Anatolia

An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

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Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the

Development of Archaeo-Tourism

ABIDEMI BABATUNDE BABALOLA & PHILIP GBADEGESIN A JEKIGBE

To cite this article: ABIDEMI BABATUNDE BABALOLA & PHILIP GBADEGESIN A JEKIGBE (2007)
Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism, Anatolia, 18:2,
223-242, DOI: 10.1080/13032917.2007.9687203

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 Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourlsm and Hospitality Research
Volume 18,Number 2,pp. 223242.2007
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Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the

Development of Archaeo-Tourism
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ABIDEMI BABATUNDE BABALOLA PHILIP GBADEGESIN AJEKIGBE

Departmentof Archaeology and Anthropology Department of Archaeology and Anthropology
Universlty of Ibadan, lbadan University of Ibadan, lbadan
Oyo State Oyo State
Nlgerla Nigeria
E-mail: abidemibabalola@yahoo.com E-mail: ajekigbeorun@yahw.co.uk

ABSTRACT
Many of governmental bodies such as commissions, and councils have been establlshed to tackle the problem
of poverty and probably brlng It to abrupt end In Nlgeria. Among such bodies is the National Poverty Allevla-
tion Programme (NAPEP) with the aim of wiping out poverty from Nigeria by 2010. At the Instance of tour-
Ism translating poverty to huge economics fortunes in many other countries of the World, NAPEP and Nlge-
rian government has not reallzed the economic fortunes associated with archawtourlsm In Nlgerla. Hence,
as at 2007, the realization of economic prosperity by 2010 In Nlgerla seems incomprehensible. In view of
this, the paper emphasizes the development of sustainable archaeo-tourlsm Industry in Nigeria for poverty
reduction and partlal (If not whole) solution to the pertinent problem of unemployment presently ravaging
the country. The whole idea is to promote pro poor tourlsm In Nlgerla. To achieve this, however, archaeologi-
cal reconnaissance survey, oral interview and literature review were adopted as methods of approach. Thus,
It Is observed that the numerous archaeological sltes/features In Nlgeria could be transformed to tourism
resources. Consequently, poverty alleviation would be a reality through another dlmenslon.
Keywords: Archaeology, Tourlsm, Poverty, Allevlatlon, Resources, and Employment.

Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Is a facilitator in the National Open Universlty of Nlgerla, Ibadan, Nigerla. Also he Is
a PhD student in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology at the Unlversity of Ibadan, Nlgerla. His teach
ing and research focus Includes historical archaeology, cultural resources management and tourism.
Philip GbadegesinAjekigbe is a lecturer and curator In the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Uni-
versity of Ibadan. Nlgerla and speclallzes In ethno-archaeology, historical archaeology and museology. Currently,
he Is at the concluding stage of hls doctoral programme in the Department of Archaeology and Anthropology,
Universityof Ibadan. Nigeria.

Volume 18 Number 2 Winter 2007 . 223

 Poverty Alleviation in Nigena: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

INTRODUCTION
Africa, among other continents of the World is tagged as the continent of the
poor. This has been a great challenge, not only to African leaders or philan-
thropic individuals but also a perennial issue disturbing the world at large.
As a result, poverty eradication gains prominence in the World millennium
goal (UN-HABITAT 2003; Cabannes 2004; Agbola 2005). The United Nations
(UN),African Union (AU), Economic Community of West African States
(ECOWAS) among other international and local bodieslorganizations, have
put many measures in place to eradicate poverty in Africa. To enhance the
plans and performances of these bodies, pertinent questions such as, who are
the poor and what strategies can be put in place to alleviate or reduce poverty
at least to the barest minimum in the continent need to be asked.
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Universal definition of poverty is a contentious issue. Thus, an attempt to

define poverty has given rise to diverse opinions and definitions. Hence, pov-
erty is defined as a condition of having insufficient resources or income, i.e.
condition of struggling for daily food, shelter, and other necessities (Agbola
2005). According to UN-HABITAT (2005), extreme poverty is observed in the
developing nations and therefore defined poverty as having a household in-
come of less than U.S.Dl per day. Poverty is also viewed as lack of cognition
to turn natural and cultural resources to optimum positive transformation in
quality of life (UNDP 2006). This definition takes into cognizance the need to
(i) identify both natural and cultural resources in one's locality, (ii) develop-
ing both technical and managerial skull to tap the resources, (iii) equitably
distributing the social and capital resources accruing from those resources
for improving quality of life, (iv) sustainably preserve, recreate and continues
growth in the quality of life. Furthermore, poverty is caused by various fac-
tors such as overpopulation, unequal distribution of resources in the World
economy, inability to meet high cost of living, inadequate education and em-
ployment opportunities, environmental degradation, certain economic and
demographic trends, and lack of welfare incentives. Some of these factors are
commonly associated or found in the developing nations, Nigeria inclusive.
The above definition suggested that eradication of poverty should not only
consider capital mobilization but should include as it is witnessed in 21st
century development paradigm, recognition and utilization of natural and
cultural resources for an improved quality of life. As Nigeria is greatly bless-
ed with numerous physical and eco-cultural resources with potentials for
sustainable tourism development, cultural diversity of varying degree in the
country measures up to make her one of the leading tourism destinations in
the World. Despite the richness of tourism potentials in Nigeria, as noted by
Falade (2000) the country is still mono-economic based, exclusively relying
on crude oil export accounting for 98 percent of its revenue derivation. Its citi-
zens are still ignorant of recent opportunities accruing from its rich archaeo-
logical resources; hence 80 percent of the country's youths are unemployed,
with 78 percent down the poverty line, and 68 percent crippled with control-
lable diseases (National Planning Commission and Unicef 2001).

