Test Bank for Gender Psychological Perspectives, 7th Edition Brannon

Test Bank for Gender Psychological Perspectives,

7th Edition Brannon

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 1

Chapter 6
Developing Gender Identity
Test Questions

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When young boys prefer playing with dolls to playing sports and like to wear girls’ clothing,
a. this behavior is a definite symptom of gender dysphoria.
b. this behavior is a signal that these boys will be homosexual adults.
c. these boys are likely to seek sexual reassignment surgery as adults.
d. this behavior is unusual, but these boys may have no gender identity problems.
Answer: d

2. The development of gender identity includes

a. accepting self as male or female.
b. accepting stereotypical gender behaviors as natural.
c. rejecting behaviors associated with the other gender.
d. trying out all types of gender-related behaviors to determine which ones are appropriate.
Answer: a

3. What type of gender-related knowledge do children possess at age 9 months to one year old?
a. the ability to apply gender labels, but not correctly
b. the ability to distinguish female from male faces
c. the ability to select toys that are typical for their own gender
d. the ability to group people of the same gender together
Answer: b

4. Children as young as _______ have been found to be able to distinguish female from male
faces.
a. 7 months
b. 12 months
c. 2 years
d. 3 years or older
Answer: a

5. At about what age do children possess knowledge of gender-typical activities?

a. 7 months
b. 12 months
c. 24 months
d. 3 years or older
Answer: c

6. A child who has trouble with gender labeling

a. is typically older than 4 years.
b. cannot apply the words girl and boy correctly.
c. becomes inflexible in the use of gender words.
d. consistently reverses the labels for the genders.
Answer: b

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 2

7. Children who cannot correctly apply gender labels

a. sometimes show gender consistency.
b. may succeed at other components of gender identity.
c. also fail at other tasks involved with gender identity.
d. represent about 30% of children under age 8 years, and these children are at risk for other
cognitive deficits.
Answer: c

8. When children begin to learn the labels for the genders,

a. they make few mistakes.
b. they tend to use only one gender label, calling everyone a boy or a girl rather than
applying the labels according to gender.
c. girls make fewer mistakes than boys.
d. they tend to apply these labels according to some characteristic other than gender.
Answer: d

9. Young children are more likely to use ________ than ________ to identify a person’s gender.
a. personal information . . . abstract information
b. self-reflection . . . self-direction
c. activity level . . . career status
d. clothing styles . . . genitals
Answer: d

10. When children have learned gender labeling, they

a. have developed gender constancy.
b. may still believe that gender can change over time or with effort.
c. are also gender congruent.
d. are typically at least 8 years old.
e. both c and d
Answer: b

11. Some researchers have found it useful to divide the concept of gender constancy into the
components of
a. gender identity and gender reversal.
b. gender stability and gender consistency.
c. gender stereotyping and gender stability.
d. gender consistency and gender intensification.
Answer: b

12. Four-year-old Alicia says, “I’m a girl, but I can be a daddy when I grow up, if I want to.”
Alicia
a. shows gender consistency.
b. fails to show gender stability.
c. shows gender role flexibility.
d. has a poor generalization of gender schema.
Answer: b

13. Five-year-old Jacob says, “I don’t want to wear that shirt—it’s a girl’s shirt. If I wear it, I’ll
have to be a girl.” Jacob
a. shows gender consistency in rejecting feminine clothing.

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 3

b. shows gender role flexibility.

c. fails to show gender labeling.
d. fails to show gender consistency.
Answer: d

14. Trying to get children to make mistakes concerning the gender of a male doll by dressing the
doll in feminine clothing and calling him “her” may lead children as old as ________ into making
mistakes.
a. 4 years old
b. preschool age
c. early elementary age
d. teenagers
Answer: c

15. What effect does developing gender constancy have on individuals?

a. Individuals with gender constancy can begin to learn correct gender labeling.
b. Individuals with gender constancy then develop gender stability.
c. Individuals with gender constancy typically have a diffuse concept of gender-typical
activities.
d. Individuals with gender constancy find gender more important than those who have not
developed constancy.
Answer: d

