r;:rii-jiiji t-)rcessES
pOse l"laZEit'd to ecosSstert'ir;. iri'lol:lp .-,;ri.i i;-ii.;, rli-:citi.rili * i) #r.*i-iia.,,',-', lri
other places, natr-trril [jtf-ic8s$Li:i :;itL.;it]tj bi; ii.'ii ii.-r ,-,iii:tf i:iii-J \.hii.i\h\.tl
interference.
llfjl ,r
Ma:k by iinpression ii);,1
L':'-' I
+:
;='erence should
and !:,T..0" to the glacier system lnputs,
ablation
=::,mulation shculd 6e exptained in detail.
iandformsl.
s nature
-^e gia(ief
,a';nce are
btslance !ial there iq a ror^
rtro nei
^ t'alan'e il ih€ iolilile bdlan(e afd lhe
equai negarrve
[16]
r^ Ft
lt")
., l
:- recesslon
A/q€-
Ji
€C-ttc,rs f ( ;{
i,o-o.!- --=
L,'-) (iA main processe,s to be discusseci
\)
,
:-: sub-glaciai fluviel actton
are: abrasion, plr-rcking, cliiall,iiirrr i
:
Srvca$-
<l.':)
'^x-irrcs-
(i
qE3r,t4 s
aragertrent,
":cdt
etc should wqLl
-+tt: r-\r/.l)cqtic i i1L ( il,ft.slt pl,,l.,'l
l-,rt- r, !J,.r ,r' .: i,t,clds suTllnt ':' jior;r, 'ue.L.
::-;i.:lt'its in 1lb nJ Aq'; *,/ofir*ol t&e n' !,1 ti r,!t'r",4f.r,,'
*rlt"s
,. .i" .r.,., r1
r,\ , flnt#
irt,0f
nwJi^3.'
.. \ \*r{*
-:_::::--l"-*
\\
,/..
s nh?ru gr
A1fl lf daff,i"
\,--- ?.-. ' //
tr-=s:-.
:
e 4 nrarks for cliagraitr
i1., I
I
Carrdidates shor.rld discuss any three of the following landforms for ful
rnarl<.s:
outwash pairis
VAT VES
eskers
liames errrd kanre terrac;el;
tiraidcd strearns
ro
io
,-,
irms for fuli
I [=' -'3 i"' ;] I"iil-q s ilF.A ffi {il,L }I }f alvgHN A
TIC N S C $ {JN C B.L
Gemer''aii cen6lficate sifl E{xucasion Ad'ancqrd r,evel
:>ti )i
.: :]-:, :')
.-. -:{-r:- Ji
9d56t2
I l\ ir\&,ivfl ffi Fi.f,?. Zfi {},{ lr4orning .l hours .l;ilr:
- -;c-ia lr.
17j
T/) trl
l1-'j
. =i i,ii:a;'
" r* - -::stion fi:nrm section A, fwre questions fi'oiii fiecticln B and one questi'n ftorn
iI :---::i:e:'s cn the separate allsvr'ef peper provirlecl.
? -"';o ilr:rn .r,
!:i{.if,i ,o o.ur;e;t
\rrjv oL,o- of papei., fasten the shegfs tr:gether^
::=_:'1*':ft:..'f't:lti*:f
:-l-:-:.s j:iigs. 6,4, 6B and [] at,the enrt
of'eac]r quesriorr or parr quesrion.
-.- -J r-
6C for lrse u,rtir euestion 10.
iF-r:).
r : js qrnesf
folr paper corisisrts
-.--'"-'€.''--:-*---- of g?m@
Copyriglrt: Zimbabwe School Examiriations
Council, l!2C04
fur^
Scction A (Practicals)
You are advised to spend,not more than 45 ininutes on this question. ':
Yrlu afe recluirecl to collect information about traffic flows along majoriroads
w[ir:[ connect tfie Central Busine'ss District (CBD) and suburban areas of a city
t.t
rlrtritrg the tnot'ning and evening rush hours.
(:r) IJxplain how you would plan and carry out a survey to collebt accurate' '
infbt'mation on the ilow of trafirc during the.rush hour periods' [10]
(b) tJsing a sl<etch cliagram, show how you rvould represent the totai volume h"
ancl dir:eciion of ruslt hour traffic during both morning and eVening' t8l
I tl-l
llow irelpfi:l would be your findings to the city1ransport planners?r'
.
( r,) Lil
You are iequired to stucly the Cerrtral Bnsiness District of a town and you have
il:rlrt pruvicleci with a large scale map (1:5 000) showinl; streets arrd buildings.
(rt) WJrat iirfonnation about landuse would you require and how would you
ciassily stich informa tion? [10]
{t,) (i) L)escribe how the extent of the CBD of the town could'be '
A B
F''ig, I
9 li6i 2 N20i1
3
Section B (Hunran
Core)
Answer hvo questtons
fi.om thi-s 5gs;jsn.
;,:ulation changetin relation
to food supplies by regions
ij.om l95.j
ln.
Der,eloped countrjes
-l^
a|..ij Developing courrtlies
.!)0
a ci.ty
+q0
o
5ll ,! ;:i
E
d oo o
,a :JJ
O c 60
lrate- ' l 50 €a
c 30 5!
[10] o st 30
o
tr & (J
c)
,-a,lume. '' '
F
E
: : D€r person cr
oj
1- lsl
:o I
I
973
r
l 9Bs 1 990
^: r11 .
L/ l
Etg. z
.: lave
-:lgs. I
th e
thmeti c and ome ari
.'r::ffi?"J$ f 1:'fi"t:
Le Malthusian
se rri c rares o r. pop'r
ari o'
theory.
ic you l6l
, ,[10J
iii ilff ii ;Til';;J}:.,.; T[i;f 'r betwe e n ro o d pro c1 u cl i,,,i a nd
!::gest Uzl
--.-'
shown
reasons whr o*' ot',on in ileveJopi'g counrr.ies
".ry iir,rJilLo.lptoduction
171
18l
l.
I I
!
I
t9
"l
I
U)
9 r 56/2 N2004
- sl1
4
-l i- t**---*1-*-r-;t
-1 r:-t'; t--*'.*'l-r"
j
ro-rq
5-e
["
l-. '*"rtT'
I u-4
l-t*-,*,--r-rs i -r-r'-r--*r#JrrlTl-ll
ei,i jiioiz3456 9t0 ,!rot!rtirrbc 65 4 3 2l o 12"34:
i\4Al'E L'ttr'i'qts
I',4ALE FEMALE
ATIOI'I POPi ILA"llilf i
,iOTAL POPULA'|ION I].l,.h4lGli
[lig" 3
ffi
Desbribe ancl ac<;ount for thr: charac;tet.isticl;
of gi:a-1rlrs A. aircl ll. tffi
(*) t*
yort have strtdi*d'
(h) With ref crcnce to olte city in a clevelopirig oounrri' Il'-
in-n-rigration'
riesr;ribe the nature oipr"t,t*n'to ,,u,,u*il bt' niass;ive
Li
y
,r /i
/'!
5
-r|31:,,s settlement leatures of region y.
a1r0n of a Khadoum
t, :he same TI
a./
7 Hassa l:leisa
tr/,a
aa.-ra'.aa
/.,.-,,
''"f*1:'1-
'.2 .''?2-,
: l0l ],345 til ,-r,t-ra
}.EIViAI.,E V/ad lv{erlani
; POPIII-A.11ON
ir'{anaqil
@
G
- irst-or.der centre
U Second-order centre
;.ridi*C, Thirri-order cenh-e
!n. r1i
t-t
: Boundary of Cezira
i "-i Area v/ith services
I
h (b) i
- Regional road
i?i Railrvay j\
I
I 0 5n
I
l.*-*,_-,._**-.-_:_,, J
lcm
Fig.4
9155t2 I,t2()c4
6
ri {u) IJxplain briefly the tenns suburb an is ation and. co unter-urb anis ation. t6l
Percenlage
loss/gain
R.esidential
+60
-, Transport, utilities
+40
+20
Health, education, etc_.
Delence Iand
-24
-40
-60
Fig. 5
/ 4lr'l i.)utlirre the diffbrences between subsistence and commercial larming. t6l
{;u } \rtzith refcrence to one example you have studied. explain how subsistence
ialrning has changed or :r tire past 30-ycar.s lr2l
,(cr 'r;rrlr
une L,ess Econrrmically Dcvelopecl (-'ountry )'oll nxve stutlied,
!
i:'raluate the success of lancl reforrn irrogrammes being inrpler^renrcC. t-t\
L,l
',.. :''.r
1r1/'
\r
fitplain bid rent theory in relation to agriculturai landuse. " t6l
'1
ii"jr \4ritli refi:rence to N4ore Econom.ically Developed Countries, shorv how
lltc itttpact of physical factors on aglicttliurai production has been'
i::rIti,,:cd,
krr
hr'.' 18 NOVEMtsER.2004
N4orning 3 irours
-
F. - tt.,-iolt
lF.*- : .-:i
I
[-_ -: iours :
--
E CTION'S TO CAI\TDID,,{TES
iiz Human
l'121
t71
L')
l6l
itstence
lrz)
a -r l'1 t
L/r
t6l
fo lv
This insert consists of 2 prixafeci pagcs.
I12] i Copyright; Zinrbabwe Schooi Exantinatiorrs Council, N2004,
P'*
l1)
Initial stage
Main port
Overseas suppliers
Fig. 613
Intennediate stage
p
Overseas suppliers
Fig,6C
GG
Overseas supplicrs
a.1')
r
7
(it agglomeration;
(iii) externalecono{niesof,scaie,
(iv) de-industriaiisation:
) { r ) rmport_substilrrtion.
l6l
Give a reasoned account of the
I distribution anci character or
l\ ranufacturing industry in any o.r*
i\\ you harre 51161"6.
"o,,nt.y rt2l
3GS forv far true is it ro sa1' that raw rnateriars,
; suppliers i : i a-r' an imporlant ro e. i'
rr-rer and power rro rongcr.
--t r
o.r gi;ui r. t1ing,up a'ci sr-rbsequent
:ranufacturing in dLrstries ?^the gro ra,.trr of
r7l
4 :rp]ain tlte lcrnrs
tnoJs. l,:1tt.,,sttt atrd.
ecotouris:m.
l6l
;,*fo
;;gs, 6a, 68 a'd 6C (j,nserr I) iepresent
rlug:_, in the tourism_propellcti
::onomic development of a'Les, p"ono,nir?il,
il;.;;.a co,,n,,1,.
ii) Describe
'"l-:1oru,,n th.e rinkage between tourism cieveroprncnr
ard agricultirral pr.oduction as ,io*n in the
di;g;;;r,r,
iir) why is sLrch devero''rent mor.e to mass tourisnr than
ecolourisrn? 'inked
-'l:ith lr2l
lt reference to a nameci Less
, lrco'o'icarly Developecr cou'tr.),. assess
::e measures rhar ha'e been pr;
i::s * ;i;;; to deverop i,rtrrrrii""ar tourism
r7l
'l
./
- -crt ap"cttcv
-F
-,.1rq
I li6i2 i.j2ilr)l
f i-urn rtr c;
I
rx (a) ulv'rg
exarnples, briefry *xprain the terms *acririonarfiters,
and
commerciol t'ilels. ,r i. t6r
L-l
Iur ope
Ocrania
Itiorth
A.rncrica
F''ig. 7
l,
t)esr:ri,e and ex;rlaiu the tre'ds ir e'er.gy consumption srrown. I 1)1
L'"1
(c.) Wirii le I,:rence io ,rlne Less Econornicalli, p.ua,oped Counlry,
assess ilie
rrleasures takcr to address the enrzironrnental problems
ca*sed by the use
o f rra,.!; ri..ri, rrl Juel:;.
