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EXPERIMENT-9

AIM OF THE EXPERIMENT: To study and perform Quadrature Phase Shift

Keying(QPSK) using MATLAB.

THEORY
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING

 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is advanced version of BPSK in which

data groups are divided into groups of two bits and each group of bits is
represented by a specific value of phase of the carrier. 
 In QPSK system, two successive bits in a bit stream are combined together to
form a message and each message is represented by a distinct value of phase
shift of the carrier.
 Each symbol or message contains two bits. Hence, the symbol duration T s=2Tb.
These symbols are transmitted by transmitting the same carrier at four different
phase shifts.
 Since there are four phase shifts involved, this system is also called 4-PSK
system
 If 00 is to be transmitted, then we have to transmit a carrier at 0 ◦ phase shift. If 01
is to be transmitted, then we have to transmit a carrier at 90 ◦ phase shift. Similarly
the messages 10 and 11 are transmitted by transmitting the carrier at 180 ◦ and
270◦ phase shifts respectively.

Waveforms of QPSK
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Advantages:
 Data rate is twice the rate of BPSK.
 QPSK has advantages of having double data rate compare to BPSK. This is due
to support of two bits per carrier in QPSK compare to one bit per carrier in the
case of BPSK.

Disadvantages:
 BPSK is considered to be robust modulation scheme compare to the QPSK as it
is easy in the receiver to receiver the original bits.
 After passing both BPSK and QPSK through channel and noise, in the BPSK
demodulator only two decision points are required to retrieve the original binary
information. In QPSK demodulator four decision points are needed.
 With BPSK, higher distance coverage can be achieved from the base station
cellular cell or fixed station to the mobile subscribers compare to QPSK.

COMPARISON OF BPSK & QPSK

S.No. Parameter of Comparison BPSK QPSK

1. Variable Characteristics of Phase Phase

the Carrier
2. Type of Modulation Two level(Binary) Four Level

3. Type of Representation A binary bit is A group of two binary

represented by one bits is represented by
phase state one phase state
4. Bit rate/baud rate Bit rate=baud rate Bit rate=2*baud rate

5. Detection Method Coherent Detection Coherent Detection

6. System Complexity Complex Very Complex

7. Applications Suitable for applications Suitable for applications

that need high bit rate that need very high bit
rate
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MATLAB CODE
%To generate QPSK wave
A=[1 1 0 1 0];
B=[0 1 1 0 1];

t=0:0.01:2*pi;
a=sin(2*t);
b=sin(2*t*pi/2);
c=sin(2*t+pi);
d=sin(2*t+3*pi/2);

n=length(A);

QPSK=[];

for i=1:n
if A(i)==0
QPSK=[QPSK,a];
else
QPSK=[QPSK,c];
end

if B(i)==0
QPSK=[QPSK,b];
else
QPSK=[QPSK,d];
end
end

subplot(311)
stem(A);
title('A');
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');

subplot(312)
stem(B);
title('B');
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');

subplot(313)
plot(QPSK);
title('QPSK signal');
xlabel('time'); ylabel('amplitude');
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OUTPUT & DISCUSSIONS

Here we have taken two input sequences.

The resultant signal is a Quadrature Phase(QPSK) Modulated signal.

LEARNING OUTCOME
 QPSK is used in various cellular wireless standards such as GSM, CDMA, LTE,
802.11 WLAN, 802.16 fixed and mobile WiMAX, Satellite and CABLE TV
applications.
 As difference between any two constellation point is 90 degree maximum, QPSK
has many benefits. It is robust compare to other modulation techniques except
BPSK.
 It has double data rate carrying capacity compare to BPSK as two bits are
mapped on each constellation points. In BPSK only 1 bit is mapped to each
constellation point.