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17 Pagina 97

ORIGINI XXXIV, 2012: 97-109

LOOKING TO THE WEST: THE LATE CHALCOLITHIC

RED-BLACK WARE OF THE UPPER EUPHRATES REGION

Hülya Çalışkan Akgül*

ABSTRACT – As a phenomenon in Anatolian archaeology the red-black burnished ware has long been
defined as being of Transcaucasian origin. The ware with this color scheme is generally dated to the
Early Bronze Age. However, this assumption now seems to be changing in view of the results of fifty-
year of excavations at Arslantepe. The dating of the earliest examples of this type of pottery to the last

tral Anatolia – especially from the bend of the Kızılırmak River at sites like Alişar and Alaca Höyük-
phase of the Late Chalcolithic and the identification of a resemblance of this pottery to a type in Cen-

has diverted attention westward from Eastern Anatolia. Central Anatolia has now become a crucial
location for gaining a better understanding of this phenomenon. Nevertheless the character, formation,
evolution and influence of this relation, dated to the end of the 4th and beginning of the 3rd millen-
nium BC, is not yet clear.
KEYWORDS – Late Chalcolithic, Arslantepe, Central Anatolia, Red-Black burnished pottery

INTRODUCTION nished ware”1 is the difference in color

It is known that socio-cultural rela-
tions between Mesopotamia and Eastern
Anatolia were interrupted at the end of
the 4th millennium BC and a complete-
ly new process was observed in Eastern
Anatolia due to the influence of nomadic
groups of Trans-caucasian origin (Sago-
na 1984). This phenomenon, extending
over a vast area that included Eastern
Anatolia up to the beginning of the 2nd
millennium BC, was characterized by
the presence of a typical red-black high-
ly burnished pottery (Burney, Lang
1971: 44-46; Sagona 1984: 23-31;
Philip, Millard 2000: 280).
The main characteristic of this hand-
made pottery called “the red-black bur-
between the inner and outer surfaces.
The color of the interior generally ranges
from reddish to light brown while that of
the exterior is black and burnished. In
numerous cases the bicromy of the sur-
faces is also visible in cross-section
(Frangipane, Palmieri 1983: 354-355).
At Arslantepe, located in the Upper
Euphrates region (Malatya/Turkey), the
red-black burnished ware appeared for
the first time in Phase VII (Late Chal-
colithic 3-4, 3800-3400 BC) and in-
creased in number in Phase VIA (Late
Chalcolithic 5, 3350-3000 BC) (Di No-
cera 2000: 74; Frangipane 2000: 447-
448). Information obtained from 50
years of research at Arslantepe demon-
strates that certain pottery forms of

1
Braidwood used this term for the first time during the Amuq excavations to highlight the possibility
that this ware could be a regional variant of the old Syro-Cilician Dark-Faced Burnished Ware (Braidwood,
Braidwood 1960: 518-519).

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Çalışkan Akgül
Phase VIA should be linked to the Late
Chalcolithic red-black pottery found in
Central Anatolia (Frangipane, Palmieri
2007: 240), particularly in Alişar and
1983: 355-361; Frangipane, Palumbi
Alaca Höyük (fig. 1, a). This similarity
has also been identified at Tepecik,
which is located north of Arslantepe
(Esin 1982: 87-88). Not restricted to the
forms only, this similarity has also been
observed in firing techniques and aes-
thetic preferences.
This paper2 deals with one of the ex-
ternal contacts of Arslantepe in a differ-
ent direction, as it considers central Ana-
tolian similarities at the end of the fourth
millennium, based on the red-black bur-
nished ware3.
THE RED-BLACK BURNISHED WARE IN
THE LATE CHALCOLITHIC AT ARSLANTEPE
The socio-political developments of
the Upper Euphrates valley in the 4th
millennium, consisting of a generalized
growth in the internal social complexity
and the emergence of centralized public
institutions, were the product of both lo-
cal dynamics and the increasing volume
of relations among the communities of
northern Syria and Mesopotamia
(Frangipane et al. 2005: 125-127).
The appearance and growing presence
of RBBW in the Upper Euphrates - a ce-
ramic tradition formerly extraneous to
the region and characterized by the typ-
ical contrasting chromatic pattern be-
2 This paper contains parts of the author’s ongoing doctoral thesis. I would like to thank Prof. Marcel-
la Frangipane for encouraging me to study the red-black burnished ware obtained from phase VII and VIA
at Arslantepe and for her enthusiasm and advice. I also would like to thank Dr. Giulio Palumbi for his in-
valuable help with this paper.
3 The pottery mentioned above is abbreviated as RBBW in this paper.
98
tween the internal and the external sur-
faces of the same vessel - is a sign that
new cultural components had emerged
at this time (Frangipane 2000: 447-448).
The red-black burnished ware appears
for the first time at Arslantepe around
the middle of the 4th millennium, which
is during the final stages of phase VII
(Frangipane 1993; 2001: 329-330;
Palumbi 2003: 84-85). To be more pre-
cise, the earliest RBBW vessels were
found in the imposing tripartite temple
and in an adjacent multi-room complex
that represent the monumental and pub-
lic area of the settlement where activities
of ritualized redistribution took place
(fig. 1, b).
From its first appearance at Arslante-
pe, RBBW was characterized by a mixed
or grit-tempered paste, an accurate bur-
nishing of the surfaces and finally by a
chromatic scheme referred to here as the
alternate pattern (Palumbi 2003: 85-86;
2008a: 54-56), that followed a rather
precise rule: black is always on the exte-
rior surface of the closed shapes and on
the interior surface of the open shapes,
thus stressing that the black color is con-
stantly related to the visual fruition of the
container.
This new ceramic tradition, which
doesn’t exceed 2% of the whole ceramic
corpus from phase VII (Palumbi 2008b:
44-45), is also characterized by a strictly
functional repertoire represented by the
high-stemmed bowls, so-called “fruit-
stands”, which are completely new
shapes to Arslantepe and, to a lesser ex-
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Looking to the West: the late Chalcolithic red-black ware of the upper Euphrates Region