Ll J
ir0l
(bl For aily ome c:ormtr:/ ou have srucried,
assess tire n,easlres rvhicli have been
t*it':* tri iii!'. (:*rrlrerri ro ,r'p.'ve on rr.re ,r*,rrr;;i
;;;;;ila r:er..r,orks. Ir 5l
9 1561 2 1\12()04
t6t
L_
'
l10l
l trtl'
I t- |
112)
r-1
L /l
; iiOl
-.J
{151l
t'-
. ;xpiain
Ii0]
ffi
: been
'-:. 11 {l
LlJj
f'--
ffiffiNFHH}ffiNTIAIL
hIOVEfuIBEIR. 2AO4
MAR.Kflt$G SCE.{EM[:
\l
9
NCIL -.'.'-:lt
ref-eretrce to exantp-,les stuclied, explairi
ihe terms
r.i) core region;
(iii) downrvardtr-ansjtionregion.
li0l
:, With reference to a couni.ry stuclied, evaldate
the polir: r+s' iittrorlLtoe(i
by the govermnent to redLrce regional imt,alances.
I I /:r.
I Lti
9 l:6/2 N2(ti)-1
F-F:
ffiffiNF[ilHNTIAIL
hIOVEMBEIq. 2OA4
MARKIhJG SCh[EM[:
ij'E
\7
Section A (practicals)
{CIL
- : r-=s:cn caiis for both planning and executing a survey.
-=.': :.', :y- points could
be brought up:
'
= -
.:iselreconnaisance/piloilfireirrninary
: -:s _.,irve)/ - seeking permission I
::.a a:rg a base-nrap
:3^i'f;,i1-19 the number ancl Jocation
of survey points
jishing observer teams/or
==.ar working alon-e'
-::-,,'al or tirning of counts
:=s oI vehicles to be colrr-itecl/sarnpied
--: : -:'ng
of data
-
= -: to count traffic in both directions at any observation point
--^l!^r-.
rs not expected to draw a comprehensive map. Any
^{ at least two major routes f-^*- rr-
il u| t Lt le L,tJU woLlld be
:'=
. realistic teclrnique woulcl be to use a flow line
nrap, since it
erable tlre representatir_ln of both direction and volume
-,1, of
-l
__l
:
: -: stc\,n,volume
;r -: -:: on of direction of traffic by msans of arrows
:*-: ::- .ange of values from volume/key
:i : i- .. :il indicating volume
of traffic
r ::: :--orr,,s/lines to show two way traffic
I ! =,.'..e diagrams
_l
, maxirlum 4
*
''r"*i: - - = ,rark for iliustration showing 2 routes
I ': - -- :,.ant points
on both sl<etch map ancJ text
i
: -:e part
: _,=stionnai
(c) candidate should show the value of the survey for planning prjrposes
n, :atcrs w
whrch could include thc following:-
- l:: .-
- *identifying areas
where congestion would occur and herrce
need io: _ : - -^ ^ ^ -
-:^ n.nn
widen the road :
___
-:^F^^^>
: -
_rtlV.J
-- =an.6
-,, rLL
:-aanaa
*__,Ltvi
rnclal traffic liglrts - - ^ , ^r;
build access roads -:,; cJLiL
land use valrres hence tire use of qrrestionnaires ancl inLerviews j u.u
- corninc:rc;ial
^ light rnanufactltring
- speciaiist services
- parking
- governmerti use
- residc:ntial
- recreation
t(f
tu
(10)
r1 {A
:::art (a) allows the use of observation, intervievvs arrci
'-:-naires, candidates are likely to come up with a variety of
:: .:'s whrch would identify the exteni of the CBD.
:: =,'ant observations would include.-
lsl
random sampling It allows a sample to be drawn fron'r a
such a wav that each element has an equal chance of
l1
ES
{T Sam lin
- l;rnC is titr,ti, t3
-ltends
(b)
grcrwilt
- Fir.lth fooci 1ltorlr.rctior"r arrd popuiation are irrcreasing in iVlEtiCs anci
I-EllCs
, i--oocl 1:rotir,tclrorr is i-riglrr;r in IVIEDCs than in LEDOs
- [-:clod procJLrction per pelsorr is irarely increasing in LEDCs but had
' greatly irrc;reaser:{ irr lMEl.)Cs.
- l:opLrlation risirrgi consitantly irr LHDCs wlrereas there was a
c{er.;rease belween 197t) and '1976 irr per capita food proditction in
VIHL]C \
. T-he ga1-r helw*en population anq-i food produtction is widenirrg for lhe
[t/iEDC'rl vulrerreras for LEDCs is natrowirig
*!
Reasons
.1-^
--::
-::
: ..2) for 3 developecl points
- : (,1) for single points (7)
',= Reasons 2 centre per person
ll5J
4 (a) Population graphs A and B lrave similar structures in thai tltere a:re
more males thart females.
- for an exemplified credit ('l ) for sing le points maximunr- 6 or (2) for 6
developed poirrts
(c) Cancjidates are expecteci to discLtss attenrpts and evaluate them. 'Thi.s
deperrds on the nature of problems iderrtified in (b) abo',rg answer
irnt<ed to (b).
.4
,-l- r)
= :^;:aqe
^ ^ -^,-t
and should ctiscuss succcsses or
)fc)
',e'','r,nicit says no attempts
--:::i;s have b,r:cn macje
, is a two-dimensiorial answer.
I dLU
are : Sezira boundairy
-
= = -' :cnrmunicaii,orr t-egional road ano, raitwj y
ural
' ' '=':o.um (capital) outside the irrigateci ar.ealonly
\ : -:s
_
.e :he Gezira boundary.
30r --
:'niiy '- = ::rfluence
- : :as ',vith a lot of services
and '= s=::jeinents/centrat places evenly spread i,rlitttin
'- tiie
=
1.2
tion,
rof
nose economy catnnot support many larqe urban
F^.
IUI Q
U
:ng lradition/history of colonisation (imperjal centres
-
-
t-.-based co untries exr:ept fo r a gricultu re
- decentralisation
- Satelliteinetr'r/dorrnitory lowns etc
6(a) Suburbanization
C oun ter:urh4ryjzation
(b)(i) l-hts part seeks to focus on the candidates abiiity to rnte rpret the
g raph.
Lr5
l: : :: :1 ,,,e reaso's why there is clecline/gr.owtir of lancluse
: -:- je s show a donrinance of the suburbanisaUc;rr pror;e;ss.
2l
= :'
-*iai-urban fringe occurs
\l/irere rural randuses never wirr
=-: :_shed out
=--
-: ro longer the fundamental
basis clr rr_iral
-r" life-
'
i.:l:.,', 't: : 'i
=.:-::s by farmers to diversity into norr-a.qrici.rltural ac.tivities ''
cr ct
=
-=-'- zndlwoocr rots become a source'of oiitdocrr ,-"rr*"iino."i '
-: =:s:d demand for recreationar ra.d fronr rarg;e urban ar"eas
- : -: ... and commerce
attracted by row i atbs ress l;liir;l
'i :.-- ':-rental laws and improved inforr-natiorr technolog;i; l;;;;J
5l :___=':ilges
[25]
t0
{-
7(a) The questton calls for comparrson betweerr the two farming systems in-
iernls of;
- technical skills
capitalisation
size of farms
- r.tse of labour
- inten"srty of prr:clLrctiorr/scale of farming
\ - types and use of productslmarketing
- level of technology useidegree of mechanisation
- productionoblectives
(b) A general cluestion callirrg for an answer based on any country where
subsistence agrrcLrltrrre is practised.
(c) The stlccesses atrd difficulties of Iand reform wril depend on the
exanrple c;hoser"r.
i1
\1
should be an atternpt to evaluate
land reform in terms
\
;:.:- :::- .esource balance
i = =: :_ 3f iano
-*:n:al vs,socio-economic issLies
::-::--- : fOf eXample ':
"" F:-=:=-:lt (6)
,|
(7)
[25]
--- a demonstration
of an understandirrg or the biri-rent
-- s ;deas without or
ner.r.uiity ,"furarii'g to tnem
: landuse pattern emerges with
cJistance frrm rnar-ket (1)
*: :'13 vrhich brings.the
higlhest returns/or needs maximrm
;::-- :-; is grown closer to the niarket (1)
: - :.:st bidde,,,i^.-.th:,crop vuhich gives the
i- =:ecific location (1)/iniensiiv ,.r nrnr.rr highest returns on
r:=-:: ,,,orn tfra ruifraiii')"'="o''r 'Ji p-iocuction
^ri^^ deciiires
-- wnn ^,
;::-'!
for showing the land use zones using
3W.
a diagram as
t2
(6)
= :: constraints or adverse conditions may rnean
- -:DCs, in MEDCs itmay impty reJuced prodLrction n()
only.
-_- :an be include:-
--- sers in case of poor soils
)2
:rOSS \i
green houses - to control temperature - ,:{es pl€
:: -: aC'Van
food self-sufficierrcy
I ie-indu
- raw rnaterials to agro-basecl industries e.g Cairns fruit. and 4
vegetable canning - but sonre produce is discarded as sub- b:: -te los
standard
fn:-::sing d
Foreign cui"rency earnings - coitcn, wheat, tobacco, tea, coffee p--:ny
l
(1)
growers e.g Tanganda, Gokwe, Sanyati, Chisumbanje
'
Employment generation - although not permanent or gainful at
times. rlpod sr
Consunrers of rnarrufactured gords like harvesters, drivers, f: -::;ng loc
cultivaturrs, m if king machines
B:_: -rg imp(
Help to diversify national'economy
i: -_: alterna
Credit (2) f or 3 developed poinis and ('1) single point
General answer max (3) (7j
[25]
t3
'li;ri
Gross weight loss
F Agglonreration economies
De-industrialisation
: and
^ UU-
5
,1. e::: lte loss of jobs in industry (1)
*:-:asing displacement
of manufacturing by service activitjes in the
- -. tt.-
--ltcc ^
'*::-:my (1)
.i , ^l
*l dt
nrpoft substitution
i4
(b) Example-based answer
Distribution factors
l*-
- government policy
rnarkets
- availability of labour
- econonles/d!seconomies of scale
- otlrer factcrs
Cl^raracter-
labour/capital intensity
- type
- footloose I4
15
5l
answer maximum 3
(/)
[25]
_--_-_- :--."i:": J l
/B
:: - croduced food may be cheaper than inrported
-r-::s may create a dernand for local tastes hence bclr:st
' !16
t6
f
. political stability
CommerciAl fvels,
t7
.4 1
:r- riretica consumes far more energy than any otl-rer region i.e
-,,- :: .-at of Europe, ten times that of Asia and more tiran 20 tirres
: i-, :' Africa
:-:- -iiiericauses five times the world average
I
=: : 2) marks only for one continent
a'ation ! ::',- l
k
* -: s:enario is a result of ,low socio-economic {eveloprrent in
--- :: a:C Asia (1)
: :',els of technology
ig standards/povefty
r-: :aies shou\d assess i e how far successfu\, to what extent, very
:::-.s'ui - supporiirrg
-----t,,1 -...-.- evidence from the chosen corrntry highly
(7)
max 3 125l
1B
f-
- soak
_ i^: _-
t'Ll)
\-/ Arr ct',er-r ::rreslicn whose example can be drar"vn from e'lhe;' i.-f DC or 3 i2-^
MEDC urban area
incineratiorr of litter
lo
rsb
=" ..',a.' method
:=-' :--rping sites
-'=:-ecipitaiion
\.
q : : -=::.:alks for. cooling
= -ay include:
)
:-,:, iegacy
20
(f-
(b) An axarppre-based question. candidates
can give LEDC or MEDC and
rSsurd'adcJ'ess botir transpoJ system.
r*ooE.iand
confrectivity) projects, *ct,emu, tor cirosen networks (inter_
.;;;;ly.
l\lea sures may inclucie:
-
t dualization of highways
- e lectrification of rail
, n ew bu.s terJlf
f l '
- c{redging of waterurays
.- feecJer.systerns
- flyovers
$ - train buses
- double <Jet:kers
Crr:cJit (1)
for iJ singie poirrts
Credil (2) for 4 cieveloped measures
IB
Assessnre.t-iarroibre schemes
General answer"rnax (T)
ancr
.,.\,/
r'!
