Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

2008, 47, 5313–5317 5313

Reaction Kinetics for the Heterogeneously Catalyzed Esterification of Succinic

Acid with Ethanol
Aspi K. Kolah, Navinchandra S. Asthana, Dung T. Vu, Carl T. Lira, and Dennis J. Miller*
Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Michigan State UniVersity,
East Lansing, Michigan 48824

The reaction kinetics of the reversible esterification reaction of succinic acid with ethanol to form monoethyl
and diethyl succinate are presented. The reaction was studied in batch isothermal experiments catalyzed by
macroporous Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin. Experimental data were obtained between 78 and 120 °C at
different mole ratios of ethanol to succinic acid and at ion-exchange resin catalyst concentrations from 1 to
5 wt % of solution. Kinetic modeling was performed using a pseudohomogeneous mole fraction model which
acceptably fits the experimental data. The kinetic model is useful for the design and simulation of processes
such as reactive distillation for diethyl succinate formation.

1. Introduction a process for the pervaporation-assisted esterification of lactic

Organic acid esters, produced by the reaction of organic acids
and alcohols, can be entirely biorenewable or “green” chemicals
that replace petroleum-based solvents. Succinic acid (1,4-
butanedioic acid, herein SA) can be esterified with alcohols such
as ethanol and n-butanol through a series reaction to yield diethyl
succinate (DES) and di-n-butyl succinate. A schematic reaction
scheme for esterification of succinic acid with an alcohol is
shown in Figure 1.
In addition to having low toxicity and low vapor pressure,
succinate esters have exceptional solvent properties and thus
find commercial application as solvents and in consumer
products such as paint strippers. In addition, succinate esters
are intermediates in the production of poly butylene succinate
(PBS) polymers, a polyester composed of SA and 1,4-butanediol
having attractive properties for broad application in automobiles
and consumer goods. The 1,4-butanediol is produced by
hydrogenation of succinate ester,1,2 hence the entire PBS
polymer is a succinate based, biorenewable material. Esters of
SA (primarily dimethyl esters) are also being investigated for
their insulinotropic potential in rats.3–7
A conventional process for DES production involves a stirred
batch or continuous reactor with sulfuric acid as a homogeneous
catalyst. Because the extent of reaction is thermodynamically
limited, intermediate product removal and multiple reaction
stages are required to achieve complete SA conversion. Many
of the difficulties in using homogeneous catalysts can be
eliminated through the use of heterogeneous catalysts such as
ion exchange resins or supported clays. The heterogeneous
catalyst allows easy mechanical separation of the catalyst from
reaction media by decantation or filtration, reduces or eliminates
corrosion problems, and facilitates continuous process operation.
For reviews on the use of heterogeneous ion exchange resins
as catalysts prior to 1995, the reader is referred to the works of
Olah et al.,8 Chakrabarti and Sharma,9 and Sharma et al.10 For
a more recent review, the reader is referred to the work of
Harmer and Sun.11
Prior information in the literature on the kinetics of SA
esterification with ethanol or n-butanol is scarce. Saigo et al.12
have synthesized succinic acid esters using phosphinechalco-
genide as a catalyst. Recently, Benedict et al.13 have described
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 1-517-353-
3928. Fax: 1-517-432-1105. E-mail: millerd@egr.msu.edu.
10.1021/ie0706616 CCC: $40.75  2008 American Chemical Society
Published on Web 07/09/2008
acid and SA with downstream ester recovery using Amberlyst
XN-1010 and Nafion NR50 as catalyst.
At present no information is available in the open literature
describing the kinetics of SA esterification with ethanol in the
presence of ion-exchange resin catalysts. Thus, we have
conducted isothermal experimental batch studies on the esteri-
fication of SA with ethanol in the presence of Amberlyst-15
ion-exchange resin as catalyst. A pseudohomogeneous mole
fraction based kinetic model is presented for correlation of the
experimental data. This kinetic model is useful for designing
processes such as continuous SA esterification using reactive
distillation.
2. Experimental Details
2.1. Materials. For the kinetic experiments, anhydrous
succinic acid crystals (>99%), herein SA, were obtained from
Sigma-Aldrich. Absolute ethanol (>99%) and HPLC grade
water were obtained from J. T. Baker, Inc. The strong cation
exchange resin catalyst Amberlyst-15 (Rohm and Haas, Phila-
delphia, PA) was obtained in H+ form (dry, 0.6 mm beads)
and was used without modification; the resin acidity as specified
by the manufacturer is 4.6 equiv H+/kg dry resin. Purity of all
chemicals was checked by gas chromatography or HPLC.
2.2. Analysis. The presence of succinic acid (SA), monoethyl
succinate (MES), and diethyl succinate (DES) was first con-
firmed by GC-MS analysis of their trimethyl silyl (TMS)
derivatives. For reaction samples, SA and its ethyl esters (MES
and DES) were quantitatively analyzed on a Hewlett-Packard
1090 HPLC using a reversed phase C18 column (Novapak, 3.9
mm × 150 mm) held at 40 °C. Water/acetonitrile (ACN)
mixtures, buffered at pH of 1.3, were used as the mobile phase
(0.8 mL/min) in a gradient mode (0% ACN at t ) 0 min to
60% ACN at t ) 20 min to 90% ACN at t ) 25 min to 0%
ACN at t ) 28 min). The species were quantified by UV
detection (Hitachi L400H) at a wavelength of 210 nm. Succinic
acid and DES were identified and quantified by comparing
HPLC retention time and peak area with their respective
calibration standards. Pure standard for MES could not be
commercially obtained. On a mass basis, the response factor
for DES was found to be 1.11 times higher than that for SA;
therefore, the response factor for MES was calculated as an
average of response factors for SA and DES. Using this response
5314 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008

