Test Bank for Gardners Art through the Ages A Global History, Volume II, 14th Edition

Test Bank for Gardners Art through the Ages A

Global History, Volume II, 14th Edition

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CHAPTER 19—AFRICA BEFORE 1800

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. The earliest African sculpture in the round is from which of the following groups?
a. Nok
b. Ife
c. Benin
d. Sapi
ANS: A PTS: 1

2. A "horned headdress" on the running female from Tassili can signify which of the following?
a. male power
b. a mask
c. ceremonial regalia
d. combined male and animal powers
ANS: C PTS: 1

3. Tassili is in which of the following countries?

a. Nigeria
b. Sierra Leone
c. Algeria
d. South Africa
ANS: C PTS: 1

4. Facial striping is used as an indicator in African societies for which of the following?
a. a thief
b. a scorned woman
c. only the chief
d. titled status
ANS: D PTS: 1

5. The Ile-Ife figures from the Yoruba kingdom of Owo served mainly in rituals focused on which of the
following?
a. funereal rites
b. sacred kingship
c. initiation ceremonies
d. birth rituals
ANS: B PTS: 1

6. Which of the following would most likely be used by the leader as a badge of office in order to
magnify his gestures?
a. shrine
b. stool
c. fly-whisk
d. saltcellar
ANS: C PTS: 1
 7. Considerable literature exists today which describes, analyses, and interprets the meaning of rock art.
Although precise meaning is still problematic, which of the following could be used to describe the
role of the running woman from Tassili?
a. her size might indicate importance
b. her painted skirt indicates her married status
c. her horned helmet indicates she is a member of the royal Benin dynasty
d. nothing can be gleaned from this image
ANS: A PTS: 1

8. Which of the following is the system the Benin use to record their history?
a. complex oral recitations
b. bronze relief tablets
c. mounted wall plaques on the palace façade
d. written documents
ANS: A PTS: 1

9. In which group are women the principal creators of ceramics and clay sculpture?
a. Sapi
b. Benin
c. Nok
d. Igbo-Ukwu
ANS: C PTS: 1

10. Which of the following is a characteristic of the Nok style in ceramic sculpture?
a. inverted pot shape
b. scarification
c. double chevron motif
d. large alert eyes
ANS: D PTS: 1

11. Which of the following possessions would suggest the user holds a position of leadership?
a. umbrella
b. canoe
c. feathered cloak
d. silver spoon
ANS: A PTS: 1

12. Where do the Yoruba legends place their origins?

a. Ile-Ife
b. Benin City
c. Igbo-Ukwu
d. Tassili
ANS: A PTS: 1

13. Who are considered the ancestors of the Shona-speaking people?

a. the people of Benin
b. the people of Ile-Ife
c. the people of Great Zimbabwe
d. the people of Lydenburg
 ANS: C PTS: 1

14. The tower form found at Great Zimbabwe suggests a granary. Based on the African symbols found on
the tower, which of the following would explain the meaning for this tower form?
a. suggests the ruler as he is the dispenser of grain
b. suggests the queen as she is the hope of the future
c. suggests the people as they harvest the fields
d. suggests the Great Crocodile as he allows the grain to be harvested
ANS: A PTS: 1

15. The Benin Altar to the Hand and Arm is associated with the power of the ruler and power itself. Which
of the following animals would not appear in the iconography of this shrine?
a. hyena
b. ram
c. crocodile
d. elephant
ANS: A PTS: 1

16. The stone monolith found at Great Zimbabwe has two sculpted animals that are associated with the
ancestry of the rulers: the bird with the first wife's ancestors and the crocodile with the wife's elder
male ancestors. Based on this description where would the most likely location be for the placement of
this monolith?
a. ruler's compound
b. outside the walls of Great Zimbabwe
c. first wife's compound
d. in the great courtyard
ANS: C PTS: 1