Fig. 1 – a. General map with the sites mentioned in the text; b. Arslantepe VII, the tripartite temple with the
multi-room complex and VIA public building (Palumbi 2008a: fig. 3.1).

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Çalışkan Akgül

b
Fig. 2 – Red-Black Ware from Arslantepe VII and VIA: a. Arslantepe VII, Red-Black Burnished Ware;
b. Arslantepe VIA Red Black Burnished Ware. (Archivio Missione Archeologica Italiana in Anatolia Ori-
entale - MAIAO)

tent, by hemispherical bowls and jars
(fig. 2, a).
In the following phase VIA, which
coincides with the Uruk system in Meso-
potamia, when the formation process of
the State and the growth of the elites and
their role materialized in the construc-
tion of a monumental multifunctional
public complex hosting the activities of
a fully centralized institution, the quan-

100
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Looking to the West: the late Chalcolithic red-black ware of the upper Euphrates Region
tity of RBBW grows considerably, reach-
ing up to 12% of the entire production
(Frangipane, Palmieri 1983: 354-361;
Frangipane 2010: 36-38).
While maintaining the same basic
technical features as those observed in
phase VII, both in terms of the mineral-
tempered paste and of the alternate chro-
matic pattern, some changes can be ob-
served in relation to the enlargement of
the morphological repertoire which -
alongside the typical fruitstands - in-
cludes bowls with handles, small jars,
mugs and jugs (fig. 2, b).
HISTORICAL OUTLINE OF CENTRAL
ANATOLIA
Although archaeological research
started at an early date, we know very lit-
tle of Central Anatolia in this period. In
the early years of the last century, the
during the Alişar excavations and for-
bichromatic pattern and forms found
merly referred to as “different colors of
slips” were not believed to be the earliest
examples of this ware. The above-men-
tioned technique of production was
thought to have started somewhere else,
developing later in this region (von der
Osten 1937: 52). In the same years, Bit-
tel and Garstang pointed out the simi-
larity between Khirbet Kerak Ware and
the Central Anatolian black burnished
ware (Bittel 1934; Garstang 1937).
About 40 years ago, following the start of
the Karaz Höyük excavations in Eastern
Anatolia, for the first time it was noted
that the RBBW from Central Anatolia
was connected to the similar wares of
Eastern Anatolia, a fact that could be ex-
plained by means of the cultural influ-
ences exercised over these regions by the
Southern Caucasian Region (Todd 1973:
182-189). In the 1960s, Orthman ob-
served the fact that there were similarities
between the red-black ware from Central
Anatolia and Karaz Höyük (Erzurum) by
considering only the aspects of the pot-
tery and the manufacturing techniques
of the bichromatic pattern (Orthmann
1963). While debate on the origins of
the RBBW tradition is still wide open,
new data from locally produced RBBW
from Güvercinkayası dated to Middle
Chalcolithic (5210-4810 cal. C14 BC)
may provide new insights into the roots
and earliest developments of this tradi-
tion (Gülçur 2004: 142). However, the
visible surfaces in black are characteristic
of the region in the bend of the Kızılır-
mak river and recent absolute dating
from the site of Çadır Höyük shows that
this ceramic production had been attest-
ed to in the Kızılırmak region at least
since 3600 cal. C14 BC (Steadman et al.
2007: 392; Steadman et al. 2008: 53,
Table 1, 76-77). The new information
acquired from Central Anatolia, at Çam-
lıbel Tarlası dating 3590 and 3470 cal.
C14 BC, reveals that a 4th millennium
bichromatic pattern tradition already ex-
isted in the region extending from cen-
tral Anatolia to the Upper Euphrates Val-
ley (Schoop 2011a: 150). Furthermore,
discussions on similarities in pottery pro-
duction and shape between central Ana-
tolia and the Upper Euphrates have in-
creased in importance within the gener-
al debate on Anatolian chronology
(Dittmann 2009: 8-11).
Although we still know very little, the
public architecture at Çadır Höyük be-
hind the enclosure wall, the metal find-
ings at Çamlıbel Tarlası as early as the
mensions of Alişar Höyük and finally,
Late Chalcolithic, the monumental di-
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Çalışkan Akgül