Figure 1. Esterification of succinic acid with an alcohol.

Table 1. Summary of Kinetic Studies and Average Prediction

Errors
average average error
error (%) (absolute) in
in succinate succinate
initial catalyst species mole species mole
run figure mole ratio loading temp fraction fraction
no. no. EtOH:SA (wt %) (°C) (Frel, eq 14) (Fabs, eq 13)
1 S1 10:1 2 78 25 0.0048
2 2 10:1 2 90 29 0.0052 Figure 2. Catalytic esterification of succinic acid with ethanol. Reaction
3 S2 10:1 2 100 23 0.0035 conditions: mole ratio of ethanol to succinic acid, 10:1; Amberlyst 15 cation
4 S3 10:1 2 110 17 0.0025 exchange resin catalyst loading, 2 wt %; reaction temperature, 90 °C. (9)
5 S4 10:1 2 120 18 0.0025 SA; (b) MES; (2) DES.
6 S5 10:1 1 90 28 0.0052
7 S6 10:1 3 90 22 0.0029
8 S9 10:1 5 90 25 0.0035
9 S7 10:1 1 78 26 0.0057
10 S8 10:1 5 78 19 0.0045
11 S10 15:1 2 90 27 0.0028
12 S11 20:1 2 90 28 0.0022

factor for MES, the carbon balance for each reaction sample,
based on carbon in the starting SA, was in the range of 100 (
10%.
Reaction samples were analyzed for water content using a
Varian 3700 gas chromatograph equipped with thermal con-
ductivity detector (TCD) and a stainless steel column (4 m ×
3.25 mm) packed with a stationary phase of Porapak Q. The
column oven temperature was held at 413 K for two minutes,
then ramped at 20 K/min to 493 K, where it was held for 6
min. n-Butanol was used as an internal standard. High purity
helium (99.999%) was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 20
mL/min. The injector and detectors were maintained at 493 K.
Samples were analyzed for ethanol and byproduct diethyl
ether (DEE) using a Perkin-Elmer Sigma-2000 gas chromato-
graph equipped with flame ionization detector (FID) and a
bonded-phase fused silica capillary column (SPB-5, 30 m ×
0.53 mm). The column oven was held at 313 K for 7 min,
ramped at 2 K/min to 473 K where it was held for 5 min.
Anhydrous toluene was used as an internal standard. High purity
helium (99.999%) was used as carrier gas at a flow rate of 10
mL/min. The injector and detectors were maintained at 493 K.
2.3. Batch Kinetic Experiments. Esterification reactions at
78 °C were performed in a 2 × 10-4 m3 jacketed glass reactor
equipped with a recirculating constant temperature oil bath. The
reaction volume was ∼1.1 × 10-4 m3. A spiral coil condenser,
open to the atmosphere, was placed on top of the reactor. The
glass reactor was equipped with temperature and stirrer speed
monitoring devices and a sampling port. In operation, measured
quantities of ethanol and succinic acid were added to the reactor,
and heating and stirring were started simultaneously. Once the
desired temperature was achieved, usually in about 15 min,
catalyst (Amberlyst-15 ion-exchange resin) was added for the
case of resin catalyzed reactions and the stirring speed was
increased to 800 rpm. This point in time was considered as the
zero reaction time. Samples were withdrawn at specific time
intervals and immediately transferred to an ice bath (prior to
analysis) in order to ensure that no further reaction took place.
Esterification reactions above 78 °C were performed in a 1