- "- projects to be evaruated
ffi
l7
2t
57
Res ou rce frontier region
- regionalpolicy/policies .15
- how successful iVthey have been t5
e.gs may include Venezuela, Brazil, ltaiy, Costa Rica, Zirnbabwe,, UK;
France, Sierra Leone (15)
1251
22
ABWE SCHCOT, trXAIW{NAT{ONS CCUNCXL
General Certificate of Education Advanced Level
/ t,;
I
'.'; 2 JUNF,-2004 I\,Iorning 3 hours
IONS TO CAI\jDIDATES
!
iame, Centre jrului:er
\ ancl oand,idate r:grnber in the ,Ou"a, provided on the sirs!,,/er.
? -
:r booklet.
.rr questious.
*
!i ilswers on the separate answer paper pr.ovided.
if rnarks is giver i* brackets I },at the end of each question or parl qrresiiorr.
I
2
Section A (Practicals)
r
fi
T
i
l:
Do not spend more than 45 minutes on this question.
(a) Draw a sketch map to show the main features of reief and drainage of the area i
on the map. ,; e-
(b) Describe and explain the relationship between the relief and drainage features
lt
+
sho#n on the map. i2
1
You are required to make a detailed study,-of the vegetation of a small area, approximate
10km2. 'f:'-
, - r' .
i : . t:
(a) I{ow woulci you plan and carry out the survey to establish the changeg in
vegetation ofthe area coVered?
l)
':' -,( r
r
,t
l*.ll'
9156/r J2004
(,a
-|
f
the areE
l:
;1
atqres
.t
roxim
€ i-.
!.
,):J O
*H
j
/o /u
lt
Fig. 1
:
l)escribe and explain the anontalies shown. l12l
.,(r) J'o what extent do human activities contribute to i,,cai temperature
vuriatior rs? L /l
9l:i6 l.il()0.1
m,t
!'l
9t56il J2004
1.,
|,
t.'',.+
'\
(a) Define t'e follou,ing terms as used in the sfudy
of soils:
(i) incluration;
iiil t.aching;
(iii) iltuviatiln. :,
theis.' i6l
(b) Explain the processes responsibre
for the formation of different types
tropical soils. of
u2l
(c) wirh refere"::l: counrry I .l i I r' .,ijrt ii,l
, , .halqpeen raken to"1. rou
f.1ve {ud1ed,
evaluale measure,; i,uhich
:...-,'-.:.
i
of soils,
'
improve iirJiruriry
" : fa1
L/ l
-
ls?
9156/t J2004
Section C (Physical Options)
(a) Accountfortheglobaldistributionofmountain'chains.o;eanicridges,,
deep trenches and island arcs.
tel
. : .. . - ..
10 (a) In which parts of the world, and rbr what reasons, do tropical cyclones occur?
tel
(b) using examples, assess the effectiveness of rrreasures taken to limit rhe
effe cts of tropicalptorms.
[]61
ll (s) Briefly explain the main erosional processes occuning in hor ceserrs. tel
(b) With reference to examples, discuss the concepl of sustainab:l:r. i:r iiie contexl
of arid and semi-arid environments.
llr, j
t2 (a) s/ith the aid of iabelled diagrams, describe the main fearu:=, :: ..,.:.. c
deposition.
lel
(b) With reference to examples, discuss the vie*, tliat ihe :,:s:
managing coastalenvirorunents is ro leare rjr:nL :lr,i..
L+
ir
i'1
'ZIMBABWE scHool EXAMtNATtotts couNctL
General Certificate.of Education
Advanced Level
tel
'. 1l"r;i:'
:
oj
CONFIDENTIAL
Ll
-,a
\! tn.l
L7 l
t1 6l
to'l
Ll)
i:e Xt
l'l r' J U NE 2OO4
lel
MAIRKING SCHEME
[16 j
llt,l
SYLL,ABUSICOMPONENT: 9156/01
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 1
t
\ .a:
oo
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t'I
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t lt
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, / ti
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I'W fi,
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l:'1 i'2r
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l*!(,
l.',,)1
qo Eo * tn*
1",':4,','
'.', ,,). )t
,
I
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IP'
I
l: . t'il
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l,
It
l^
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Ir
t,t
t,t,
I
l\q
l"
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l',
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r?,i,,$
4
u
{,r_
V) ;----
\
Relief features: -
Up to.7
Drainage features
UptoT
NB: total should not exceed 13
! ltsl
uplift blocl<iChararna plateau has no or few drairrage
channels on,it (dry prateau) because it is made of porous
and/or pervious rocks such as sands and/or sandstones with
a high iransmissivity of water inhibitinq channelisation on thb
I
T
surface. lt is also flat at the top. This encourages infiltration
rather than runoff
dissection by the Manyoni River from the west and other
rivers fr:om the North, East and south indicates the plateau is
:,ro wdtershed.
radial.centrifugal pattern resulis as plateau acts as a cerrtral' ,;
highland area.
- the large stream density for rivers flowing from the plateau
shows that the water is flowing on clayey or basartic rocks of
increased erodibility but narrowness of vaileys 'indicates
reduced slumping due to cohesion of rocks/soils or fl-re upper
--J i;:iilltr ri rFtr:. r,l :
corJrse, O,ft thq, river va eys
II
height
I ;'i
density
species count per quadrat, identification of tree/prarit
species
amount of grouhd Iitter, reaf and characteristics
- type of species
- drip area
!.1,
'1 mark for each identified characteristic. :' ,'
i5l
(c) To present findings, candidates can use any
one of the following
ways of presenting _ data.
i6j
(d) candidates to discuss the following problems and
solutions: _
- effect of contlnentalify
- sun's position/shorter days in the currents
- coid and warm ocean clrrrents
- size of lanrj masses
itr'
(b) (i) Clor.rcls can be classified on the following basis:
[ .,rr-' ...
(ii) candiclates slror.:l.J use exarnpres of relevant clorids.
Reasons to inclLrde; -
(a) Accept any 3 clear differences for full marks, Difierences include
Granite Limestone
- massiveiimpermeable - hiQhly permeable via joints
- igneous rock and bedding planes
- sedimentary
'
- formed deep'underground rd
compos ition-mica quartz and - form at the surface
feldpar - B0% calcium carbonate
- has pseudcbedding pianes '-islayered,has bedding planes
- hard --soft, e.g. chalk
- cryrstalline - fossils of marine creatures
[,,
(b) candidatet to explain how weathering
development?te- and erosion lead to the
of the following landforms: _
- _ physicat wearhering
IIi:,? il9 :rrrryins
- rncusrriarrzation increases acid _ chemlcal
- afloresiation increases chelationrain
agenir,';i;.-' "'*"'
weaihei^inc;
- deforestation
by impression
Itttart<
17l
t25l
(a) well-annotated diagrams can earn
fuil mar.ks. Differences to incrude
n3 --.'ldTrl"
\\&
qr
]\. '-l -'-. \-? r I
'
i6l
{I
(n
incoherence of materials
steep gradients
water content
vegetation cover
triggering forces such as earthquakes and geological conditions
that favogr sloPe retreat.
that
(c) Candidaies to discirss both climatic a.tld ger:logical condjiions
favour sloPe retreat.
resistaint rocks
presence of free faces
steep slopes on areas of soft rocl<
excessively clraineci rocks, e.g' limestone and sandstones
Climatic conditions. \
[,'l*
- b) Candidates to explain how various soil forming processes leacJ to the
development of tropical soils such as latosols, solonetz, ferrugious soils.
Processes to be discussed include orgartic sorting, weathering,
humificcation and chelation, translocation, gleiying, elluviation, tlluviation
and salinisation. Grasslands - seasonality of rainfail causes induration in
horizon B. Rainforest,- strong leaching ancl elluviation, leaching .'of
horizon,A2andacidifiiationofsorls-tatosJls/ferralitic. "' i''
jitions
Desert, 'ar€aq. - saline soils, e.g. solonetz 'andl solCnchak diie to
precipitation of :salts near the surlace. Azonal/imnrature soils.
4 marks for each clirnatic region, i.e. arrd grasslarrd and iainforest
;. l12l
l'" :
t{B:
.. I
16l
10
oceanic ridges: form at the divergent prate boundary wher'e there is
thinning of crust due to divergence which leads to cracks then
upwelling. of magrna which solidified to form a ridge, e.g. mid-
Atlantic ridge. '
'11
t-'
flood control
rejnforcement of buildings
afforestation; hail disrupiion;
_ disaster preparedness
rescue teams
_ education
_ recovery teams
_ evacuation, : ;
-;:;;'
"
Efrectiveness can be assessed
in terms of efficiency of
';;"'inr"o,,i"r
o'
aata ,nu.nin".;,.,
ffiqj,::l:l ,etir"munLl" u n
l16l
.o
[2sJ
(a) candidates to highright the fotowing
erosionar processes: _
112
r...l-
- beaches
- spits
- bars
i * coalrlal dunes .
".'' ,
- I rrr:1,
''r1.l
mudflats ., . t_
- . tombolos
:
' i " r:l-,
_/,. :j
I 1:',
"1
.
"i:
i
- revetments
[16]
otr1
f
LZ.J J I
IJ (a) Permafrost is a permanent frazen ground.
4
- Soil temperatures remain below 0 for at two consecutive
years. V
13
Types of permafrost.
'1
'occurs:further
south irr the
iemisprrere reachirrn;;
r:I!:*
t"'p","i,,. i, t",*een r* as 500 in
3il5:l*n:e"ti;;:#" *1
-s lnd
areas which ri" ;;;.';irffi: i:i;i:t"jTi"":€round **pu,.#i bi ress coro
r:j Sporada permafrost. ; l' , - .-. r,,, ,, .
ffiffii:;ff ,sltoulci-
r.,.j ",-ourar surfaces consisting oi rlur.xocks, rvhicrr are
pits un.i u"ri,..,s. They
g r'."' n rk J'''" *''
i,,J'' ;;,;;;" ; ; "'ffi:
:-"-'J i; ;t Tff l#;:il1,[:' th e v a re
Features include. :
-
Arases rar:ge frat-froored
ice wedges. -fhese iorr
<iepressions formed by
thawing or a network of
nrrlrous troughrir<e depressions
Mounds - or baydjarikhs
-mound up to 4 metres, which separate
alases' shaped like graveu
mounds.
n"n.*-[;r;,;ly the
referred to ai'cern etery
'afrer€,!156 D'.r.r
[16]
i2sl
I4
Types of permafrost.