224 Anatolia: An InternationalJournal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

 Abidemi Babatunde Babalola - Philip Gbadegesin Ajekigbe

This paper therefore examines poverty alleviation in Nigeria, is examined in

tandem with the development of a viable and vibrant archaeo-tourismindustry.
This is done by given precis of the various past governmental attempts at alle-
viating poverty in Nigeria. The abundance of archaeological sites in Nigeria,
which provide rich archaeo-tourism resources for economic development of
the country, is also emphasized. It is therefore observed that most of the ar-
chaeological sites could be developed as tourist center which has the capacity
not only to skyrocket the nation's gross per capita income but also serves as a
means of providing jobs for the unemployed youths. Thus, poverty might be
wiped out of the faces of some poor Nigerians, particularly in the rural area
where most archaeological/tourism resources are situated. If drastic actions
are not taken by governments and stakeholders involve, the whole country
might continue to be wallowing in abject poverty and unemployment would
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continue to increase tremendously.

DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM IN NIGERIA

There are three views on the development of tourism in Nigeria. The first explains
that tourism begins in Nigeria in 1472 when the first Portuguese arrived in La-
gos on a business or trading mission. The second argues that tourism started
in 1953 when the Colonial Antiquity Commission was established during
the British rule. The commission (CAC) was saddled with the responsibility
to manage tourist resources (cultural aspect) in Nigeria. On the other hand,
the third view favoured 1962 when Nigerian Tourist Association (NTA) was
founded. The organization was a non-profit making organization with the
objective to: encourage the creation and development of facilities and tourist
interest which could be offered to both international and local visitors and
project the image of Nigeria as a destination with abundant attractions (Are-
mu 2001: 24). This marked the beginning of organized tourism in Nigeria.
Furthermore, the efforts of the association led to the admission of Nigeria as a
full member of the International Union of Official Travel Organization (IUO-
TO) now World Tourism Organization (WTO), and the circulation of decree
54 of 1976 establishing Nigerian Tourism Board (NTE3) (NTDC 2007).
In furtherance to the above, decree 54 of 1976was amended to give birth to the
Nigerian Tourism Development Corporation (NTDC) by decree 81 of 1992.
Hence NTDC becomes the zenith tourism agency in Nigeria with the respon-
sibility of promoting, marketing and coordinating tourism activities in the
country. Tourism in Nigeria like other countries of the world could be divided
into three broad types. These are religious, ecological and cultural tourism.
Religious tourism centre around traveling within or outside ones country for
various religious purposes, e.g. lslam and Christianity pilgrimages. African
traditional religion and other religions such as Buddhism and Hinduism
are not excluded from this type of tourism. Ecotourism or nature tourism is
very popular all over the world. Ecotourism involves travel to natural areas
to experience uncommon and beautiful ecosystems. The central attraction is
the quality and uniqueness of the natural environment. There are various

Volume 18 Number 2 Winter 2007 225

 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

protected areas in Nigeria that have been upgraded to national parks. These
include: Yankari Nataional park, kainji Lake National Park and Old Oyo Na-
tional Park among others.
Cultural tourism encompasses activities such as travel and/or visit to his-
torical sites and meeting people of other cultures. It also includes visits to
cultural festivals. Among such cultural festivals that have attracted and still
attracting tourist in regions of Nigeria are the Annual Argungu Festival, An-
nual Sallah, Durbar, Gidan Hausa, Farri Bacchama, Eyo Festival, q u d e Oba
Festival, Osun Osogbo Annual Festival, Oke Ibadan Festival, Oranmiyan
Festival, Canoe Regatta, Yam Festival, among others. On the other hand, his-
torical sites, which are broadly situated within the context of archaeological
resources, are also numerous in Nigeria. These include Iwo-Eleru Rockshel-
ter, Erijiyan Postsherd pavements, Ancient Ile-Ife, Old-0yo Kingdom, Olumo
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Rock, Idanre Hills, Ancient Benin Empire, Igbo-Ukwu, Akwanshi Stone Figu-
rines, Nok Valley, Kabitu Hills, Binda and Mwomomso Hills, Daima, Birnin-
Kudu Rock Painting, among others.
Interestingly but not unexpectedly, most of these attention-grabbing histori-
cal sites/ archaeological resources are not listed among the places to be devel-
oped by Nigerian Government to enhance her tourism potential. Although
tourism in Nigerian at its inception was geared towards the preservation and
conversation of Nigeria cultural heritages but the fervency is fast diminishing.