17. African art serves to elevate and bring distinction to the leader. Which of the following art forms
would perform that function?
a. stool
b. staff
c. spear
d. sword
ANS: A PTS: 1

18. Recently, many Nok style works have left Nigeria through which of the following?
a. a government export program
b. a Benin export market
c. an illegal market
d. a United Nations sanctioned market
ANS: C PTS: 1

19. Which of the following items is a prestigious object that was excavated from a tomb in the Igbo-Ukwu
area?
a. crocodile tooth
b. monkey bone
c. elephant tusk
d. lion tail
ANS: C PTS: 1
20. The presence of Portuguese heads on the Benin belt mask of the Queen Mother indicates which of the
following?
a. a victory of the Benin over the Portuguese
b. a marriage between the Queen Mother and a Portuguese Lord
c. an export item
d. a diplomatic relationship
ANS: D PTS: 1

21. Which of the following is a unique hybrid of African and European cultures?
a. Benin whisks
b. Sapi ivories
c. Jenne figures
d. Ife jewelry
ANS: B PTS: 1

22. The Niger River Delta has been likened to which of the following?
a. Rome
b. Greece
c. Mesopotamia
d. Aegean
ANS: C PTS: 1

23. The figural art of which culture is finely modeled with focused attention on naturalistic detail? Signs
of age or blemishes are also absent, and the sculpture is lifelike, but at the same time idealized.
a. Ife
b. Igbo-Ukwu
c. Sapi
d. Benin
ANS: A PTS: 1

24. Great Zimbabwe is unusual because it is made of which of the following materials?
a. clay
b. bronze
c. stone
d. wood
ANS: C PTS: 1

25. Which of the following was the walled town, c. 800 CE, that had a diverse population and many
specialist workshops?
a. Lagos
b. Jenne-Jeno
c. Benin City
d. Great Zimbabwe
ANS: C PTS: 1

26. The artist, Master of the Symbolic Execution, has been identified as a master workshop artist from
which of the following?
a. Sapi
b. Jenne
 c. Benin
d. Igbo-Ukwu
ANS: A PTS: 1

27. What objects did Sapi artists create for export during the sixteenth century?
a. gold statues
b. brass altars
c. ivory objects
d. wooden masks
ANS: C PTS: 1

28. The Benin Altar of the Hand is cast by which of the following means?
a. modeled wax
b. clay
c. lost-wax
d. molded clay
ANS: C PTS: 1

29. Which of the following facial features would the Sapi associate with African adornment and use as a
component in their saltcellars?
a. small round noses
b. scarification
c. small almond shaped eyes
d. large pointed ears
ANS: B PTS: 1

30. The Sapi saltcellar, an export product, is attributed to which of the following artists?
a. Master of the Ax
b. Master of the Heads
c. Master of the Seated Figures
d. Master of the Symbolic Execution
ANS: D PTS: 1

31. Large groups of ceramic sculpture dating between 1000 and 1600 CE have been excavated from which
inland delta area?
a. Congo
b. Niger
c. Tigris
d. Nile
ANS: B PTS: 1

32. Which of the following European peoples established contact with the kingdom of Benin in the 1470s?
a. Portuguese
b. Spanish
c. British
d. French
ANS: A PTS: 1

33. Who or what does the leopard symbolize in Benin iconography?

 a. power
b. Olokun
c. sea
d. the Benin people
ANS: A PTS: 1

34. The rock art of Tassili can be said to depict which of the following?
a. people
b. people and supernatural beings
c. kings
d. the god Olokun
ANS: B PTS: 1

35. One of the major problems impeding a precise African chronology is widespread illegal "treasure
hunting." Which of the following is a consequence of this activity?
a. nothing too harmful the artifacts are going into major collections
b. artifacts not removed are destroyed
c. removing artifacts disturbs or ruins context
d. "treasure hunters" attribute artifacts to only certain cultures or groups
ANS: C PTS: 1

SLIDE IDENTIFICATION
Select the response that identifies or corresponds best to the image on the screen.