16. Research on the development of gender identity has shown that

a. children develop gender constancy, which is the basis for other components of gender
identity.
b. some children have a full concept of gender identity by age 2 years.
c. about 10% of children have at least one component of gender identity unresolved during
preadolescence.
d. children show individual variability in age but not in the sequence in which they develop
the components of gender identity.
Answer: d

17. Which gender difference applies to the development of gender identity?

a. Boys experience more severe socialization pressure than girls.
b. Individual variability affects the sequence of gender labeling and gender stability.
c. Children receive inconsistent punishment for gender-typical behaviors.
d. Girls do not receive either punishment or reinforcement for gender-related behaviors, but
boys do.
Answer: a

18. Some gender differences occur in the development of gender identity;

a. both girls and boys learn about behaviors associated their own gender before learning
about the other.
b. girls learn feminine gender role behaviors as well as behaviors associated with the male
gender role before boys do.
c. boys learn masculine gender role behaviors as well as behaviors associated with the
female gender role before girls do.
d. these differences are largest for children whose parents fail to adopted traditional gender
roles.
Answer: a

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 4

19. When comparing gender development of boys and girls,

a. girls develop a stable set of gender-related behaviors (but not knowledge) before boys do.
b. boys develop a stable set of gender-related behaviors (but not knowledge) before girls do.
c. no gender differences appear in the development of gender-related behaviors.
d. development of stable gender-related behaviors varies according to social class.
Answer: b

20. Gender schema theory predicts that children will develop gender knowledge about their own
gender faster than knowledge about the other gender. Research has
a. confirmed this prediction.
b. confirmed this prediction for boys but not for girls.
c. confirmed this prediction for girls but not for boys.
d. failed to confirm this prediction.
Answer: a

21. When children learn the rules for gender category formation, they become unwilling to make
exceptions. That is, they tend to
a. use a variety of flexible gender categories.
b. find it difficult to limit their categories to the two standard choices.
c. stereotype on the basis of gender.
d. use several different cognitive strategies to identify a stranger’s gender.
Answer: c

22. Between ages 5 and 7, children have __________ with ________.

a. poorly formed gender identity . . . too much gender role flexibility
b. well-formed gender identity . . . too much gender role flexibility
c. poorly formed gender identity . . . limited gender role flexibility
d. well-formed gender identity . . . limited gender role flexibility
Answer: d

23. Which of the following is true concerning gender role flexibility?

a. Gender role flexibility precedes gender role knowledge.
b. Young adults show less gender role flexibility than adolescents.
c. Children and adolescents are more willing to allow gender role flexibility for themselves
than for others.
d. Parents influence the development of gender role flexibility, but peers and siblings have
little influence.
Answer: c

24. Despite the high level of gender stereotyping that typically occurs during adolescence,
_________ has been associated with an increase in gender flexibility.
a. the transition to junior high school
b. the transition to high school
c. negative reinforcement for gender atypical behaviors
d. preparation for marriage
Answer: a

25. Adolescents tend to be inflexible in applying gender rules to ________ but allow more
flexibility when applying gender rules to _________.
a. themselves . . . others

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 5

b. others . . . themselves
c. boys . . . girls
d. girls . . . boys
Answer: b

26. Who is most likely to endorse gender equality?

a. adolescent girls
b. adolescent boys
c. adult women
d. adult men
e. both a and c are equally likely
Answer: c

27. What predicts egalitarian attitudes in men?

a. having parents with traditional attitudes
b. living on their own as bachelors
c. being from a single-parent family
d. having a college education
Answer: b

28. Studies have found some differences in the patterns of developing gender flexibility, but the
studies agree that
a. adolescents have the greatest gender role flexibility.
b. children do not have the cognitive capability for gender role flexibility.
c. adults’ gender role flexibility is higher than that of adolescents.
d. gender role flexibility is rare at any age.
Answer: c

29. In addition to exposure to prenatal hormones, other biological factors that may contribute to
gender identity formation include
a. human evolutionary history and genetics.
b. environment and nurture.
c. parents’ gender role ideology and presence of siblings.
d. estrogen and androgen.
Answer: a

30. The presence of prenatal testosterone

a. influences development of the genitals.
b. influences development of the brain.
c. influences male fetuses but not female fetuses.
d. both a and b
e. none of the above
Answer: d

31. For girls exposed to testosterone during prenatal development and who have developed
congenital adrenal hyperplasia,
a. their gender identity is more likely to be male than female.
b. their gender identity is more likely to be female than male.
c. they often establish a male gender identity during childhood but switch to a female
gender identity during adolescence.
d. they have a female gender identity, but about 80% are lesbians.