METHOD OF APPROACH
Nations of the world have become increasingly aware of the immense ben-
efits derivable from tourism, and are vigorously developing their tourism
industry. Nigeria is highly rich in cultural and natural resources that could
be tapped to enhance great benefits to the nation all ramifications. Needless
mentioning these cultural resources and natural recourses, because we shall
limit our discussions to archaeological resources and how best it could en-
hance advantageous benefits to the nation and individuals in general.
The research methods employed included surveys of various archaeological
sites and how it could be developed. This we hope could open up opportuni-
ties for the poor within such communities and affect their living standards.
Also we review several poverty alleviation policies of the Federal Govern-
ment of Nigeria that a greater percentage of it forged towards agriculture if
not all. These eventually leads us to our primary objectives which include (1)
to bring out some viable archaeological sites in Nigeria that could be devel-
oped into tourist centres; (2) to see how the development of such sites could
enhance the living standards of the poor; (3) to improve on the infrastructure
development of the area concerned; and (4) the expansion of economic meas-
ures that could create jobs and casual earning opportunities.
Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: A Synopsis
The genesis of poverty alleviation in Nigeria could bee traced to 1960 at inde-
pendence. At this time, the major focus was on education, which was seen as

226 . Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

 Abidemi Babatunde Babalola - Philip Gbadegesin Ajekigbe

an impetus to economic, technological and intellectual advancement of the

nation. In 1972 during the administration of Gen. Yakubu Gowon, series of
special programmes began to roll in with the aim of eradicating/alleviating
poverty. The administration established National Accelerated Food produc-
tion Programme (NAFPP) and the Nigeria Agricultural and Cooperative Bank
that were saddled with the responsibilities of funding agriculture and encour-
age local farmers. Followed closely was Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo's Operation
Feed the Nation (OFN) in 1979, which aimed at educating and empowering
local farmers to enhance their productivity. Between 1979 and 1999 differ-
ent governments of the country introduced various identical programmes to
solve the problem of poverty.
Despite the numerous attempts at alleviating poverty in Nigeria since inde-
pendence, as indicated in the 1990's by the World Bank report, Nigeria's Hu-
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man Development Index (HDI) was only 0.416 and that about 70% Nigerians
were living below the poverty line of USDl earning per day. Thus at the re-
turn of democracy in 1999, the President, Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, reviewed
the existing schemes on poverty reduction with a view to harmonizing and
improving on them (Nigeriafirst 2006).
Resulting from the eagerness and curiosity of the president Obasanjo's po-
litical dispensation to eradicate poverty in Nigeria was the inauguration of
National Poverty Alleviation Programme (NAPEP) in January 2001 with the
aim to completely wipe out poverty from Nigeria by the year 2010. Under this
scheme were established another four sub-schemes to facilitate the effective-
ness of this programme. These are (1) Youth Empowerment Scheme (YES), (2)
Rural Infrastructure Development Scheme (RIDS), (3) Social Welfare Service
Scheme (SOWESS) and (4) Natural Resources Development and Conserva-
tion Scheme (NRDCS). It is pertinent to know that all of the aforementioned
programmes by past Nigeria government were agriculture based, thus, they
could not in actual fact address the issue of poverty alleviation.
Interestingly, the current scheme on poverty reduction is the only one that
gives credence to the conservation and development of natural resources, a
step that is vital in sustainable archaeo-tourism industry for poverty reduc-
tion. On the other hand, the scheme is silent about the conservation and de-
velopment of cultural resources (material and non-material), which are in
abundance throughout Nigeria. From this development, Nigerian govern-
ment fails to treat poverty from within. Various governments do not recog-
nize that every society has its peculiar challenges and these challenges could
be better understood and probably tackled by its people through grassroot
mobilization. Thus, tourism is a peculiar and tentacular area with strength of
finding solution to the issue of poverty reduction in Nigeria, as it is both social
and capital resources attached to grassroot.

Archaeological SitedResources in Nigeria

It cannot be overemphasized that Nigeria is very rich in archaeological re-
sources. These archaeological resources dot the landscape across the regions