Fig. 3 – a. Alaca Höyük Chalcolithic tomb from square XLII/50 (from Koşay, Akok 1966: lev. 145); b. Chal-
colithic Red Black Burnished Ware from central Anatolia (from Orthman 1963: figs. 3, 4, 7; Koşay, Akok
1966: fig. 148).

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Looking to the West: the late Chalcolithic red-black ware of the upper Euphrates Region
the rich tombs at İkiztepe, are factors
should their early dating be confirmed,
that allow us to hypothesize a process of
emergence of social complexity in the
northern part of Central Anatolia during
the 4th millennium (von der Osten 1937;
Bilgi 1984; 1990; Steadman et al. 2008:
53-60; Steadman 2011: 10; Schoop
2009: 65; 2011b: 164-165).
Concerning the cultural develop-
ments, the available documentation is
far from sufficient and it is only possible
to reconstruct a rather fragmented pic-
ture, characterized by local regional tra-
ditions partially unified by few common
cultural elements. One of these is cer-
tainly the RBBW tradition, attested to at
such as Alişar, Alaca Höyük, Büyük Gül-
a large number of Central Anatolian sites
lücek, Çadır Höyük, Çengeltepe and
Sea coast such as İkiztepe, Dündartepe
Çamlıbel Tarlası, but also on the Black
and Tekkeköy (von der Osten 1937: 52-
54; Ko ay, Akok 1948: 475-476; 1966:
92-95; Ünal 1966; Thissen 1993;
Schoop 2011a: 150-151).
Indeed RBBW was not only a unify-
ing element in terms of manufacturing
traditions, but it may possibly imply the
existence of commonalities in terms of
the use and consumption of specific
products and maybe also in terms of rit-
ual practices.
This is particularly clear in the case of
burials from Alişar and Alaca Höyük (fig.
the fruitstands. Their presence in some
3, a) and from so-called public contexts
at Cadir, clear evidence of ochre on some
of these samples and constant traces of oil
spots and fire smudges resulting from
their use as burners or liquid heaters, sug-
gest that their function may have been
closely related to ritual or ceremonial ac-
tivities (Steadman et al. 2008: 70).
Most of the RBBW repertoire from
Arslantepe VIA shares a set of meaning-
ful similarities with the RBBW from the
bend of Kızılırmak in Central Anatolia,
as in the case of fruitstands, flat-based
bowls with handles, globular jarlets and
pitchers (fig. 3, b).
While the small dimensions of these
latter containers may have been related to
the use and consumption of precious liq-
uids, in the case of fruitstands, strikingly
similar patterns of use to those already de-
scribed in relation to the Central Anato-
lian ones are also attested to at Arslante-
pe, and they are seen both in the tripar-
tite temple from final phase VII, and in
the monumental complex of phase VIA.
The location of fruitstands in some of
the buildings that are more strongly
characterized by ideological connota-
tions (Temple A, Temple B, the store-
rooms and the elite residences) confirms
not only the connection between these
vessels and ritual activities, but also that
this production in 4th millennium Ar-
slantepe, may have acquired a special val-
ue connected to luxury use and to extra-
ordinary or display functions (fig. 4).
THE MEANING BEHIND THE
CONNECTIONS AND CONCLUSION
RBBW in the fourth millennium Ar-
slantepe strongly points to the existence
of relations with Central Anatolia. But
what was behind these connections?
Concerning these regions, the hy-
pothesized process of growing social
complexity mentioned above is proba-
bly also linked to the increasingly im-
portant role of metal (extraction, pro-
duction and circulation) in social and
economic strategies of Central Anato-
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Çalışkan Akgül

Fig. 4 – Arslantepe VIA: a. Public building and elite residences (Alvaro 2010: fig. III.2.1); b. Arslantepe
VIA Red Black burnished fruitstands (MAIAO).