36. (Figure 19-13)

a. sixteenth century
b. nineteenth century
c. seventeenth century
d. fifteenth century
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

37. (Figure 19-11)

a. Benin
b. Jenne
c. Jeno
d. Great Zimbabwe
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

38. (Figure 19-12)

a. Benin
b. Jenne
c. Great Zimbabwe
d. Nok
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

39. (Figure 19-10)

a. Ethiopia
b. Nigeria
c. Sierra Leone
d. Great Zimbabwe
 ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

40. (Figure 19-6)

a. brass
b. terracotta
c. ivory
d. wood
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

41. (Figure 19-3)

a. Ife
b. Nok
c. Igbo-Ukwu
d. Benin
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

42. (Figure 19-4)

a. Lydenburg
b. Benin
c. Nok
d. Sapi
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

43. (Figure 19-2)

a. Benin City
b. Lagos
c. Tassili
d. Lalibela
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

44. (Figure 19-5)

a. Benin
b. Nok
c. Igbo-Ukwu
d. Ife
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

45. (Figure 19-3)

a. wood
b. terracotta
c. copper-bronze
d. ivory
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

46. (Figure 19-13)

a. wood
b. terracotta
c. copper-bronze
d. ivory
 ANS: D PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

47. (Figure 19-14)

a. Sapi-Portuguese
b. Benin
c. Ife
d. Nok
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

48. (Figure 19-12)

a. copper-bronze
b. terracotta
c. soapstone
d. wood
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

49. (Figure 19-13)

a. Oba
b. First Ancestor
c. Great Goddess
d. Queen Mother
ANS: D PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

50. (Figure 19-6)

a. Ife
b. Jenne
c. Benin
d. Sapi
ANS: A PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

51. (Figure 19-13A)

a. copper
b. bronze
c. brass
d. gold
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

52. (Figure 19-4A)

a. Ethiopia
b. Nigeria
c. Sierra Leone
d. Great Zimbabwe
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

53. (Figure 19-6A)

a. lead
b. gold
c. bronze
d. Zinc brass
 ANS: D PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

54. (Figure 19-7)

a. water-bearer
b. Scribe
c. seated man
d. King Ubwe
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Identification

SHORT ANSWER

1. Who were the Ife kings, and in what style were they represented?

ANS:
The kings of Ife were the ancestors of the Yoruba. They ruled the sacred city of Ife in Nigeria. They
are presented in an idealized naturalism that becomes a metaphorical image for the Ife and subsequent
generations.

PTS: 1

2. How is Beta Medhane Alem, Lalibela significant to Ethiopia?

ANS:
This church represents the commitment to Christianity made by the Zagwe dynasty. This structure has
the distinction of being the largest church in Lalibela. The church also shows the skill in planning the
design even though the tufa is soft and easily worked, the design had to be completely visualized
beforehand.

PTS: 1

3. What is the significance of Jenne-Jeno?

ANS:
A wall town that had a diverse ethnic population. The archaeological evidence also shows diversified
groups of specialty workshops.

PTS: 1

4. How is scarification suggested on the Lydenburg Head?

ANS:
The application of thin clay fillets on the forehead, temples and between the eyes is thought to
represent the scarification that was considered a sign of beauty in many parts of Africa.

PTS: 1

5. What interpretation has been made for the buildings of Great Zimbabwe?

ANS:
Based on current studies it is thought these structures served as a royal residence with areas reserved
for the king, his wives, and nobles. Further evidence supports an open court used for ceremonial
gatherings.
 PTS: 1

6. What has been suggested as the reason for the durability of the art forms of early African history?

ANS:
Their usage in elite contexts such as kingship and courtly traditions may have been a factor for their
durability.

PTS: 1

7. What is one interpretation for the conical towers at Great Zimbabwe?

ANS:
Some scholars have suggested that the towers represent the masculine (largest) and the feminine
(smallest) however their precise significance is still unknown.