Volume 18 rn Number 2 Winter 2007 227

 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

in their variations, which range from Stone Age and Historic sites to tradi-
tional or cultural festivals. The abundance of these resources has attracted the
Europeans to Nigeria as far back as the first decades of the twentieth century,
particularly from the period of Leo Frobenius experience with Ife sculptural
industry (Andah and Folorunso 1992; Ogundiran 2002). This however gave
way for further scientific archaeological researches in Nigeria, which focuses
on (1) identify more archaeological sites and (2) strengthening and improving
aspects of Nigerian historiography.
As a result, numerous archaeological sites have been located and researched
into by the end of the twentieth century, although much more sites are being
found and researched on daily bases. Bernard Fagg, a trained archaeologist,
who arrived at Nigeria in 1939 as an Assistant District Officer with the Nige-
rian Administrative services, recovered numerous archaeological materials
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from during tin mining activities in Jos Plateau region of Nigeria. He discov-
ered Rop rock shelter and carried out the first scientific archaeological exca-
vation at the site in 1944. Rop rock shelter yielded a number of microliths, i.e.
stone artifacts, pottery materials, and human skeletal remains. It also yields a
radiocarbon date of 25 B.C. ?I20 (Fagg 1972).Further archaeological investi-
gation by Bernard Fagg at Taruga in Nok valley yielded terracotta figurines,
iron smelting furnaces, iron slag, iron objects, pottery, bowl and pots and
hammer stones. The site has dated metallurgy industry and popular Nok cul-
ture to about 300 B.C 100 (Nzewunwa 1983).
Professor Thurstan Shaw, who came to Nigeria on invitation of the Nigerian
Department of Antiquities in 1958, excavated Igbo-Ukwu site in southeaster
Nigeria between 1959 and 1964. The excavation concentrated on three sites
namely: Igbo-Isaiah, a store house of regalia, Igbo-Richard, a burial shrine
and Igbo-Jona, a pit in which some ritual object were kept (Andan and Folo-
runso 1992; Anoize 1992). Thurstan Shaw also in his keen interest to demys-
tify the myth round the existence of prehistoric man in the rainforest region
of West Africa sought and found Iwo-Eleru rock shelter. The site is located at
about 24km from Akure, and estimated to be lOkm from Isarun village near
Igbara-Oke in Ondo State of Nigeria. From the numerous excavation units
sunk at Iwo-Eleru in 1965, two occupational phases were identified namely
the historic phase associated with pottery material and the Late Stone Age
phase associated with microliths of varying dimensions. Of special interest
in the later phase is the occurrence of human skeletal remains with Negroid
characteristics dated to about 11,200 ? 200 BP. (Shaw and Daniels 1984).
Oyo-Ile in southwest Nigeria is among those sites that have contributed to
the origin of urban settlements in Nigeria as well as West Africa. Oyo-Ile is the
capital of Old Oyo Empire located in the extreme northwest of present Yoru-
baland of Nigeria. The site reached it zenith in political and probably econo-
my hegemony between the 18th and 19th century. It has attracted explorers
and professional archaeologists since early 19th century till present. Such as
Clapperton (1829), Clarke (1938 a, b), Willett (1960,1962), Soper (1978), Soper
and Darling (1980), Agbaje-Williams (1981, 1983) and Foloruso et a1 (2006)

228 Anatolia: An InternationalJournal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

 -
Abidemi Babatunde Babalola Philip Gbadegesin Ajekigbe

among others. The features and materials recovered from the site include:
numerous mound (debris and house rubble), pottery scatter, standing mud
structure, potsherd pavement, palace post, rockshelter, deep wells, water res-
ervoir, massive defensive walls and potsherd pavements (Figure 1).
Of course the name of the first African Vice Chancellor of the University of
Ibadan, Professor Kenneth Dike, cannot be glossed over in the development
of the archaeology in Nigeria. Although, he (Professor Dike) was not an ar-
chaeologist by training and did not carryout any archaeological investiga-
tions, but contributes immensely to many archaeological researches that led
to the discovery of many sites that we are talking of today. In addition, among
such indigenous people that were able to take archaeology beyond the shores
of Nigeria within the last three decades of the twentieth century was late
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Professor Bassey Andah, the doyen of African archaeology. Andah worked

on numerous archaeological sites and channeled his argument towards the
liberation of African development, the duty he performed assiduously until
his demise (Abungu 2006). For instance, he was the coordinator of the Bantu
Homeland project, which commenced in 1975 with the aim of tracing the
character of settlement, land use patterns, technological and social develop-
ment of Bantu people with regard to reconstruction of the cultural history
(Andah 1983)

Figure I . Relics of O l d O y o defensive w a l l within the O l d - 0 y o National Park.

Volume 18 Number 2 Winter 2007 229

 Poverty Alleviation In Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

Space will not permit detail description of other numerous and all-signifi-
cant archaeological sites in Nigeria, thus, mention would be made of some.
Tiiese include Ugwuagu rochshelter, Ugwuagu habitation site, Okochiri,
Agadagbabou, Onyoma, Ogoloma Koroama, Saikiripoga, in south-south and
Niger delta rcgiori; Ife, Benin, Egbcjoda, Orile Owu, Ilesha, Orile Ijaye, Umun-
da, Okpe Igara, Nsukka University Farm, Lejja, Ugwucle, Afikpo, Umukctc
and Isiugwu Obukpa in southwest and southeast regions; Samun Dukiya,
Mai Idon Toro, Dustsen Kongba, in the middle k i t ; Yelwa, Kasabo, Sawuni,
Old Warra, Monai, Old Bussa a17d Ulaira are situated within the middle Niger
valley; while Bimin Kudu Rock Panting, Qji Rock Painting, Bama, Kursaka-
ta, Shilma, Daima, Kariya Wuro, and Kufena Complex are in the northern axis
to mention but a few (Fibwre 2 and Table 1).
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The above-mentioned sites have yielded first-hand information that has con-
tributed to the knowledge of the archaeology of the country, which has dis-

--
I'ig~rrc2. Nigeria: location of some archac.cllo>gicals i t ~ ~ .