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 6

Answer: b

32. Studies that have examined the influence of prenatal testosterone exposure on the play
preferences of girls and boys during childhood found that
a. both boys and girls were affected, but girls may be more strongly affected than boys.
b. boys’ behavior was affected, making these boys more aggressive than other boys.
c. neither girls’ nor boys’ behavior was affected by prenatal testosterone exposure.
d. high estrogen levels—not high testosterone exposure— had an effect.
Answer: a

33. A study that concentrated on “tomboys” found that these girls were
a. actually less masculine than most girls.
b. similar to most girls in their preferred play activities.
c. more masculine in their preferred play activities than their sisters and also more
masculine than girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
d. more masculine in their preferred play activities than most boys.
Answer: c

34. The famous case of John/Joan involved a boy

a. who was the subject of sex reassignment because his penis was destroyed when he was 7
months old.
b. who developed a serious case of gender dysphoria, wanting to be a girl, and was the
youngest case of sexual reassignment surgery ever performed.
c. whose parents dressed him as a boy but dressed his twin brother as a girl to determine the
effects of socialization on gender identity.
d. whose divorced parents disagreed over his gender identity.
Answer: a

35. The famous case of John/Joan suggested that

a. gender identity has strong biological components.
b. male gender identity cannot be changed, but female gender identity is flexible.
c. after age 5 years, gender identity is permanent.
d. none of the above
Answer: a

36. Another case similar to the John/Joan case involved a boy whose penis was destroyed when
he was 2 months old. This boy
a. was not considered for sexual reassignment surgery.
b. was given extensive counseling as an adolescent to help him adjust to not having a penis.
c. made a successful transition to the female gender role.
d. never made a successful transition to the female gender role.
Answer: c

37. What is a likely conclusion concerning the role of biological factors in determining gender
identity?
a. Prenatal testosterone exposure determines both male and female gender identity.
b. Prenatal testosterone exposure determines male gender identity, but female gender
identity occurs through social influence.
c. Biological influences provide a basis for gender identity, but other factors also contribute.
d. There is little evidence that biology plays any role in gender identity development.
Answer: c

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 7

38. Parents who hold traditional attitudes about gender roles tend to have children who
a. react to their parents’ traditionalism by being nontraditional.
b. examine the basis for gender roles more closely than children of nontraditional parents.
c. have difficulty learning gender labeling.
d. have traditional attitudes concerning gender roles.
Answer: d

39. Mothers and fathers

a. are not equally influential in developing traditional gender roles—fathers are more
influential.
b. are not equally influential in developing traditional gender roles—mothers are more
influential.
c. are equally influential in developing traditional gender roles.
d. are not nearly as influential concerning gender roles as siblings are.
Answer: a

40. What is most likely to be an influence for gender egalitarianism?

a. fathers
b. mothers
c. sisters
d. male peers
Answer: b

41. Families vary in their beliefs concerning gender equality, and ethnicity is one factor that
relates to egalitarianism. Which of the following families would be most likely to impose
stereotypical gender roles?
a. White families with a mother and a father
b. African American families with single-parent mothers
c. African American families with a mother and a father
d. Hispanic families with a mother and a father
Answer: d

42. Parents who say that they believe in gender equality

a. make nontraditional toy choices for their young children.
b. may behave and treat their children in gender-stereotypical ways.
c. counteract society’s sexism by showing preference to daughters.
d. are usually more sexist than parents with traditional gender attitudes.
Answer: b

43. In terms of family interactions, the most sharply gendered activities are usually
a. household chores.
b. supervised playtime.
c. time allotted for homework.
d. access to video games.
Answer: a

44. The pattern of influence of siblings on developing gender roles is

a. a pattern of mutual interaction of influence.
b. a pattern of younger influencing older siblings until early adolescence, then the pattern
reverses and older siblings become more influential.