PTS: 1

8. What interpretation has been made regarding the seated bird on top of the soapstone monolith from
Great Zimbabwe?

ANS:
It is thought to represent the first wife's ancestors. According to present day Shona peoples beliefs
ancestral spirits take bird-form in and are able to create communication between the earth and the sky.
Based on the current studies it does seem very likely that the interpretation, the seated bird represents
the first wife's ancestors, is accurate.

PTS: 1

9. What is the speculation regarding the seated bird on top of the crocodile from the soapstone monolith
at Great Zimbabwe?

ANS:
Some scholars believe these two represent previous rulers who would have acted as messengers
between the living and the dead, as well as messengers between the sky and the earth.

PTS: 1

10. What are the European components of the Sapi saltcellar?

ANS:
The overall design of the spherical container on a pedestal and some of the geometric patterning on the
base and sphere as well as certain elements of dress.

PTS: 1

11. What is the significance of tame leopards flanking the Benin Oba?

ANS:
They refer to the Oba's dominance even over the leopard, a king in the wild. The animal is subservient
to the Oba's power.

PTS: 1
 12. What is distinctly African about the Sapi saltcellar?

ANS:
The style of the human heads and the proportions of the human figures. The emphasis placed on the
head is an African focus.

PTS: 1

13. Briefly describe the Benin Kingdom.

ANS:
Established before 1400 and most likely in the thirteenth century through to the present (still
functioning). It reached its zenith during the 15th and 16th centuries, and slowly began to decline. Its
final vicissitude occurred during the late 19th century (1897) when the British government sent troops
to overthrow the Kingdom. The palace was sacked and burned; however today Benin City is a thriving
city.

PTS: 1

14. Briefly describe the Nok.

ANS:
This culture produced the earliest African sculpture in the round. The Nok were located in the Central
Sudan, a broad band of grasslands that span the continent south of the Sahara. Numerous sites have
been discovered but there is no evidence to suggest these sites were politically and socially unified.
Nok art dates between 500 BCE to 200 CE.

PTS: 1

15. What is the earliest archaeologically documented example of an equestrian figure in African sculpture?

ANS:
The Igbo-Ukwu equestrian figure from the handle of a fly-whisk dated from the ninth-tenth centuries.

PTS: 1

16. What explanation has been suggested for the shift from wooden sculpture to terracotta in Nok culture?

ANS:
It is thought a more centrally organized courtly tradition wanted the permanency of the terracotta
medium.

PTS: 1

ESSAY

1. Explain the use of art to indicate social status in Africa. Use examples to support your essay.

ANS:
Answer found throughout the chapter.

PTS: 1
2. Describe the interplay of realism and abstraction in African art. Use examples to support your essay

ANS:
Answer found throughout the chapter.

PTS: 1

3. Describe the Nok culture. How did it shape early African societies and their visual arts? Use examples
to support your essay.

ANS:
pages 524-525.

PTS: 1

4. Explain the role of the Portuguese in early Benin society. Use examples to support your essay

ANS:
pages 532.

PTS: 1

5. Explain the function of the ivory waist pendant of the Benin Queen Mother. Consider the political
implications as well as the sculptural qualities of the work.

ANS:
pages 531-532.

PTS: 1

6. Compare the statue of the Ife King and the Benin Ivory waist pendant. How does each work exemplify
royalty? How does each work indicate status?

ANS:
pages 527-528 and 531-532.

PTS: 1

7. Compare the Igbo-Ukwu Fly-Whisk and the Ife King statue. How does each work personify status
within its society? Examine the purpose and function of each work as well.

ANS:
pages 526-527 and 527-528.

PTS: 1

8. Explain the importance of Great Zimbabwe to its location. What was its function and purpose?

ANS:
pages 530.