230 . Anatolia: An International Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

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Table 1. Some archaeoloeical sites and their nature in Nieeria.

Region Site Author(s)lResearcher (s) TypelNature Contents Chronology

Southwes Iwo-Eleru Thurstan Shaw Rockshelter, L S A Evidence of Negroid like 10,000 - 12,000 YA
tern site populationlmicroliths

Old Oyo Willet, Soper, Darling. L. S. A/ Historic Cave with Lithics, Potsherds, Whole Urban Po ulation phase
Agbaje-Williams, e.t.c (Urban Site) pots, Mounds, ditches and (17'''-iekl
c.
B
embankments e.t.c. E
a

Ile-lfe Garlake, Willet, Eyo, Fagg, Urban Historic Site Potsherd pavement, Terracotta, 12Ih- 14IhCentury A.D. 3.
m
Murray, Eluyemi, Various vessels and potsherds, u
Ogunfolakan, e.t.c. beads, copper bracelet e.t.c. E
3
a
Sungbo Eredo Lloyd, Darling Historic Monument Massive encircle earthen wall 12Ih- 13Ih century A.D. m
E
-
Egbejoda Eluyemi Rockshelter Terracotta and pottery -- E
o

Orile ljaye Smirth, Folorunso and Historic site Ditches and embankment, mound -- s--.
Olayinka (ash and refuse), pottery 0
E!
lsundunrin Aremu Iron working Dme furnance, iron slag -- i?i

Benin Goodwin, Willet. Ciroma, Urban Historic Variety of Pottery, Bronze, Terracotta, 1180 - A.D.? 105
Connah and Darling. Beads, Smoking pipes, Embankments
e.t.c.

Southeast Ezi-Ukwu Hartle, T. Shaw, Andah and Rockshelter Stone tools and potsherds 3000 B. C
Ukpa Anozie

Ugwuagu Hartle and Chikwendu RockshelterIHabitati Stone tools comprise of grinding 1OOOB.C and 1400-1600
on stone and microliths and potsherds AD
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Table I . Some archaeological sites and their nature i n Nigeria ( C o n t i ~ l ~ l e d )

Region Site Author(s)lResearcher (s) TypelNature Contents Chronology

IgbdJkwu T. Shaw Historic Burial Chamber, Store-house, 1othcentury AD

rituallceremonial pottery, beads,
bronze e.t.c.

Ugwuele Uturu Anozie, Chikwendu and Stone Age Site Variety of Stone Tools (e.g. --
Emeji Handaxes. Cleavers, scrapers, Flakes
and Picks)

Umukete Anozie, Andah and Okpoko Habitation Pottery, Polished stone axe, Mounds 1240 + 75 AD.
Aguleri e.t.c.

Umundu Anozie Historical Iron Furnance remains, iron Slag, Mounds. 1625-1775 A. D
Smelting Site Tuyeres and pottery.

Lejja Anozie Iron working Tuyeres, Pit furnance and Iron Slag --
Okochiri Nzewunwa Shell midden, Sea Shell.burnt or baked clay, iron 14~-15Ih
Century A. D
Abandoned fragment, pottery e.t.c.
settlement site

Onyoma T. Shaw, Alagoa, Anozie Shell midden Sea Shell (Tympanotonus fuscatus), 1335 + 85 A. D.
fish and mamamalian bones,
fragment of crucibles.

Agadagbabou Derefaka and Nzewunwa Abandoned Pottery, glass beads, Smoking pipe, 1730 A. D
Settlement worked bone

Igbo' Laja €YO Shrine or Ritual Site Terracotta, pottery, iron objects, 1765 A. D.
polished stone axes, e.t.c.

Middle Dusten York, Bassey and Fatunsin Rockshelter Microliths, pottery and iron fragments 6m- 1'' Millennium BC
NigerlNok Kongba (Microlithic Industry)
valley

Samun Dukya Angele Fagg Habitation Site (of Nokstyle fingurine fragments, granite 1520 + 115 BC
Nok culture) pebbles, pottery, grinding stone, iron
objects, stone beads, e.t.c.
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Table I . Some archaeological sites and their nature in Nigeria (Continued)

Region Site Author(s)lResearcher (s) TypelNature Contents Chronology

ROP Fagg, Eyo, Soper and Rockshelter Microlithics, pottery, polished axes, 25BC t 120
David (Microlithic Industry) quartz tools, rubbing stone, e.t.c.