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 8

c. a pattern in which older siblings influence younger siblings.

d. not apparent from the research that has been conducted at this point.
Answer: c

45. The gender of siblings is an important influence in developing gender role behaviors. The
pattern that tends to create the most traditional gender attitudes is
a. all sisters.
b. all brothers.
c. older and younger sisters with a middle brother.
d. a mixture of sisters and brothers.
Answer: d

46. Gender segregation

a. tends to produce single-gender playgroups during childhood.
b. must be imposed by adults or it will not continue.
c. can be overcome through parental encouragement to play in gender-integrated groups.
d. became illegal in 1972.
Answer: a

47. How do age peers react to children who cross gender boundaries and prefer the activities
associated with the other gender?
a. After some initial misgivings, these children are accepted by their peers.
b. These children are subject to teasing, threats, and harassment.
c. These children often react to teasing by turning into bullies themselves.
d. Boys are accepted for cross-gender behavior to a great extent than girls are.
Answer: b

48. Peers may help to enhance or restrict gender flexibility. During junior high and high school,
peers tend to _______, and in college peers tend to _______.
a. restrict gender flexibility . . . promote gender flexibility
b. restrict gender flexibility . . . more severely restrict gender flexibility
c. promote gender flexibility . . . promote gender flexibility
d. urge others to try different gender roles . . . keep inappropriate gender behavior private
Answer: a

49. The cultivation theory of media effects proposes that

a. the media cultivate a climate in which a variety of gender-related behaviors are tolerated.
b. in order to understand the influence of media, one must cultivate an attitude of tolerance.
c. the media cultivate beliefs and attitudes about the world that lead people to imagine that
their lives should match these images.
d. the media may take any role that society cultivates for the media.
Answer: c

50. The term synthesized realism refers to

a. a realistic mixture of phony and real details that appears in the media.
b. a synthesis of artistic realism and modernism that appears in some movies.
c. a progressive building of a realistic picture produced by many details.
d. the overrepresentation of women in news media.
Answer: a

51. In broad, overall terms, the media tend to

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 9

a. emphasize similarities between women and men.

b. emphasize differences between women and men.
c. promote gender equality.
d. ignore gender.
Answer: b

52. The inaccuracies in gender role portrayals in the media include not only stereotypical
depictions but also
a. highlight female roles more than male roles.
b. minimize women’s importance.
c. show a disproportionate number of powerful, middle-aged and older adults.
d. depict women as more intelligent and competitive than men.
Answer: b

53. Analyzing movies and television programming reveals

a. more female than male characters.
b. more powerful female than male characters for younger characters but not for older ones.
c. more male than female characters.
d. a decreasing emphasis on the “war between the sexes.”
Answer: c

54. Television commercials in Europe and Africa

a. portray women in less stereotypical terms than commercials on U.S. television.
b. portray men more and women less stereotypically than commercials on U.S. television.
c. show women in a wider variety of employment and recreational activities than
commercials on U.S. television.
d. show the same type of stereotyping as commercials on U.S. television commercials.
Answer: d

55. Television commercials in Korea, Japan, and Malaysia

a. portray women in less stereotypical terms than commercials on U.S. television.
b. portray men more and women less stereotypically than commercials on U.S. television.
c. show women in a wider variety of employment and recreational activities than
commercials on U.S. television.
d. show the same type of stereotyping as commercials on U.S. television commercials.
Answer: a

56. The underrepresentation of women on television

a. also occurs in movies.
b. occurs in children’s entertainment programming but not in cartoons.
c. occurred during the 1970s and 80s but is no longer a problem.
d. all of the above
Answer: a

57. Biased media portrayals

a. have little power to influence people because they realize that these depictions are
fictional.
b. may be influential, even though people realize that they are fictional.
c. have the power to influence people unless they realize that the depictions are fictional.
d. influence women more than men.
Answer: b

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 10

58. Preschool children watch an average of about ________ hours of television per week.
a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 60
Answer: c

59. The types of gender bias that appear on television programming oriented toward adults
a. is largely absent in programming oriented toward children.
b. is absent in programming oriented toward boys but strong in programming oriented
toward girls.
c. is absent in programming oriented toward girls but strong in programming oriented
toward boys.
d. is present in programming oriented toward children.
Answer: d

60. The gender stereotyping in commercials on children’s television

a. is prominent in all types of commercials.
b. is minimal when the commercial features both girls and boys.
c. is prominent when the commercial features only one gender.
d. has disappeared over the past 25 years.
e. both b and c
Answer: e