PTS: 1
 9. Discuss the use of animals as iconographic symbols in early African visual arts. Consider their
meanings and purposes. Use examples to support your essay.

ANS:
Answer found throughout the chapter.

PTS: 1

OTHER

SLIDE QUESTIONS

1. How does this image represent their contact with peoples outside Africa?

ANS:
Beata Giorghis (19-10). The leader Lalibela commissioned 11 churches. The form of this church is in
the shape of the Greek cross. This displays a familiarity with Byzantine architecture.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

2. How does this mosque differ from typical Middle Eastern mosques?

ANS:
Aerial view of Great Mosque (Figure 19-9). The façade deviates from traditional mosques. It is
punctuated by towers and strip buttresses.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

3. How does this present a striking contrast to figures from Ile-Ife and Tada?

ANS:
Archer (Figure 19-8). Its proportions are different. The figure is thin and tall with tubular limbs and an
elongated head. Characteristic of the Djenne style are his prominent chin, bulging eyes and large nose.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

4. Contrast these two works.

ANS:
Nok head, terracotta (Figure 19-3), and Lydenburg head, terracotta (Figure 19-4). The Nok head
depicts an expressive face with large alert eyes, whereas the Lydenburg head shows a less facile
handling of the medium. The Lydenburg head resembles an inverted pot.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

5. Who does this object represent, and what material was used to make it? What does it express?

ANS:
Queen Mother, ivory, Benin (Figure 19-13). She is the mother of Esigie and with her assistance and
the aid of the Portuguese he was able to consolidate his power. Her son thanked her by creating the
title, Queen Mother, Iy'oba. He honored her by having constructed a separate palace for her use.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

 6. Describe the purpose of this work.

ANS:
Altar to the Hand and Arm, Benin (Figure 19-1). It is an ancestral altar. The king and other
high-ranking officials made sacrifices in order to invoke their own powers of accomplishment and
success.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

7. How do the alternating heads and mudfish represent the Oba?

ANS:
Ivory Waist Pendant, Benin (Figure 19-13). The heads refer to the alliance between the Oba and the
Benin with Portuguese. The mudfish refers to Olokun, god of the sea, wealth, and creativity. Both refer
to the Oba as a diplomat and his ability to negotiate trade.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

8. Explain the size differential on the top and side of this work.

ANS:
Altar to the Hand and Arm, Benin (Figure 19-1). Size indicates rank, status, and importance of the
central figure in relationship to the other, smaller figures.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

9. What does the crocodile represent on this monolith and what interpretations can be drawn from this
motif?

ANS:
Bird with Crocodile Monolith, Great Zimbabwe (Figure 19-12). It may represent the elder wife's male
ancestors. The circles beneath the bird are called the "eyes of the crocodile." This motif suggests a
closer affinity between present day Shona peoples Great Zimbabwe.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

10. What is a possible interpretation for this work?

ANS:
Running woman, Tassili (Figure 19-2). She is perhaps a ritual or commemorative figure. The female is
presented in dynamic detail. The dotting on her body might signify a preparation for a ritual. The
horned headdress and the size of the figure is also an important factor for interpretation. In these
ancient cultures size is important for determining status as well.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

11. How does this figure represent Ife kingship?

ANS:
King, Ife (Figure 19-6). The sculptor has presented the figure of the metaphorical king, rather than a
portrait of a specific individual. The regalia is complete and detailed substantiating even more the
importance of the role of the king and this figure in particular.
Test Bank for Gardners Art through the Ages A Global History, Volume II, 14th Edition

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

12. Why is this image significant?

ANS:
Master of the Symbolic Execution, Saltcellar, Sapi-Portuguese (Figure 19-14). This work represents
the first African tourist art. It was commissioned by the Portuguese as a trade item, highly sought in
Europe. The excellence of the carving and the elegant refined detail point to the ability of the Sapi
artist to control the medium of ivory.

PTS: 1 KEY: Slide Questions

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