'r-Utscontinuous
.: permafrost, : ,' :'. :
Features include _
t16l
{}--, n,,,ro*g,*-r,ru-n,,,0, ItAl
LL! )
l+
f.,i
"' :oi\s coul..{cll
ZTMBABWE SCHooL dfEXAMr{t -tl Level
Ansrryer
c*JJctJnCatt Educaiion Advanced ansrferj
9Ls612 l1
GEOGRAPIIY
PAPER.2. ,..,
3 hours l
TIME 3 hours
INSTRUC'TIONS TO CANDIDATES
the an$wer
number and candidate number in the spaces providS{1/r
Write yoltr name, C'entre
paper/ansu'er booklet'
B and one question from
A, rwo questions frorn Section (,
tffi:::lrfi:::["#omsecrion
Section C'
answel pape: pt?uiqtl..
Write your answers onrthe separate \,
If you use more orpuptr' fasi"n the sheets together'
th;;";;;'li I
ir
rl
II.{FORMATION FOR CANDIDATES
question'
is given in i
brackets I at t1d.:if each questiol or.Part (e
The number of marks 'ltt in the field or the classroom'
you shoulcl ma\e reference to *pplopriu*L***pl.r, studied
*it*..ift"te arq relevant to a question' rtion A'
A.
You are advised ;;;;C;; i*--gtt than 45 minutes on Section
presentation in your ansyers
y.ou are remirlded of the need for gooJ Engiish and clear
(c
OZ-ilvls EC i2004
Scction A, (practicals)
:IL
-:S1'f one question from this section, You are advised to spend not more than 45 minutes
- .'.i7e:in g this question.
'' i',:-^t" '.,.1: l
(a)
''
Outline the kind of information you would investigatc so as qg determine
t: -'
': thelordeslt'nebhland"intei'comectedness'of''che irarrrui"rtpfbEdLd!;f{'ilrfr.' '' ',:
physical environment. ,
t6l
(b) Describe how you would plan and carry out the survey.
t8l
(c) (i) What constraints or problems are ),ou lil;clr. to face u,hen
conducting the survey?
ns\l'e:
(a) Draft and justifi a list of not more than 10 questions you would ask people
in this town about themselves, their origins and their movements (if any)
to the town.
t10l
(b) How would you choose which people you would ask tire'questions you
have listed in (a) above? i8l
(c) Assuming that you have received answers to your queslionnaire from
100 people, how would you present your results in order to show clearly
what you have discoverpd abbut migration to the town you are stuclying? 17]
It
91s6t2 J2404
I
+
n
J
,i
.
Seetion B (The f{uman Ccni:)
l
1..
it, label one country to which each stage could apply, i. 'i ' ,'.'.' [6]
\ ,r ' : '
(b) With reference to More Eccinomically Developed Countries (MEDCs)
and I-ess€conomically Developed Countries (LEDCs) you irave studied,
explain in what ways high birth rate and iow birth rate are likelizrto create'.,
" 'econontid and.sooial problems.
(") Assess the effectiveness of the national populatron policy for any pountry
youhavestudied. ', 'Ul
t^l Define the terms
(
(lll ethnicity,
(r
societies. U2l
(c) Giving exarnples from countries you have srlrdied, assess the atternpts
which have been taken by goverrunent to reduce racial inequalities. Ul
(a) Explain the interaction which cxists belween rural and urbau settleinents. i6]
(h) With reference to any rural area you have stud.ied, outline the causes of its (b
cievelopment and growth. LI2l
(c) F'or one urban area you have studied, assess the afietnpts by urban (c)
authorities to stop the decline of the area. L71"
9t5612 i2AA+
(a) Explain and iliustrate the terms
t6l
(b) (i) srith reference to one city you have stuclied, expiain the effeCts
of the locarional shift of the cBD iu the old ciesfr.te,l
region of err croacirment. ^;"";;; rl.
(ii) Outline measrrres taken by any developed conntry
),orL have
udied in controlling urban sprawi.
112l
(c) ,r A:rsess attemptg by,
govem*rrnts in LEICs in r:;-i..g r, irriub'e tlier -' 'i r\':t-l't;-ir-i" :
Ic) ' To what exfent is it true to say that large scaie piantation asricuiture has
benefitted MEDCs rather than the LEDCs n,Jreie tirey are j*ocatecl?
17l
(ii) techrrology;
i.
".. I
-:b
5
i1
i
KEY for A-D j {
. , Village' I
)
i
O Iown
o I Indusrrial,
O I towns oi
.:(
',f r', 6 J l,i3jl:",. ,I
'''r''--J-*'
rr^,r-i.rir ija.
t:-"
I -
' . -..! .'
'Li'nks
J ', .'j "'., rl
:..' .
(
(,
91.r. tl i
t-
6
112l
i'
(b) Assess the me.asures being taken by goverriments
in LEDci to reduce
environmentar degradation caused bf mineral
**pioiiutron
[13]
(a) Briefly g1p]_gin the.causes gf globar u'arrning and green house effuts. tvt
LUi
I
t8l
(c) Assess the'attempts made to reduce air poilution
in any urban
environrnents you have studied.
iel
(a) Define the terms node, accessibi/ity and. connectiviry.
i6l
(b) wi,t{refglence-to appropriate exanipres. exprain how the
Taafe Monir
and Gould model correctry ,r,,r-,*".lr.r.rrui.,
in the
trairsport networks of some developing courtries. "-"r-ti"" "f th;"
t1 0l
(c) with reference to any country ycu have studied. assess how the existing
lTt_p"f."etworks
inhibit or piorncte internal ..onon l.Jevelopment and
external trade.
tel
5l
'tl
'1
j
'I
,j
lt
,I
t-
1,,
nt
l4 Table 1 shows ranked data for GDP, energy consumption and birth rates for
selected countries in 1980.
. Table 1
...
GDP per capita Energy consumption per capita
US$ Rank kg coal Flank Birth rate Rank
equivalent per 1000
(a) Describe and explain the relationships which exist between GDP,
energy consumption and birth rates shown in Table 1. [10]
(b) To wirat extent are the three variables shown in Table i reliable inclicators
of the economic and social development of a country? 115]
{.
Z$MfffiAffiWffi SCF{CIOL ffiXAfuT[NAT[ffiNS
COUNCIL
General certificate of Education Advanced Level
trffiIUFIDHhITIAt
3nk
MARKEruG $ffiFiffiTVIH
- Problems encountered
(b) Pre-survev
- Familiarization/pilqt survey
- Obtain loose map of the area
- Obtain permission from factory owners
. Team work/solo
- Prepare adequate equipment, e.g. notebook, pencil, pen, safety
clothing (r
- Read around the topic/literature revie'ru
- Design ldrafl a questionnaire
(c
Actual survey
- Observation
- Collection of statistical data
- Sampling - collect samples where possible
- Draw sketch maps
- Questionnaire
- lnterviews
- Record responses.
(c)(i) illiteracy
falsehood
- biased infornration
- secretive/contidentiality
- ignorance
- rudeness/hostility
- inaccessibility 12
t4l
f; ti
*-
sl<etch diagram/annotated
ior _ iilustratio ns/g raphs
maps
Table
.-.i;r
'.-'t '. SCX
.)
>.:. - age
- occupation
- ,purpose of visit
t6l - frequency of visit
- mode of transport
- place of,origin
- distance trdveleci
- costs in terms of iirire anrj money
/
Draft IE
Justify l5
l10i
ety
(b) sampling meihod chosen to be well-explainecl and appropriate
also to include issues iike chosen locaticln arrd 1.irne of inlervier,,rs
Ii;r
(c) any diagram choserr, e.g. flow iine, bargraph, pie chart.:
Credit (2) for 3 developeci steps in the metho<j of present at,it>n (2.,2.'),'l \
Credit ('l) mark for singie points
\81
I'
t2
t4l
r.
Section ts (The Human Core)
3 (a) High fluctuating stage/stationery 'i :
farty expanding
' ^*^ expanding
Lcll-U
Low fluctuating stage/low stationary , l
,
. .-
.l -r-- transitional
Accept - country, e.g. Zinrbabwe t;tage 2 or 3. fa'l
[u]',,
(b) The answer slrould cover economic and soc;ial problems in bcth MEDCs
and LEDCs.
LEDCs MrP-c-q
Economic - Unemployment Labour shortage
Problems - Low GDP laLboul
rigrant la
Depenclency on migrant
- Slow development High taxation
l3l Stratn financial resoLlrces
SOLITCC S Itr
j
art_]
services Loneliness l9;
I l12l
Irn
- People have descended from three main
races, i.e. Negroid,
Mongoloid and Caucasoid.
- Each race has its.own culture, language,
religion
- For harmony, justice must be done to
the minority groups 12
(ii) Ethnicity
- Stratification of society
-Cross-feriilizationofcLltirres/culturedilution/genocide
- Differences in beriefs, curture, rerigion, r"rg;;;;, tastes, rever of wearth
- Discrirninationtendencies
- Loss of identity
- Civic strife
- Stereotyping
il
(c) Examples can be drawn frorn different countries/or just one, e.g,
(b)
l-lris; is an exanrllle-basr:rj an$wet
Credii (2) for4 tlerieloped points on developnrent
Crer,iil (2-) {or dr:velopeci point orr growtlr (Z x Z)
Max 5 fr:r Eenei'al answer
Develr:rp:rnent(irnlirovemeni in statr:s) lB
Growtlr (broadr:ning nl fr-ritc;tions ancl .*ize) ltl 112)
'I
Judgement called {or. ,
General answers
- maximunt 3
I i)
l25j
(a) (i) tJrban spraurl
l6J
No example provicled max
- 2 ar diagrani only.
(b) (i) Effects on CBD
nr"omiriilc --
Cultural lncomo Fralls
cieveiolrrlent
Un'txplotmerf Fall of taricJ Glue;
SociattJeedence
-
( ii) Fffects on regiorr of encroachrnent.
Social
Economic
Environmental
- Congestion
High aesthetic value
Weii-cieveloped inf i.astructu re
Example-based answer
Credit (1) for each dimension
Highly creditable answers to cover at least tv,ro dimensions
Example-based answer.
General answer - max 3. One example
Assessrnent - max 4 I
rc
Attempts /4 171
L' )
(a) T!,: It an open question which calls for maior causes of food shortages in
LEDCs.
(iii) gqvsrltnq$-pa-lpv
- sr:bsidise
- price corrtrols
- quotas
- taxholidaysiexemPtions
- tariffs,
- lancl tax if land left fallow for too lotrg
- incentives to open uP new areas
- resettlernent (land refornr)
provisior'r of inpuis
extensicrn wori< (vei services)
political stability
funding, capitalization, finatrce
supet'vis;ion, tt-rarta genienl
t0
- low level skills/illiteracy
- poor research
- inabirity to contror physicar erernents
- shorlage of land suitable for far,ming. - cycr'nes,
-r -'' froods, drought
- lack of machinery
- poor planning and projections
for future consumotion
civit strive, e g. \ivar_s, and disptagut"nioi
: - poor distribution and/or storage o"lpiJ""
of avairabre food
': population growth exceeding
agricutiui;ioutput
Credit (1) for a point.
*Note
that food shortages can even occur
where there is adequate
production
i6l
(b) Question calls for the general factors responsible
production. for increase in food
Not example-based.
[12]
(c) This is an evaluative question and
hence c;her:k for evaluative worcls such
as 'to a larger extent', ,lesser extenti, 'r;l
;,;;;, in every respect, elc.
answer may be provided without referring
- the quality of the answer may OepenO
to a specific exampie.
oiittrl level of discurssion of the
candidate.
\
No deveiopment at A
- Skeletal or scattered at B
- Peak development/well developecl linl<s at
- \ndustr\a\ dec\\ne/redrrc\ion at D
C
Creclit (2,1,2,1)
I6l
b) Depends with the example chosen; lrolever, gooci
answer to shclw cach
of the stages.