Taruga Fagg Occupation site Iron objects, iron slag, tuyeres, 440 BC t 140
pottery. figurines
2
Y.
Mai ldon Toro Burton and Soper Acheuliean Cleavers and Hand axes -- a
3.
Yelwa Soper and Priddy Settlement Mound Terracotta, Potsherds, iron fragments, AD 100 -AD 700 m
beads, ear plugs e.t.c
E
E!
c
d
Kagoge Soper, Priddy and SettlemenffBurial Potsherds, burials, iron objects, beads -- m
Breternib e.t.c.
E
er
Norfhem Daima Connah Large Settlement Broken animal bones, potshers, 570BCf110-AD1016k
Mound grinding stone, smoking pipes, 90
figurines, qua@ bead, iron chain e.t.c -s--.
LIJ
Bama Soper and Connah Settlement Mound of Molluscs, pottery, bone point, ground 640 BC * 170 - 1880BC *
LSA stone axes, grind-stone, beads e.t.c. 250 a
%?
."ur.
Birnin Kudu Fagg and Goodwin Rock Painting Painting of domestic cattle, Late Stone Age Site
potsherds, iron objects, stone flake P
e.t.c. x
(0

Geji Sassoon Rock Painting Painting of antelopes, cows, monkeys 15* Century BC
and human

Samaru-West Sutton, Obayemi and Occupation Site Furnances, tuyeres, and slag heaps lS'
Millenium AD
Effah-Gyamfi
 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

played the archaeological potential of Nigeria. Suffice it to say that most (if
not all) of these archaeological sites with such fascinating features and at-
tributes are easily neglected after each archaeological investigation in the re-
gion. Thus, it poses a danger to the archaeological resources. Some of these
sites will go back to wild form while some would be looted shortly after they
have been exposed and abandoned by archaeologists without putting in place
measures to care for these resources. An attempt at caring for archaeological
sites or resources requires a multi-dimensional approach. This will not only
foster mutual interaction between professionals in different fields and sectors,
but also create some job opportunities. Hence archaeology, tourism and pov-
erty alleviation will be at pal.

DISCUSSION
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Tourism is one of the growing sectors in Nigerian economy. It has accorded

great attention by the government in the last two decades or there about. But
the fact still remains that to what extent can Nigeria compete with the inter-
national world in tourism business. In 1990 Nigeria established a tourism
policy with the basic objective to make Nigeria the ultimate tourism destina-
tion in 2010 - a vision that seem unrealistic this soon. The country is presently
facing with various challenges in the development of her tourism industry.
Although, as we have seen above, Nigeria is endowed with abundance of
natural and cultural resources (archaeological resources inclusive), its great
diversity of people and culture has distinguished her over centuries in its
tourism potential. The problem therefore lies in the harnessing the versati1.e
resources to impact the socio-economic development of the nation.
The transformation of archaeological resources to tourism resources for
poverty alleviation remains a perennial issue. In view of this, Nigeria archaeo-
tourism industry has great potential in generating employment for the jobless
and foreign exchange for the nation. This would be possible if the problems
plaguing the industry are removed. These constraining factors include:

Poor infrastructures
Low level of publicity of archaeological resources
Paucity of trained personnel to manage the site and the features/materials
therein
Lack of proper care of the resources by government and other agents
Lack of security of tourists and archaeological resources

Hitherto, archaeology has been a misconstrued discipline in Nigeria com-

pared to other developed nations. Thus the government and the general pub-
lic could not link archaeology with tourism as well as solving social problem.
People see archaeology as a way of learning something (socio-cultural and
environmental) about the past population for posterity rather than dynamic
subject reflecting the ever-changing human challenges and expectation (Fa-

234 . Anatolia: An InternationalJournal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

 Abidemi Babatunde Babalola - Philip Gbadegesin Ajekigbe

gan 2000) within a spatio-temporal framework. In an attempt to establish re-

lationship between archaeology and tourism, Ekechukwu (1990) suggest that
archaeology and tourism create an avenue by which the cultural and natural
resources of a nation as well as its people and attitudes in the presence of eco-
nomic, social, political and cultural instructions can be augmented in order
to achieve development in the desired direction. In other words, archaeology
and tourism are seen as recipe for preferred development in a multi dimen-
sional manner.
From the above it is evident that archaeology and tourism are knotted. But
the fact still remains that the impact of archaeology is not well felt in tourism,
thus it undermines the contribution of archaeology and tourism in poverty
reduction. Archaeological sites, particularly those with spectacular ruins or
monumental structure (such as Oranmiyan staff in Ile-Ife, Old-0yo park,
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Iwo-Eleru Rockshelter, Igbo-Ukwu, Daima, Taruga in Nok region and others)

have drawn tourists for centuries, as they drew explorers and adventurers
in the earlier times (Folorunso 2001). In addition, these sites could be refur-
bished and well managed for tourist attraction. For instance, the newly dis-
covered potsherd pavement around 'Agbaku cave' within Old Oyo site and

Figure 3. Exposed portion of potsherds pavement (Flat Pattern) at Agbaku Rockshelter, Old Oyo,
Southwest Nigeria
Note: Potsherd pavement is an ancient form of floor tiles that is prominent in pre-colonial Nigeria.
They are in two forms, that is, the flat and herringbone. The flat type is common form Old Oyo north-
ward while the herringbone is popular towards the south, particularly around Ile-Ife and Benin.