61. The media messages that older children and adolescents receive from video games, comic
strips, and literature
a. present less stereotypical portrayals than television.
b. present even more stereotypical portrayals than television.
c. have less power to influence these children and adolescents than television does.
d. has become feminist rather than promoting gender stereotyping.
Answer: b

62. Media depictions of adolescent girls and boys tend to

a. emphasize safe sex and avoiding unwanted pregnancy.
b. emphasize unrealistic body image for girls and depict unrealistic sexuality for boys.
c. be similar to programming oriented toward adults and thus involve many complex moral
themes.
d. be similar to programming oriented toward children and thus involve an optimistic view
of the world.
Answer: b

63. What beliefs do typical 4- and 5-year-old boys hold about their parents’ approval of their play
behavior?
a. Boys believe that their fathers will approve of gender-typical toy play and disapprove of
gender-atypical choices.
b. Boys believe that their mothers will disapprove of playing with dolls, but they do not
express opinions about their fathers' approval.
c. Boys do not believe that their parents notice what toys they choose.
d. Boys believe that their parents will approve of their toy choices but will not approve of
girls as playmates.

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 11

Answer: a

64. Gender dysphoria

a. occurs when there is extra or missing chromosomal material in chromosome pair 23.
b. is more common in girls because of the disadvantages of the female gender role.
c. occurs when a child rejects the gender identity that matches his or her biological sex.
d. has become more common than in the past, now accounting for about 12% of individuals.
Answer: c

65. In addition to exhibiting dissatisfaction with his or her biological sex, children with gender
dysphoria must
a. want to be the other sex.
b. be depressed.
c. show a strong preference for activities associated with the female gender role.
d. all of the above
Answer: a

66. A 5-year-old girl who protests wearing dresses and prefers football to Barbies would
probably
a. receive a diagnosis of gender dysphoria.
b. become lesbian as an adult.
c. maintain these feelings and preferences into adolescence and adulthood.
d. have fewer problems with parents or peers than boys who express cross-gender
preferences.
e. all of the above
Answer: d

67. A diagnosis of gender dysphoria is more likely when

a. the child rejects same-gender behaviors as well as prefers other-gender behaviors.
b. the child is a girl rather than a boy.
c. the parents have nontraditional rather than traditional gender role ideology.
d. the parents have traditional rather than nontraditional gender role ideology.
Answer: a

68. In a study of boys with gender dysphoria,

a. these boys’ parents treated them the same as other boys during childhood.
b. these boys behaved in ways that were indistinguishable from other boys during childhood
but began to show differences during adolescence.
c. they rejected masculine behaviors but also rejected feminine behaviors.
d. the disorder persisted into adulthood for the majority of boys.
Answer: d

69. Boys with gender dysphoria are likely to become men

a. with gender dysphoria who may seek sexual reassignment surgery.
b. who are transvestites.
c. who are gay.
d. all of the above
Answer: a

70. The term transsexual refers to

a. individuals who are attracted to people of the same gender as they are.

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 12

b. individuals who dress in clothing appropriate to the other gender.

c. individuals who prefer occupations typically associated with the other gender.
d. individuals who feel as though they should be the other gender.
Answer: d

Essay Questions

Q1. What are the components and time course of the development of gender identity?

Look for the following points in students’ answers:

A1. A. Although infants can distinguish between female and male faces, they have no real
gender knowledge.
B. Between ages 2 and 3, children learn to use gender labels.
C. By age 3, children can use gender labels, form groupings based on gender, and show
some knowledge of gender stereotypes.
D. By age 4, the majority of children can discriminate male from female and know that
one’s gender is a stable characteristic.
E. Gender constancy, the belief that people retain their gender even when they undergo
superficial transformations, develops last.
1. Gender constancy may be broken down into gender stability and gender consistency.
2. Children can be fooled by superficial transformations, such as hairstyle and clothing,
until age 7 or 8.
F. With the development of gender identity comes the tendency to apply gender rules
inflexibly, resulting in gender stereotyping.
1. Gender inflexibility tends to weaken during late adolescence or young adulthood.
2. Some adults continue to be inflexible in the application of gender rules.