1l
Irll,
ii
jj
diseconomies of scale
de:ind ustrializalion
concerned
- schemes
projects
- programrnes C
amalgamation D
- import substitution
- decentralization G
- diversification
- policy 14 A
Assessment /3 AI
General answer - max 3 L7l
lrtr1
LAUI Pt
10 (a) Answer to cover links and interactions between tourism and other sectors
of the econotny, e,g.:
- agriculture
- manufacturing
craft and ari
- other service industries, e. g. transport, telecommu nicatiohs
Benefiis inClude
- Employment
- Markets vtE
- Forex
A highly creditable answer will give illustration although the answer is not
example based.
t2
i
h:
t '. !
An example_based question.
Answer depends on chr:ice
of are,
PhysicatFaciors/6
cutturaiTiitorsE
rivers (waGibodGs handicraG
mountains traditions
es + YYsfs6.a;1. lFAry oitrqqion
i/ forests flora architecture . iaL
Policies
governmentlfunding
looseningltightenin! border
two-tier policy ror ro-reignei,
controis (federai states)
,nj ,1"u,_
v\
ll1?
enrry into parks
reduce workinq hours.io
i ro.urr'Iq
create hoiiday/leisure
gtio.ays ind packase,s time
3^1i!_n
ronger holidavs
early retirement
other e'g' pubricity *
mecii;r. establishing
conservatories (carnpfire)
Credit (2) for 3 evaluatc,rt nnlin,, /o n
policy (2,2,2,1)
Generar answer #i1to
t7J
[25]
1a
12
macnrnery potlute
Measures
sLrbstitutes
a lternative occltp;ation t'or livelilrood
recyclitrg
reweirking of dLtrttps
education, sl<ills on environmerttal awarerress and manageniettt
leg is latio rr/e ttfo t c:etrtent o'i laws
investrnerrt into c;ther sectors of the econonry for job creation
relrabilitaLion prr:grammes, e.g. by university colleges 17
Algessmerd
N/easures 17
Assessr-nent 16
General answer -- ntax 6 (c
One, e.g. orrly - rnax 5. l"i :]:l
12.5J
14
(j.U
(a) G loba|Walm4Sl
ti ,...:t:1.
- industrializatiorr
" vehicle exhausis
thermal power slalions
lflped
death of aquatic life
destrLrction of tlre ozone layc.r
defacing of buirdings. taj rnahai,
st peler,s cathecirar
5:[Ji;3-",';'i,i];t;; " - ;;
""' ;;;"
"';
; ;; ;ilil
nd, e, g cyan icjr:
scenery destr.oved
acid rarr ancl clestrirctiorr of l.or.ests
diseases -- r.nrater. ancl air iro,"r,A'reniery,
pests beconre and menace _ asbestosis
rats. .o"i rou.f,;;;;;;.;rrp,
Crecjit (1) for singlle points.
I8l
15
polluter permits - ZISCO 1
Credit (2) for 4 evaluated points and 1 point. :'i ' i ';
I
(c)
General answer * max (4) ancl ref to one urban - OTSUIe only - max 4.
'l
- the more the number of nodes and links the more
,t a0cessible'the networl< becomes (1)
i:
Cgnnectivitv
ir
il
,,t.
means of measuring the efficiency of a network (1)
- the rnore vertices (nocres) that are connected with each
la
other the more eff icient (1)
l6l
(b) Candidates shor-rld show how the model traces the development or life
cycle o{ a network. Country specific answer called for, e'9.
Stages of derrelopment
i6
b
Stage 3: development of feeder roads-interconnectedness
the network. Zimbabwe roads graded into appears" in
' ,
feeder, trrn"t ,
intercity roaCs, Emergence of more
new nodes, growth
poins, l-launa, Sanyati, Chiqumbanje,
Maphi"u frfi*uri
(Zimbabwe).
General answer
- maximu n-1 (4)
tgl
[25)
I]
)
._-
ffil
H
itl
rii -
iil
-
rjj
ll. 14 Table tr
i;'
US$ Ranlc
l(g coal Birth r ate
equivalent
Rank per 1000 Rank , l
8246 q
Switzerland 1 3642 120 4A
t+
-7
I tt rt .cJ
a r;z 2100 o 36?_4 h L:
10
-[here
(a) is an inverse relationship. The lrig]rer the GDP and energy consumption
ihe lowdr tlte bifth rates. 'flre lower the GDP and energy consumption the higher
the birth rates. Candidates can approaclr the descriptiorr part of the question by
relating GDP and energy consumption firsi then GDP and birlh rate, giving a long
n a rrative description,
iB
\ \r
Explanation
lhe o,n.qos_ite this is.tiue of countries with low GDP and eh'ergy consunrption
of
credit (2) for 5 developed points and a singre point for a sim$te"observdtion. 't:
General9nSWgr(4)oronedimensionofonegrOUpofcountries.,l.{10l
(b) The answershould be evaluative anrj statements like'to a great extent ... to a
less extent' can be usecl
.L i:U'
n:nl ^.
I i !,li.lj
-^i^-^
,dis -
T9
-
ZIMtsAtsWE S CF{O OT, EXAVINN,ATTOJqS C OUNCTL
Genera! Certificate of Educatiom Advanced Level
Ansr
GtrOGRAPF{V I X56/1
S
PAPER I .:. ..i,:1rt .:1.._
. l- t.,: :.. ,. .
(b
"Addiiiorra'l nrateria Is :
Answer paper
t__
-ia
'I'IME 3 hours jn
I
:
Write your nante, (Jentre nr.rmbel'and can<lidale number in the spaces provided on the allswer
papet'/uusw'er lr.rok I ct.
i
i
A.n:iu,er f,uun qucstions,
I
Answer {)$}c question lronr Section A, fil,o quesl.ions fioinSection B and cnequeslion ft'onr I
Sr:crion C.
i
i
Write your ans\\,ers on the separi.rte answer paper provided.
lA
I
Ii you use more than oue sheet c''f llapcr. fasten,the sheets Logetiier.
I
Sketch mztps zincl cliagrams sl-roLrlcl be dralvn r;u,hcrever tlic-v scrvc to illustratc an alls\\'cr,
You are adr,iscd 1o spend rro ionggr than 45 ntinutcs on Section ,{. ;B
I
You are rerninrlecl oi'the neecJ 1'or gr:oci Englislt zrnd cleal plcscrtiutiuir -\ioUt'ans\\rcl':i.
(a)
(b)
quc.stion papcr cotr.sis{s- ttl'6 printetl l):tgts *yd 2 h:lank [)agc:i tc.,
I \r
I
i,r
'I
2.
anglr
l
height
'* l"f',pltliie r:f irlrifi ie
t*l* (") | co ilve)i
of.1irofi1e.
:;-
lccl iiinelar 00nca1/e
1
2 24
15
-;-l-
t--
;--l--
{) 80
r\a
rO
3 57
----:_-_*
\ i
4 o-r
o/ ?t I
o
o
3_ 32
2 20' J 2tl
Bd -1
30
4 44 7 24
55
20
I I i(r/l N2{J0l
3
' Section B (PhYsical Core)
(a) r'
'
Fig. t nc)
i
9li(),1 \l()i)l
4
Table 2
Arga
A
B
15.0
.tc)
ii:l
do htrmai: activjties conrribule
J.""#il:,"-tenf ro rhe occurrence ol
i
i-l
!i
e l)6' I N2()0i
(a) ISriefly clescribe tlre weathering proces ses of lry;droly5i5 and chelation. 16]
rveathering rates'
(h) Fig. 2 shows tlte relationship belween ciirnate and t,a
(ij
i.'..:: r; r;
\ ',.' ,.
{q
\q
O
q-"
4)
5 {b.
r0
L
410
C}
0) (a)
io
:]
c:
cm0 (b)
$
0)
.2
(a)
(Er)
(h)
Fig. J.
Dcscrit:e r:ncl explaitr tlie r.'arialions irr weatilering rates shorvn. il21
)l ih I :'il1)i).1
t i li
lp'
6
'.il
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ZIMBABWE SCI{OOL EXAMINATIONUS COUNCII-
General certificate of Education Advanced Level
CO.NFIDENTIAI
MARKING SCHEME
GHOGRAPHY PAPER X
ii i
li*
1i t,
E cTloF,x A {pRACTf, CALS]
crL (a) Relief features should be shown by means of conveniional symbols or in
generalized fcrm rather than an attempt to reproduce the contour map in
its entirety. Candidates are expected to distinguish the rugged and hilly
areas in the south and west of ihe area from the gentle slopirig plains with
,.' ' residual hiils/rnountains in the Norlh Easi of in" t=lills in it-.r" ruf have,
, ,, steep slopes,and bare rock. "1"u.
j :
"i. straight nature of the Rusape river channei with its anguiar bends
suggesting structural controls
2. main rivers flow in a general southerly directicn following ihe
natural dip of the; land
J. radial drainage is associaterJ with donrical structures (hilis/rnts)
4. dendritic drainage is found over gently sloping plains u,,ith rrniform
rocks
5. antecedence along the Nyamatsange and Rusape rivers indicates
possible influence of faulting or bends of so{1er rock
o. sub-parallel pattern in areas of short but steep slopes
7 marshes in flat areag with irnpeded drainage or rlersl'ror a'e an
lndication of discordance associated with back tilting of land
tcwards tlre NE part of the map
I coarser drainage density suggesting presence of porous or
permeable rocks
(a) Candidates must descnibe steps that rryere followed before and during the
data gathering exercise.
$
fi
$
*
qt
This must include:
(1,) Descriptiorr of how inaximurn siope angic+s are user.1 to plor histograms is
req rrired.
I-wo hislograrlis sliortlcl be drawn - i.e.'fcr ciay arrcl tire o1-rer lirlestone.
Diagranrrnatic ilh-rstrations (;an earn all ilre rnarlrs if accurate. (7)
I
(c) QanclirJates to irlentity the diffurerrces f:etween lhe slopes in the two ai:eas
ancl then give reasr:rrts for ilrese. [Vlairi rlifference$ ancl their i"sasons ccluicj
inciLtde:
\ i
!ill 'iur
: i t--'
i *.t
i
SffiCTI$N ffi {PhysFcaH Ceire}
(a) candidates should explain the foliov,ring causes of corrclensatiL-irr:
Lag tirne B.
Although maxintum solar enerEy is receir,ied di riroi'j, ge
i-righest
temperature occurs after-2:00 |in. The reason for the cjelai
i* tri"t
depends cn rrre bararice b"r;;;; i;.;;;l;,;;i*,sy
lTperarure
energy lost. Even after- the tinre of n'raxinrtrm insolation, thr: surface
",,,d
continues to receive more ener(Jy tiran the grclLrncl k:ses
*n tf
'"i'-""
tenrperature continues to rise ,,niit *n*rglv rost ,n.r oi'i*o.qy-**,,rii,,*rt
reach an equilibrium.
3 marks for A and 3 for B. F:oi" eercl"r, i ft-rr" D and 2 fcrr F. (6)
Iil
i.,,
:
(,a) Drain;2Qe pattein is ihe r,vay in which tlre main river''ancl'.its)tFibutsj'ie5.ale
a':'a'-'g;j 6i utign"O'in a draiinade'badin.' Some examples'hre paraliel,
trellis, dendritic, etc
'1 rrark for exemplification' (3)
2. rnarksfor clefinitiotr and
tolal-LC1lilh of a I q!1erery1g*i.[-b
I as i tt
total area of irvltole i:asitt
!-)rainag';b cJensiiyvaties with rool< type. For example, limestone has lower
clrairrage cJensiiy than grarrite. This is dur: to differences in perLneability.