Volume 18 Number Winter 2007

 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

that of Nok, recently excavated by Breunig could be protected from erosion

and direct sun radiation and preserved for tourists and posterity (Figure 3).
Although Old-0yo site is presently one of the National Parks in Nigeria and
has been attracting tourists since it establishment, yet needs to be developed
to meet up with International standard with the capacity to engage more
hand in its operation. Unlike Old Oyo, Iwo-Eleru rock shelter has suffered
great neglect by professionals in the discipline and stakeholders in tourism
business since the completion of archaeological investigations in the area over
four decade ago. The nature of the geology of the site, that is, ancient igne-
ous and metamorphic rock with mainly gneisses, schists and quartzites and
particularly their overhang nature calls for preservation of the site. The rock
shelter coupled with the activity area identified could be fenced with iron
rods to prevent indiscriminate accesslpassage. The inner part of the rock shel-
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ter could be electrified for proper illumination against the natural darkness
of the shelter. These among other measures, have the capability to involve
some idle hands and showcase archaeological resources for viable tourism
development.
Our recently concluded investigation around ancient Egba forest revealed
an abandoned settlement of Orile-Keesi. The settlement is fortified with ditch-
es and embankments (Figure 4). Beside the fact that the investigation was
focused on the identifying and surveying of abandoned settlements in Egba
forest and contribution of the Egbas of southwestern Nigeria to the historiog-
raphy of the Yoruba race - one of the major ethnic groups in Nigeria, tourism
potential of the site was also considered (Babalola 2006).

Figure 4.Northem section of Orile-Keesi Wall, Southwest Nigeria.

236 Anatolia: An InternationalJournal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

 Abidemi Babatunde Babalola - Philip Gbadegesin Ajekigbe

It is therefore evident from the above that archaeological sites have increased
enormously in Nigeria. Consequently, it has great potential for tourism devel-
opment. Tourism is an industry that enriches nations, communities, families
and individuals. It is an important growth-industry, which has made enor-
mous advancement in several countries both in Africa and the world at large
(Ekechukwu 1990). In Republic of Ireland, for instance, tourism industry is
highly recognized as a vital element of the economy (Fowler 1991). In addi-
tion, archaeological survey in the region has recorded in excess of 13,000 sites,
which are all listed in the Northern Ireland Sites and Monuments Records
(Folorunso 2001, citing Canouts 1991). Nigeria could as well learn from this,
ensuring that all archaeological sites are registered with the National Com-
mission for Museum and Monument for proper publicity and monitoring.
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Similarly, within the Northeastern axis of Nigeria, particularly in the Chad

Basin region, Connah (1981) recorded about 96 archaeological sites that have
promising archaeological and tourist potential. Nzewunwa (1983) listed
about 54 major archaeological sites in Nigeria. Aremu (2004) in his own case
highlighted 98 iron-working sites that scatter around regions (present in al-
most every state), which are of high value to the socio-economicdevelopment
of Nigeria. The extremely abundant archaeological resource in Nigeria is a
testimony to tourism vibrancy of the nation and capacity for employment
generation, which would encumber poverty rate.
Despite the prospects of archaeological resources for tourism development,
we cannot be ignorant of the contention that transformation of archaeological
resources to tourism resources endangers the span of these resources. Folo-
runso (2001, citing McManamon 1991) notes that intense focus of tourists on
such well-known sites have destroyed or increased the rate of destruction of
important components of the sites, or the ambience once enjoyed by visitors.
Furthermore, it is emphasized that archaeologists have been cautious of tour-
ist because of the problems of preservation and conservation of archaeologi-
cal sites, which could arise from tourist activities. Also uncontrolled traffic of
people to archaeological sites and the curiosity of people about archaeological
features and objects which may lead to their removal as souvenirs are identi-
fied as part of the threats tourism may pose on archaeological sites (Folorunso
2001). Article 4 of Global Code of Conduct for Tourism emphasizes how best
archaeological sites should be treated. Thus, sub-section 2 of article 4 states "
tourism policies and activities should be conducted with respect for the artis-
tic, archaeological and cultural heritage, which they should protect and pass
on to future generations: particular care should be devoted to preserving and
upgrading monuments, shrines and museum as well as archaeological and
historic sites.. ." (www.world-tourism.org).
In other for archaeo-tourism industry to be an indispensable means of pov-
erty alleviation in Nigeria, the above-identified problems need to be solved
through the following recommended steps:

Volume 18 Number 2 Winter 2007 237

 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

Upgrading of infrastructures and superstructures at archaeological/tourist

sites. The maintenance of these structures will definitely involve people from
diverse disciplines such as engineers, architects, planners and a number of
artisans could be incorporated.
Recruitment of people as tourism police and tourism officials. These people
will be saddled with the responsibilities of preservation and conservation
processes, monitoring visitors, organizing public lectures on the preserva-
tion, conservation and importance of the siteslmaterials, guarding the en-
tire site and enlightenment of the general public about archaeological sites,
tourism and their rightlresponsibilities.
Construction of minilon-site museum is an important step that should be
taken. The full import of mini on-site museum cannot be jettisoned in this
regard. The mini museum should house replicated archaeological finds
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among other original finds. Therefore, on-site museum would function as a

unifying platform where the local people and others visiting the site in the
nearest future can relish the past memories.
Establishment of tourism cooperative society is also of great significance to
poverty alleviation through archaeo-tourism. Inhabitants of the localities
where archaeological resources are located can be loaned through this co-
operative society at little interest rate to engage in petty trading. They can
operate small tradition kitchen, sale souvenir or sale petty things that will
be useful for tourist that visit the place.