Q2. How does the process of gender identity development differ for boys and girls?

Look for the following points in students’ answers:

A2. A. The process differs in terms of restrictions and severity.

1. Boys experience more severe gender socialization than girls.
2. “Tomboys” are better accepted than “sissies.”
B. Development of gender knowledge is not equal.
1. Both girls and boys develop knowledge related to their own gender before the other
gender.
2. Boys show greater stability of gender preferences than girls do.
C. Development of gender flexibility is not equal.
1. Girls develop gender role flexibility earlier than boys.
2. Women and men differ in gender flexibility, with women showing more.
D. Boys are more likely than girls to experience problems in the course of gender identity
development and to be diagnosed with gender dysphoria.

Q3. What evidence supports and what fails to support the notion that gender identity is
biologically determined?

Look for the following points in students’ answers:

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Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 13

A3. A. Evidence that supports the biological basis of gender identity.

1. Whether individuals are identified as male or female occurs on the basis of genitals.
2. Research has supported a genetic component for gender-typed activities, and
evolutionary psychologists have speculated that human evolutionary history may also
contribute.
3. Two studies have found that both girls and boys who were exposed to higher levels of
prenatal testosterone preferred activities were typically more masculine than children with
lower prenatal testosterone exposure.
4. The famous case of John/Joan suggested that gender identity was fixed by age 18
months, and massive hormone supplements and assignment to a female gender role did not
change that identity.
5. Those who adhere to this view argue that prenatal testosterone exposure changes the
brain, fixing gender identity.
B. Evidence that fails to support the biological basis of gender identity.
1. Girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia are exposed to high levels of testosterone
during prenatal development and have genital abnormalities, yet most develop a female
gender identity.
2. No research has suggested that girls classified as “tomboys” have experienced higher
than normal levels of prenatal testosterone.
3. In contrast to the famous John/Joan case, another young boy underwent a successful
sexual reassignment at age 7 months.
4. Those who adhere to this view argue that biology may “prime” individuals for one
gender identity but does not determine gender identity.

Q4. Evaluate the influence of family and media on gender development.

Look for the following points in students’ answers:

A 4. A. Parents exert a significant influence on gender development.

1. Parents provide models of gendered behavior.
2. Parents convey their attitudes to their children, and parents with traditional attitudes
convey these attitudes about gender to their children.
3. Fathers tend to be more traditional than mothers, and homes with fathers have children
with more traditional gender attitudes.
4. Parents preserve stereotypical gender roles by assigning chores that maintain such a
division, such as dishwashing to girls and mowing the lawn to boys.
B. Siblings are also influential in gender development.
1. Same-sex siblings may either increase or decrease gender role flexibility.
2. Older siblings influence younger ones more than the other way around.
3. Gender composition of the family is influential; families with a mixture of boys and
girls allow maintenance of gender-stereotypical activities within the family.
C. The media provide a variety of models for gendered behaviors.
1. Media entertainment has become very realistic without being accurate, providing
information that children may believe that is not true.
2. For young children, television is as influential as parents.
3. Television presents an abundance of gender-stereotypical and few counterstereotypical
models.
4. Movies contain gender depictions that are similar to television in terms of
stereotyping.

Q5. What are the symptoms and typical time course of gender dysphoria?

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Test Bank for Gender Psychological Perspectives, 7th Edition Brannon

Gender 7e IM Chapter 06: Test Questions 14

Look for the following points in students’ answers:

A 5. A. Gender dysphoria is a mental disorder classified according to the Diagnostic and

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th edition) of the American Psychiatric Association.
1. This disorder includes five symptoms: cross-sex behaviors, cross-sex toy and activity
preferences, cross-sex peer affiliation, cross-dressing, and a stated desire to be the other
sex.
2. Most children who express some cross-sex preferences do not exhibit the other
symptoms and thus do not have gender dysphoria.
3. Boys are more likely to be diagnosed with this disorder than girls.
B. Gender dysphoria often appears during childhood.
1. Gender identity questioning may persist to adolescence or adulthood, or it may
resolve.
2. Adolescents and adults with gender dysphoria may pursue the option of transitioning
to the other sex to attain a body that corresponds to their gender identity.

© 2017 Taylor & Francis

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