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Looking to the West: the late Chalcolithic red-black ware of the upper Euphrates Region

Fig. 5 – Metal objects: a. Arslantepe VIA metal weapons from A113 (from Palumbi 2008a: fig. 3.14 and

c İkiztepe plaque (Bilgi 1984, fig. 18: 274).

Frangipane, Palmieri 1983: figs 58-59); b. Arslantepe VIA spiral plaque (from Palumbi 2008a, fig. 3.14);

lian and the communities of the Upper
Euphrates.
One of the most amazing find groups
from the Arslantepe palace of phase VIA
is certainly the hoard of 21 weapons (fig.
5, a), showing that Arslantepe had de-
veloped an original and advanced role in
the metalwork production of the region
(Frangipane, Palmieri 1983).
The chemical analyses carried out on
5 swords from this hoard, detected
meaningful matching with the copper

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Çalışkan Akgül

deposits located in Central Anatolia and Mesopotamian cultural models by the

on the Black sea coast (Caneva, Palmieri
1983: 642-643; Hauptmann et al. 2002:
61-65).
These matchings are further support-
ed by a set of morphological affinities oc-
curring between the four-spiral plaque,
the spearheads4 and the swords5 of the
same hoard with analogous samples com-
ing from the Black Sea Coast (fig. 5, b-c).
These similarities suggest that in the
second half of the fourth millennium,
the Upper Euphrates region was inte-
grated into another system of already
pre-existing interactions orbiting around
the central and northern regions of Ana-
tolia that could have specifically focused
on the procurement of metallipherous
raw materials and on the circulation of
prestige metal artifacts.
It is very tempting to hypothesize that in
the marginal areas of the Late Uruk system,
the southern Mesopotamian influence over
the Upper Euphrates could have directly or
indirectly activated this integration and the
weapons from the hoard may show that the
development of metallurgy developed as a
result of the increasing demand by the in-
ternal elites for precious or prestige artifacts
functional to strengthen the internal strate-
gies of power.
Whereas there was the acquisition of
elites of centralized early state polities, the
construction of stable relationships with
the North-Central Anatolian regions,
which may have been primarily focused
on the acquisition of raw materials and/or
of finished luxury artifacts, could imply
the circulation of new goods, tastes and
ritual practices closely linked to the use
and meanings of the Central Anatolian
RBBW6. From a long-term perspective,
the introduction of RBBW radically and
profoundly modified the Upper Eu-
phrates ceramic traditions.
From the second half of the 4th mil-
lennium onwards RBBW with an alter-
nate pattern, such as the one seen in the
Kızılırmak bend of Central Anatolia,
represents a constant and characteristic
feature of local traditions. Even after
the destruction of the palace around
3000 BC, red-black burnished pottery
production continued as the dominant
assembly in phase VIB, alternating the
usage and forms with new relations
through Northeastern Anatolia and
Transcaucasia.
* MAIAO - Missione Archeologica Italiana
in Anatolia Orientale - Roma.
Scuola Dottorale in Archeologia - Roma
kalinka301@hotmail.com

4
These kinds of spearheads were found at Dündartepe, Horoztepe and kiztepe where the four-spiral
plaques were found as well, mostly from the levels dating to the Early Bronze Age (Özgüç, Akok 1957: fig.
13; Stronach 1957: 115, fig. 9: 4; Alkım et al. 1988: 240; Di Nocera 2011: 259).
5
An out-of-context sword, which is in the Necdet Dilek collection of the Tokat Museum (inventory
number 044/87) constitutes the closest analogy with the Arslantepe swords in terms of shape and techno-
logy. Even though the exact place in which it was found is unknown, it is supposed to come from the Si-
vas region (Zimmermann et al. 2011, Abb. 1: e).
6
Greenberg, Palumbi in press.

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Looking to the West: the late Chalcolithic red-black ware of the upper Euphrates Region
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