Limestone, wl-rich is permeahle compared to granite, allows little overland
flpur suc;h that carving out of channels is limited.
(c) Canclidaies rnust identify and briefly explain tl"re influence of factors sur:h
a:; relief (slope), vegetatiorr, rainfall irrtensity, soil, infiltration capacity and
time. At leasi three factors to be explained for fuil ciedit. Listing cf factors
should not scoi'e more than 3. (7)
V5l
i 1t
\\
l
(a) Eplemelql-slrcgrl-s - streanrs, rrvhich {'lovrr oiriy after a i;tr:rirr Arc i..r::l ta llii
found above the water table. No recrri:rqe l.lrrriirqlr flrrnugir..fir_rr,v i-r tt .: r-, -
nr
flow.
\/.)
lntermittent streams - streams which flow seasonally or have
d iscontinuous channels. l)\
Pgg!!fgl$I9gE!. - streams whiclr flo,w all yerr rourrd t hg rryatqr can be.
exogenousor come froiri unclelgrr:und *at"tlre"hJif" ft,rtii,i*"-1Auy
_
iizi
,1', l. :.. 1.i,.
1 mark for definition and 1 mark for exnlanation
tfi t
candidateSmayintroduielit-ttti;ltlar:tivitiesanrJtlre;rlecaii.|.lilr;rerjitr>r1
However, those who concenirate rln rrurnan ar;tivilies uiili-rout
consideration of the physical .factc:ts -qhr-'ulrJ eatn a ryraxinrurrr cll lj nr;rrl...i.
A purely physical approach can eiirn r!, to full rrrarl<i; ( iri)
(c) Fluman inferences with the enr.'irorrrle,n{ p;srl6slr;, interr;ii'y ;,tncj irrr;rei,prl
the frequency of droughts. Humarr berinqs cc, rrot cause ornuglrrr
Droughts are meteorogical, occurrring r,,rihen ihri amor.rrri, r.,r'r;rirliJall rcrcr::irierr,l
in an area is well below expeciaiion. i--l l'rtino e:f[ects ancl clin-ratic chanqg
could be forwardecl as the real cai-isbs of dr"our;ht. The lrurnarr
interferences with the environnrer-it. can be thrnugl-r overg;razing,
deforestatiott, poor agricultural prarc'tices, etc /\ nrere nr,rrraiioi'i ol nc;r,n,,
human activities contribute to drought should r:ralfi up 1ct a rnaxin.rlntr oi;zJ
marks.
:1,
d
t
t.,
I
:,
ll
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il
(b) Candidates are to describe the variaiions shown and give explanattons.
Both physical and chemical weatherirrg variations must be discussed for
full credit, e.g. strong chemical weathering occurs where there is very high
rainfall and high temperaiures. The high rainfall provides the water, which
is the main agent in chemical weatheripg prgcesses and their high
temperatures increate chemical reactions.' ,;'.,, ;',, ;r, :: ;::;, ,
The high rainfall and high tentperature promote the growth of luxuriant
vegetation which enhancps chel;ition and otirer chemical we aihclingr.,r,
processes through infiitration.
:
A:l leastthree factors must fre cliscussed for fLrll credit. Candidates who
corrcerrtrate onlSi r:n roc;lc iype:lnd its felatecl aspects should earn up to a
maximrrm rlf li marks l)
; [25]
. : ,'
I it'.
i1 '-"
The concept of seqr-rerrtiar charrge srrourri be we:il
exprained.
Descriptions only
- n-rax. 5 marks
CancJidaies are io explain why the changes
in vege;tation occur taliing irrto
account ciranges in soil clepth, hurnus, relative
Irurniclily and other
ecosystem additiorrs. .
(12)
(c) Ciandidales'n]Lst etralltate the follt:wingy atternSrts
i:eirg rna,1e to prescive
r"ainfclrest*q: .
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Itr
SE(
(b) Diagr"m of soil catena showing how soil varies en a hill slope.
I
rA
F
t-
Bo5 sri ls (feet) .
r---'
t0fl1'1l .J allnnsl sik ti^nt,
zone ol
,l,tze'lfld
" lvn
8 ED &ocX
1;
I
,; 'tri$\-
B-tron,vn \
qctuo.mw-ldh'on
''
I \'r'l /\ l,
l. Concaveslope.llluviatiorrzone]receiveswater,organtc
matter and minerals. Valley peat soi! clevelops which is
vvater logged. ' :
\\
\,
..
t ,^ ii
\; U
ll/
t--
\ --
SECTION C (physica! Options)
(a) candidates must sketch labelled diagrams
normar, reverse, stepped and of the major fault types such as
tear r"irtis. i;;';;rration
rifts at hot spots is aiso creiiiworthy. of three armed
Axiar iin" nrid_oceanic ridges.
"t
e well-explained,,faulltypes ' : -l
LnV can earn full marks, Explanbtions ''
lWiihout
a- diagramq; maximlrm S mart<s.-
1 mark identification
1 mark explanation
1 mark diagram
' ' " :'"': (9)
(b): "t',/1 "'
: i"'cahdidates musiliountity areasrrhere nrgioi
These nright incruOL, jrirrlLsA, faurt zones pose lrazards
East Airica, philippines, etc
candidates to arso exprain that major
faurt zones are associated ,,r,ith
vorcanic acrivitv, .";h;;;kn.,
\-
-'rnor,'d". ;;; ;;aranches and hence are
rh; .n*tl ri'ii,rrrl
ilff;ji::' -r'io*""iiain"u and these mishr
Volcanoes direct ross of rife through burning
anc, destruc{io, of
S,ettlement; toxic gases produ.ui
diseases or chocliing as'well
.rr=o lung
,, lakes.
".iO
dust produced may aid greenhouse
effects and hence
global warming; destruclio,,
"r "Lpr,
.i";,;_;;;
Earthquakes:- destruciion of buildings and loss
of life.
teadins to Jtripwre"o;;"
l!::uT,. of services,
dtsruption e.g. ,"*r-ga, po..,",er, etc
landslides and avatancrrJs I";;;;"i"
Level 3 toss of rife
Level 2.
,.
10
I tr t
Level 1
- Japan, Philippines, san Frarrcisco, etc are irt risk fronr earthquakes
and rrolcanoes. This is because flrey are located at transtoi;;;;[;
(Sarr[:rancisco)anrjond.estrr'rctiveplatebounc]aries(Japan,
Phiiippineu) these:prate boundaries, subduction;t
lt
eruption of volcanoes
il;;; ressrrs in
i
11
l']I
(b) Candidaies nrust identify the three natural hazarcjous erients.
They rnusl
identify the ways they can be predicied ancj/or preventeci
Fi'arty, Ln
assessment of to what extent flrese predictions/preventio,..,, .*n 'b'"
effeciive must be. done. Exantples of prerJictions and preventior-rs
i66lucle
!y!lone tracking by radar, haii disruption through seedlng aird use r_rf
lightning conductors as i,vell as floocl control.
.,,1
earthqirakes, earry warninq systems, bLrircrinqs rryith reinforcements,
3:
Droughts * by early warning systems such as saleilite imagery.
specific events such as the san Francisco eartiiqual<e and the Eline
floods in southern Africa may be qLroteri. crecit ih"=e as Iong as
prediction and /or prevention methods are erraluatecj bv the cJndidate.
i,lark by impression. (16)
lJp to 'i2 marks if there is no evaluation. ' Ir5l
(a,t Candidates must descrihe the follorrving features: -
Itlcuntain front
The Knick
Pecliment
- getttiy inclined rocl< suriace leaciing up to the foot of nrountain front and
piained across underlying rock sririace irrespeciive of tlreir verrying
r"esistance to erosion. Generaliy concave wifl-r slope angles vaiying
f fromT'on the upperslope to orrly half a llegree orr its l*owerrir.tin..
- is usually covered by a thin veneer of rjetritus
12
-
Bajada/Peripediment :
(b) Good candidates will outline MacGee (i897) and Johnson (1932)'s theory
on the role of running water in the formation of pedimentr.: ir-re ott-,"t
theory is that of L.c. King (1948) based on parailel retreat. ln.this case,
pediments are considered as basal slopes rleveloped at the foot of a slope
undergo"ing parallel retreat. The weathered debris from the steep slope is
moved either: into the stream or into a zone of aggradation. Good answers
will specify the theory favoured and ouiline the sliengths of that,theory.
- They stad off submerged at high tide but rn time grow upwards due to
further sedimentation
- Bars may later migrate towards land. producing lagoons.
1l
Maximum 5 marks for one of the features.
Reraliworld
I \L/e'iv'vrlv examples and the)i.
diagrams to be credited.
it."
' '
,,., ,
This produces u"rious uiuarE6lGwer parts
"
of the valleys drowned by
the ris€. These incrude rias, Darmatian coasi*,
rior,t* and fiards.
125l
J (a)
.I' candidates ntust define what moraines are viz:
masses of clay anc1 siores
carried and deposjted by a glacier. They r.nrJ'th*n
explain the forr,ratjo'
of various types ;f moraineJ *.g,
1A
t+
its
(b) lce sheets and glaciers modify drainage sys,tems in many ways' ln some
instances, deranged drainage patterns are formed. A lot of misfit streams
-fhere can be broadening of present valleys through
can also be formed.
erosion creating golges and canyons. Where the erosion is pronounced,
. unpaired and pliied t*rru."s can be formed. Wherg,!.l,9,Tovement of the
;: , ies'is cpntrary to the gener-al'clip of the land, pto,glaciEl'l?4p.: ul.? l:]-n'?d',
lce sheets anO gtaciers can also cause the displac.ernent of watersheds'
to 16 rnarlts. (16)
Marl< by impression up ,
[25]
lSr(
Ci\t'lY'D()(t/\4ENTS\N4ARl(NG-SCHEME-91 51j'-01 l'J03
N4uG\a/Cl,i ll DOcs
T'li\
in-S
Writ
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Arts,
An s'
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{rcl'ti ficarc of [it! uea tion,t.r.,,i, i ccor [-r:r]r,r
GEOGRAF}FflY
l',\i)J-]( 4jx 5{it2
l
\l'c11;rcscia1,. lZ ruflVSnf l, :,
nEI{ 2003 r\,lorning
-] irour.s
-
T-ih,lta .l hoLrrs
I'h is qtlestron Ilil pcr crrnsi.gfs rif" r) ;lrilrlctl [)figt.\ iurrl .1 Irlri lr li [];rgf 5.
iection A (Practicals)
C
:r', i .i*.r:_.
:r :i ;' l:
I ,", - ,
Answer one questiorr Jrclrn this section. Ycu are advised to spend.t:oL ttlot's:1h4n 45 nrinutes orr tlti
q Llcstioll;
-Severlri "^etltrliir rreti,forks'havc Fc+ up sltops itr I'our locality. You are'require d
lo cariy'out ri srlrvey to deternrine the size oltheir n:arket siiare and tire extent t)i'
coveragc o1' each cellrrlar netu,ork.
(a)'' e'a*rlc''o,'['
H:ilTJilur-ilflJf';iilril::":::t:r;::;'iJ]:;f i6r
(b) (i) Outlirrc,.t}c:-ste 1ls r,oLr *'oul(l takc in carr;'i:rg rlttl,iltc Stirvc)' rtttci
clcl in1fi ing thr' extcrjt o l' co vcragc by thcsc serv:icci pt uv iclet's.