All the above would be impossible without adequate fund. Therefore the
responsibility is in fourfold. (1)Government: because of the huge capital in-
volve, government intervention would be appropriate to provide such fund.
Also establishment of legislations by the government protecting archaeologi-
cal sites and prohibiting illicit trafficking of cultural materials would be of
great help. (2) Private sector: these involve the hoteliers, transporters, and
travel agents among others to help advertise to international and local mar-
kets. (3) The practitioners in archaeology and other related disciplines should
make themselves available for the discovery of more of sites that could of in-
terest to both international and local tourist. (4) The general public should be
patriotic enough to make turn over the loan and return on time for other peo-
ple's benefit. Also they should ensure that tourist are not exploited, cheated
and missled. The cooperation and understanding of these four cadre stand a
better way of reviving archaeo-tourism industry and contribute to the allevia-
tion of poverty from the faces of some poor Nigerians particularly in the rural
areas where archaeological and tourism resources are located.
A look at poverty alleviation from the viewpoint of the development of sus-
tainable archaeo-tourism section would reduce poverty and also limit youth
militarism, gangsterism and hooliganism. This is because more people would
be engaged in the exercise. Thus, there are some Yoruba adage sayings "ise
l'ogun ise" and "owo t'badile le'su n be lowe," that is, 'work is an antidote
for poverty' and 'an idle man is the devil's workshop'. In addition, as noted

238 Anatolia: An InternationalJournal of Tourism and Hospitality Research

 Abidemi Babatunde Babalola - Philip Gbadegesin Ajekigbe

by Agbaje-Williams (1990), the development of feasible tourism industry will

not only directly boosts the nation's economy but also will indirectly stem the
drift of youths into urban areas.
To this end, a swift attention is needed from the govemment at all levels, ex-
perts in archaeology and other related fields and the commissions in charge of
tourism and cultural heritage sites and/ or resources to take seriously the op-
portunities provided by the availability of the archaeological resources for the
betterment of the nation at large. Thus, Andah (1990)posits that for suitability
of any tourism programme they must be oriented to and strive for self-reli-
ance, which he identifies at individual and govemment levels.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

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It is obvious from the foregoing that Nigeria has a great potential for tourism.
Tourism resources in form of natural and cultural resources and traditional
festivals are in abundance in Nigeria. Government at all levels is urged not
to fail in their responsibilities to ensure that the resources are managed and
used for the betterment of her citizenry. This was acknowledged at the 1990
UN meeting on sustainable development which urged the government to
"maximize the potential of tourism for eradicating poverty by developing
appropriate strategies in co-operation with all major groups' indigenous and
local communities (Roe and Khanya 2001). The paper has mentioned some
archaeological sites in Nigeria that could be developed for tourism. It has also
identified how the development of these sites as tourism resources could en-
hance poverty reduction in Nigeria through creation of job opportunities for
the jobless and the poor. Following the aforementioned will augment pro poor
tourism strategies in the country; hence the benefit will not only be economic
but may also be social, environmental and cultural. It is clear that tourism in-
dustry cannot flourish if people are not considered as an integral of planning.
Thus the poor and the jobless should be at the central of all government legis-
lations, policies and planning framework on tourism development.
The forms in which tourism manifests itself are important to both policy-
makers and the agents of the tourist industry. These forms include domestic,
business, pleasure and education among others. The forms have implications
in terms of the numbers involved in each form, and their potential contribu-
tions to the economy and to national development in general. The future of
tourism in its entirety with some perennial implications linked with the care
of our historical and cultural heritage of which archaeology forms the basis is
not to be toy with. That is to say, history, culture and tourism should be devel-
oped together to have economic, political and social produce on the general
public. The culture by which Nigerians live, the history of their culture in its
evolution through historical times and those recovered by archaeology form
a part of the patrimony that must be feed in tourism and economy. Hence,
the foundation of tourism and economy is to be found in the Nigerian herit-
age of culture embedded in prehistory or archaeology, present practices and

Volume 18 a Number 2 a Winter 2007 a 239

 Poverty Alleviation in Nigeria: Need for the Development of Archaeo-Tourism

future expectations, being a dynamic possession, culture in its present mani-

festations presage at the same time, the forms of the future developments.
Finally, it is hoped that the time has come for the country to wake up and look
inwards to take advantage of her rich archaeological resources, which have
been neglected for sometime now. The development and improvement of
tourism should look towards developing archaeological recourses to cater for
the participation of local population in the tourism industry to curb the influx
of youths to the urban centres.

Acknowledgment
The authors ack~zowledgethe assistance of Dr. S. Aderemi Ajala of the Department
of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of lbadan, Nigeria, in reading thejrst
manuscript of this paper. His critics nmou?tt to the success of this paper.
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Subiniffed : 17 May 2007

Resubnlitted : 07 September ZOO7
Resubmitted : I 1 October 2007
Accepted : 19 October 2007
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Refereed anonyfnously

242 . Anatolia: An InternationalJournal of Tourism and Hospitality Research