(tr) \\/hat cJif'llcrrltics arc rorr likell, to:nconr'Ilcr irt cittt'vittg otlt the
'l: 'I r)t
r"l
(c) Suggesllroiv llte res,ulls ofvoL,r' survev coul,J bc prescntetl itr lltc l,rrtu
ol'a cliagrar:t. t7l
(ii) \\"ltrrt lircfrrt's sjtr)iilrl lre t:rkcrt ini(r il,L'couitl itt c'itrrtl.sitt,.::
( t)) lrig, 2 shtl\1,:j tltcrtt!'r'irrc onltLlirl rirle ol'lltiprrllrlir)ir L'r(),,\1i) iteitr.ccti l()5()
iuttl I()7(r ll1 Pr,rt irte e s irl rruuntt'.\, \. \\, jr;rr .rrrtclLt:;it.riis titrt.s it stt::!,esl
ilbortt tlre tclatrri:r:;itiJr l'',ctrrL'cit ti-rlcs tilgrorv{lr lrrrtl tlre rli:;trilrrtiln,,1'
poprrlitiolr'.' lNl
,]
, /'
'..
i
l
''
L8 Pal
.\
'.\
O\ ;
I
I
-F----- \ ,'
''..'\ ,.'i
>
Fig.1
erf;lii;l;i
,,7 - 2.A%
\.1 - 1 8V.
0,0 - 1.0%
< Q.60/o
oRtENrE -_
l.r r,t\ I
0 Knr 250
t,'{
{-
,_ 1r
Ll
4
(b) Fig. 3 shows the main population changes by region fiorn I995 to
2025 (projeeted).
..": - .:
Europa 748.2
Africa
Asia I 3458
iiig.
':
3
ri li ,i I i(ii?-ii-li){l \
l']9.,1,*:,vt ?..:?mparison of.average annual fcoci pr.uducrior; anel average
alinuai populal'iort growth in the Less Eeononricalli, Devetoperl
C'oirntr jex of
the world.
{J*
-+'
,1. ; .r
c,^-k ,/'
Key 'ii.'
. ,,d
ffi :gliju:;l:l;ll l:l::Jlr:::n:" 'r
e'')n rco(i produ, ion ,n",u,"" '
"
lil
',i,;,i,.,, ;;ilii, ,;l:;:;i;,'J.';,11,,?;i?..j.i;,,jjf:,,',i H'_*:"
(.0 C iinr
lrr i rl g c .l n t c nrat i o n al lj.ranr ir.riltior i s
ii io .i
^ ^rr.
g
r\
{u) l-,cScl'lt)c tltc ltilttClls S[rtrg,tr i' Irig. .1 .
: [6]
(h) l:xlllain rihl'nrosl currrrrrics irr ,\iiica rx;.er.icncc
a lrigli poprriatic,:r
gr(tu'{lr rirlc
urrrJ lurr liroll
,.,.,1;Lrr Iiori.
u21
{c) Hiitlr rt:1";r'cllcc to irtr,r. l\,1.rc i:c.lroruic:.lli, [)ct
e lrllrcd (ltlLrntr.\]
.",clrlrrclirn
\,otr Jla\/c
lllc t".lc .J 3.\ct)tlc'1 i' r:ri'iurisi,rg i,4--
i,ll',1,u'u'ilsriori's .l'
17l
)t
)t
Fig.5 shon,s tlerrcls in u,oricj urrhanisation. Ia
i
I
i
I
ib
i"- l nuar I
' t"nn
&Ft f-*11't 'no'"
I
I
'c)
'orld Populatron
15 Cttiioo I
I
I
I
I
j
ia)
I
I
(t o0l, i;
I
I
.t
I
i
I
14 Population 'I ib)
5,3 hrlliorl
I
_l
Fig.5
(b)
(b)
Dcscr'ibe aucl cxi:lain the trends shoun in Fig, 5. [12]
(c) S/i1h ru'ltt'cncc Io exaiuples {l'onr bcrt}r h4<lrc llconrllricalil' I)cr clopcrl (a)
Cou ii t li es (lvj itDCs) anil L*ss ljcr:nomic al l-y' Dg vgl c]peri Lie 11111y1 g 5
(L,ED{ls), sltr;rv itoirr the rtro4rltoiogy of ctties has clraitued o\/er Iir"]1(i. lll (b)
,T
(a) Dcscribc 1r,..',i,,,aglicultr-rriLl lancl re,lblrrr is b.,in1i carlicr.l out iil uriv
oltc l.css I.:conouricnllrr Iler;eloped f.ountr-r,(l-nDC) :,'()r.r l)a\jc slurli.cd, l6I
(c)
( lt) [)csciii;c (itc; i111pi1g1<:f aci'icLt]fut'al lantl fclirrrrr ()n soolrrty irrrrj tlrr,
ell r,i rr) rt rt r c i: l. Itl (u)
(c) Asscss tlte itttJracl ol'liltd iclirrrtt on litrs.trrcl. Itrlrirrt'litrrr ;it jirL'(is \,)l
halc stu,.licrl. t7l
(b)
1,.f
: t
Ilr/-/-- i
7
fa) Briefly explain the interrelationship between
' ' vv^' vvarrrrr\
commercial
r vrsr ard subsisrence
farming, '1r
t'l
(bi With refbrencg to anv conrrlrv wn,r l.o,
and narure
"r.irh
;il;;H il9g.'"XffiH.li'#;;Yl;:'
tfie distributi on
112J
(c) witJr reference to any,ole co.untry you
have studie,. assess rhe extent
to whjch farlning ha, r*a to ir,l.J,#rir,renr
of pro<:essing indusrrie!;
t?1
(n) Briefly clefine the lenhs
low-orcler goods and services,
ti].
(ii) fbotlucse industries; '' ',,' .i'r'. : j :i'i
fiii) export processing zorles (EpZr.
l6J
ib) With reference to .1,Tpl":,lom an.y
Less Econonrically De,zelopecl
cduntr-\' of your choiceloutrine thsriature
and significance of the
rnformal sector in the country,s;;;;;;y.
[12j
(.) llvaluaie efforts being made to deverop
the inron'ar :,ector ir: the
rol,ntr], named in (b).
tTl
t ,iJ ilistinguish betrveen tourism and recreation.
I5l
(h) Describe horv lanci is usecl for recreational
urhan seftlenrent you have sfutlied.
purposes irt and near ail
fql
L'J
(c) 'lhe
<lcnrand fbr recreationaL facirities has
rerr to a conflict of.irte res;t
"i;,,r',"i.oi-".,,.
bct\vecrl the urban cr*'e iler.s ancr trre ir
rr.ul .or,,.,t.,;;;,; rv^r'rvtr\'L
to arlr'courttry studied" discuss the
nature.f tltcse confricrs, ^
Ir0l
Secfion C (Ihe Fluman f)ptions)
I t.l
(t, ) '\\/ith'rcJerencc lci a Lcss
Ilcorionirciillv Dei,clLrpcd ('ountn r tirr har c
studicd, asscss tlic att.-nrpts l.,.,irrg nracic to
rr:rlucc i'.u'.',ir.'ntui
dcgratiarion in trr-[lLn itlcrls. ",tr,
Iri]
I'
,o,r/?PEC
20 )/
Lv{
60q
z9--
9-
'ir:'lt '
F 50 '"d ':
\\' -o-
'o
s t-AfilA
\\ cen{rafly plantte(i
\o econofiles
Ac{van(:ed 7
r*'-WORLDoCanarJa
rflarkel /
econofiri6F' o L,ii tvlil
'o a/ tsusA z.arana
1Japan *- EEC 7
7*' --7'-* -'-a: * "
- -'r-* -- - - - -7. - *-,** *
lQ 20 30' 40 60 50 70
Perceniagn focd and raw rnaterlals
rJ
,? 30. / \''
go" ,/ \v zo
.Pqo/ \ .o
,1j/\ 60a
a"d
J,^/ J'J
\//
\ \
'r'6^
_- "o
.t / o Japan \-5U +
,P,(iOr/,/ \va
\(0
_*c'"
^"f
9/\ /\ 40
70,/ \. usA
/
/ .\
\
@
90 00
:1
(*) Describc uncl e;rplain the lratterrl ol'e.vports and irnporls crf ilie regiotrs
511() U'11. I 12l.
1,^ I
t-)
[:']
I
.rit witir tlre aid of exar.ples, describe trre char.acteristics of a regiorr, 16l
( lt) Explai' hrw t'he
"r]il.prri,:jle[' conce]r!c-an pe ap;rriecr ro trre rerati'nsrrip
between More Econonricjy rie'clopea co,,ui,,iJi
Eccinornically Deiielopetj Countri., prirt \'rYri?L/\
"" iil,i;iic_) erct I:;ess,:: .
lr,e
I'10]
(c) Asse'qs. the ilrrllacr go-r'ern.terrtcJkrr.ts irr_trl,irrg Ir) ruidrrcc, ,.agin,.,u]
'
'f
nr 11,,,n* L *r, Il c o' r.,rr i.* 1.r,
,
lel
ZIMBABWE SCHOOL EXAMI NATIONS COU NCI L
Confide,ntial
'ri.
i..
November 2003
MIARKING SCHEME
GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2
L1
, ,n I
L'., H
IJ
.1.
Section A (practicals)
\a) - lf sti-ength of signar denoting max rimit/number of bars
- the" freqrren6y of disruption iniervice
- the names of base stations and their nlinrber
- furthest points from which tliey can ptrone or be phcnedrand
-- to
too. F v,,uhici-r tirey pi-rorre
-numberofpeopIewithaccesstoservicesl..i1:.
- address of customers (cellphoneidirectory)
- whether the network ofrers'(regional/grot,Lit roarnirg
service
'."-:,.'
(b) - The survey is carried out using tire qLresiic.rrna;re and
intr:rviernzs on 1;horre ancl
iirect contact.
- A comprehensive answer will cover ail systenratic steps of
collecting data.
- sampling technique
- seek permission
- obtain base map
- soricit assistance of other peopie (tearnrvork)
- draft guestionnaire
- post questionriair"e/intervislar pecple/ser-,.rice providers
record on map, .questionnaire_c, notel:ool.l, sheet.
count and locate the number of base statio's in il-re area
- atterrrpt phoning friends in seiected p"i.i. irr" pini.,"-
""
P{"tq* tal
- lrteracy problems
- reluctance of service providers to give rnfr:r'atiorr
56t2 -informationregarcJedascorp.:r.ate"secret:,/coiiiJenriarity
- data reiiability _ falsehood ' '
- customers hostility :
c) i4j
- isorine map
- desire line maps
- sketch map showing.ranl;es for drfferent networks (Accept '1
the networks or inditidtlai'networks)/conrpcsitu diagrarn slrourirrg all
- tabies similar to distance/fare tables
JLgrrr -- differerrt r:olours.
- any other suitable diagram can be creditecj
- pie chari
- bar graph
V]
12s)
r1
t-', ll,:
iiil
rl
rl -1
(ii) I
: the placing of dots to represent rural population;
Low rates pop occur rnainly in the Valley Region which has the most densei
populated rural areas due to resirictions by resources.
Qisaslvenlsgeg
(a) spatial distributir:n cannot be accurately shown with large dot values
ll
;]
i,r
I
f,.,
/rI
i
.]'-q i r i, i: I -rii 1 + c.ij gc; -1
1 i-qt !,r c:li : -- ji! ! a-rlis-g e s
ia) cata i::.lualiil.:it',,i,'/iltfori'ilaiioi-t abll,l ic,zli .alue can f,e reac accuraiel-V
to) the map ts i.rls,-t::iir,aiear- v,/ith Spectrai gr'aciient and visuai tllpact emoedtje:
n1$3qi r,16 ntages
'r..r l
fertility
^! r^-.--
i:, i,i ,.r?o :--^r
il-lai la\./ali sl :-: , ?spec',s cf fepra fitcitr",': peffOrmartce r:i a |:Jai r'latior-'
ler!',-,
; ,s tlte ircluaiie ;l-,lai ..r'.: i,efiornianf,s 6j "',;3;11eri in the child n,,al -rl ii!? ,'',')
irl:-'aqgt*C bV cruie :,r" -' i-rle general fertiiriv rate and age spectfrc:irirriate ,1) lt)
,$.qr|altly
- ., 'efers tc cJcall 'e-r.: l,e['reir]ing to a oop,Lria,lrnii i1 )
it:. ill€3SLir-f:;,J b-l ,,.r,;r:e i::ath fateS. !tie e:.ll;:eiai-;'-:yr 3;-11 e{)e ![)i; t
Nairiral increase
,' ts ihe posttive c^:lr',ci:) ir; ili€ numbet of peii:ie if eirth rate is hrCl'ter th;.:n death rate or
.rive fcrmula i:1R - i-;i.
';tal numbel r-;i ir,-ilrs r.'ri.li.ts total nurni:e[ i-,j'tealns in a pariicr:lar,,:a;' i?-]
icl
ilr
(b) Li) This question calls icr the canCidete's acriii-v io analyse th: gi-ai:h arrd identify irends
not mereirlr reeci;ng off ihe figures. The follov,,ing can be r:er-tif ,ed:
Asia wrll contr:-rue i.r contain the bulk of lir.-r \,v,-ri'iJ's pcpuiaiion
Asra totai pcijr-.riatri-,r-r i.:i950m) '*rli be f'r:,:; inar'ali the otner cof-llnelis i:ombined
(3293 4nr)
Eui'Cpe iE ihe lll\, r.,-.'r,iilent ',vhos€ pOp;16lion .,,,rll deci ie
Afi-rca s lropuiatrci-r 'vrii alrnost douole lir iire ,;ezr 2C2i'
By 2O2{;, Africa s i,arc}rilaitcn irtll be it.,:,= t: .i. :cuble tirai':i F-,'r,oe alihcuqh bci*
continr:li: ira j rte :;ll .l'e sai'r + 'p3t-.ii?: .,', tr, ', .:9ls
i'lorth Ai-,-,ei'rca 'viii ret-rai;t ihe c.oLritilerri .','i,i-r l:-= leas;t l'.rrr-1i-;;1',:'l)ecrDl€
Stetrstrls './. al:r,i,l€ ". aa l\,,'iLe ie'
r,L-'
l7q
-
Tne ieason !: ccuid be
(cr r''irr -
:':'l3i-r si-icuicj 3e cn iitortaiiy. dlfie1ences.,,.,ll:'rir., i:t-:1;1,.
i;t1i.,,,,g"r, cirl,i.rl:.i,
,:i'i-'r-,: ll :."q.i..,, ' _ rc_jps c, ihe Joulalri.-,
i:
Itrr :-i i i.,il ,. i r s !,,'6.t I l_.;._r i C C I S c_rS S i: I i-, r:a i t,"/ d ff e i-..: n -
i I I : :.. 'i- ' t- s: (.r''
,
H,,.1
+j.-
r*'
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i;,
*:
r5
,q"
'E
.i
##t.
kns
ffi
&l;j
:St
W*
ii.:q
r+
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t"l
*
S"
.$s
,ffirT
! 1\ (]
!
JH-
r.t\
- pests + diseases
- incidence of drcucht + erratic rainfall/natural catastrophies
- poor technologV - tools +.equipment
- inability to contr:l chysical factoi-s
- little investment i:-r serlq;ltule for agriculture iS not vie,uved es a bu:;lr.:s
but as a,itey cf lrfe
- Govt efiort/policras
- populaticn instabiiiiy/civri strife/hostile/polarized envii'onments^e c
-rcr,aira
Sudan
- land tenure
- dependency syncrome
- storage facilities ai-e poor-food ends up destroyeC or sporle6 cesprit
climate f;actors barng varied scross Africa shodages occui scffre ar€es
are drsadvantaged by anoiiy and hostile forest
-
Population groMh rate is hrch due to
l^,2)
(c) This question calls for the candidate's ability to discuss control or management oi
food production
cities (1)
- due to migration + naiurai increase (1) r,)l
l.r I
- typical of LFDC's recentiy (i )
(b) Candidates cal anpfoa:ir lhis question in veriq'rs ways so be or ii-i,. vrril,-i cut: doi
dtsadvantage the COr :r;,,;,at.o
Explanation
- fevi'er :t
onset of industrializaiicn
i.,,v,/r-ts
- tovyns esia:rrshecj due to cnset of the inCustrial revoluiior-i hence many
peopie nic\./i:l io towns.
- massive increase in urbanization Cue to disparities I uibaii rurrai areas in
LEDC's in 197Cs
t !i .
1.-r 'i
, ll'J
-r_;*__
Er'
(c) Efforts -- schenres/prolects
Bidrent theorir results in bid rent culrres (1) and creates land use zones in urban
areas. (1)
Credit explanation for bid rent curve (1) and land use zones (1) in text or diagrarn (
Ncte - ieserve (1) for correctly showing zones on ti:e dtagram [6
(b) The question calls for the use of examples from any [-EDC or MEDC or.both. Thert
are various (several) landuse models and the candidaie must discuss a'lleas'13
models and choice could be made from the foliowirrg.
Cred
\di
iv4cst pcp.riar exanip,= wili
can..ricaies to tnal e) a r-,;tl€ (c)
New acts of pariran'le-: rli,C AlqJr:,1iriir Bill 199C
; 1,,':: ,i.^.-',::,.': t ACiS 1999 '1999
','.,tlil-ig i,tu';z;,,"'iiiiilg seller-
Violent invasions
L.and iistribruticn
fi: R.esettlement
- l-anc.j aCquiSitici-i ot^l ,: 1e:Cll !-cl-ien-ie s
- Vartous niodei-< e g - : L.2 l€)esir c
id',
(b)
l lijetetiye (a)
i-'
^^+i-i^^+:^-.
Jd{.i>iC'\-LiJ{ : : - (r,itil Idlitri I
\ i-"-'
lI
I
Ill!)
Environn. rent Pcsrtive
i ,_ .___]_
I Negative I
I
l'edit (1)for s,nQ'e pti.ts 3'cl regatrve and J f3r posi:'ve [6]
t4)1
. LJ
'
l:
- -tt-tc tnv;lsiols have ied to commei-clal farrrels eb,i-rccliriig ineii-
' n^'- i'^'lc
- JYi ci'lu' '*
- i:rexpei-i€inccc farmeis ied to low prcciuction ieveis due ic limi'iec inputs
- lv,iovement of llvestocl.l across ecclc jrcei iBgtcr:S n:s nreai-ti iiseases and
;^^+1.^l>
rrudLl
- Poor Querlrty li'vestock being prcduc€d
- Beiier cualiir' hctvever iue tc increasec uOZtrtc iards.
- Nei,, jni-:/.)val,ve iCeas have impr-cved !tvestock C,r-ccuctiorr anc
otve"sif c;lticr-'
Watch out fcr polirir:aliy nlcti'/ated deliberations in this ans\'r'ef nci addressing the
question at aii l7l
125l
7 a) l-here ls a -1/ir-il-rlcirrt
re;airoiisn;a rviih cutgro\\rei-S r'- cctton iea coffee)
€ _ ebcui-,j€as.ral/ccntractipermanent
I i i-'co nte ior l rvei rhoc'J
--,-i^',.a))I irr- "
=lilPl\r)
: tnpr-rts (rnzrlure. stcc? focd), comrnercrai cal buy cr behalf of subsistence
:: :-:[ sharing .,f tnfi-astructure e.g. access tc i-c?cs
ditfus;or of iCeas anc r?inovation
- deliberslo transfer of eaucation, inoigen'cus, know:edge skrlls
- 'tteraciiorr
betr,veen settler farmers/cui gro'"^,'ers a!-:3 esietes rn case of
Zrmbabwe ARDA.
t6l
qa cg-s -g I] -q-Qg.t-Y:-Q,',ii
a rr) 'JS€il t',:.'tt) :Q.),,.:.a. :
expo,l_lll_Q-Qe_Q.9lngzoles i
- aleas desrgnatec iri a i:lunir,v ci a regian to process
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-'a'a :-i '
creates employi'rreri - abc,L-,1 ' .1,'t 'llr"i'r: - I
- self i'eliance
i".lS€S r€adlly a''./?:'t2l-:1,a, Cf iee:, i --,1a:1ta;:' i^hi' l-,r.\
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l-onger time piarr ring atrd , ,:r. i-l ill.i ,L: ailaila','
To distanr pla:.,:-, t;.li ili ri-i ii,
C'l
Done sttrglyr 6r ;,1 rjc r-101e: - r'(to l-. ' irmilr,
rl Uses fcreion a..', ir-raai :-,; -, r:r,t3 l.,r-ai,:]l-.jf fe-
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f,i.,i i,ilaniiies think it s
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cleaner production
- stream - lining produlirlr-,
- retrenchingr,vorkers
- open other minesicics.= :,:..1
- iobbying against use ci i-i-iii,,er l.lr a q asbesros iv envrronnrentairst:-
li
Causes
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ll) hi.:,,1t i, i-r,.,ei ie ;'r(.r il iiirt:,t :.i1-;ll'i Si.:al€' atc
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lir
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Altenrai1; (-:ilr".riC l';e 1,,, i'-rl-i , i,i i-,ii)1; ;'a:iSiC€i.lI1-r atSSOCtaiicrri:, ii'a.a;i ai-r-i
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Ao/o t,-' an'J f ::,.--'a',; ; ri r--l goo i-J s i - vaiire adding ione in [,4Ei-,i,s
impcri aril fur' , - ditferences in resGurce ento\'"il
l1i-l7f-t r;. ifif : '. :r i: 1: .t t aj"L' - mai-rr]factirr-ing centre
'erltral; Fii'; ta' 5',r'tc,-Y. - nature cf gcrods exporteC i:ri-lc
t'ai':
3 r p(;l-i ;:, i:
Or il-r?lnij'
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1. (b) An e;':anrple-bas:cj que sttcr
i:r,ai.raiii,e q;estlcn. Lrrci'i ior er-'aluat,"'', lrt-;.,.,.
Art:.\,,'i.:i' cieg.re riCs cn e)iarnille of e g i-ii-;rDaLt .'u
.!..-i-
establishment of EPZs
- ci'rersrfication of trrarl-iet
- feductiorr of corPorate iax
- incentives for export earnings
- derialuation
- encoilragenlent of joint ventLlres r'r';iii-i fl1',. !.r' -i .,::: r: ,-j
- cevelil fnoi-e in manuiacturtn3 aricl i!:,:--rS i,; ::3iir-, C€; \'€; ::a g,
{:.ili;,-: -
ieit iari' nrj.rstri es.i iitai .ll_ j.-.' ',';lii^,eia: :
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II I rr
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rt
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I
The answer should be exarnple based and e)raiuative (e.9. Brgzil, Venezuela-
Orinoco River, Siei.ra.Leone) :
Zimbabwe
- ruralelectrification
- water supplies - tapped
boreholes
blair toiietg
irrigation' + dam'construction
AREX and Agrarian Reform
ioad Consiruction
CBD's
S uppl enrentary Feeding Schern e
clinics + hospitals
schools + tertiary coileges
$MF-'S :
t./
i j ;01
f')c1
laU I
t 2 iJ0'/ 2i)43/,t\
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