× 10-4 m3 stainless steel autoclave (5000 Multireactor System,
Parr Instrument Co.) equipped with temperature and stirrer speed
Figure 3. Initial rate of succinic acid esterification vs catalyst loading.
Reaction conditions: mole ratio of ethanol to succinic acid, 10:1. (() -90;
(9) -78 °C.
monitors and a sampling port. In operation, measured quantities
of ethanol, SA, and catalyst for resin-catalyzed reactions were
added to the reactor and heating was started with slow stirring.
The total reaction volume was maintained between 5.5 × 10-5
to 6.0 × 10-5 m3. The desired temperature was achieved in
about 15 min, at which time the stirring rate was increased to
740 rpm. This time was considered as the zero reaction time.
Samples were withdrawn at specific time intervals through a
cooled metal tube and immediately transferred to an ice bath
in order to ensure no further reaction took place before analysis.
All samples were analyzed using the method described in section
2.2.
3. Results and Discussion
Batch kinetic experiments were carried out to study the effects
of reaction temperature, catalyst loading, and initial reactant
molar ratio on the cation-exchange resin catalyzed esterification
of SA with ethanol. It was observed from varying stirrer speed
in initial experiments that conversion rates were unaffected at
stirring speeds above 500 rpm, so all kinetic experiments were
performed at 800 rpm to avoid external mass transfer limitations.
Table 1 shows the reaction conditions for all of the experi-
ments performed in this work. In Table 1, catalyst loading (wt
%) is based on mass of the liquid phase. Ethanol:SA molar ratios
>10:1 were required because of limited succinic acid solubility
(∼12 wt %) in ethanol at low temperature.
A set of time trajectories of SA, MES, and DES at typical
batch esterification conditions is shown in Figure 2. The species
time trajectories for all other experiments are presented as
Figures S1-S12 in the Supporting Information.

The dependence of the succinic acid conversion rate on
temperature over the range from 78 to 120 °C is given in Figures
S1-S4 of the Supporting Information. The effect of catalyst
loading on initial SA esterification rate at an ethanol:SA molar
feed ratio of 10:1 is shown in Figure 3. The initial SA
esterification rate was determined by fitting the experimental
succinic acid mole fraction vs time with a polynomial equation
and then evaluating the derivative at t ) 0. The initial SA
esterification rate is proportional to catalyst loading, an indica-
tion that the observed reaction kinetics are independent of
external mass transport resistances. Additional experiments at
different catalyst loadings are given in Figures S5-S9. The
Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008 5315
rate constants ki are included in the effectiveness factor in the
model equations. The complete equations are solved to deter-
mine the values of kinetic constants that best describe the
reaction data.
4.3. Mole Fraction based Kinetic Model. On the basis of
the reactions in eqs 1 and 2, a pseudohomogeneous, mole
fraction based kinetic model for ion-exchange resin-catalyzed
SA esterification has been developed, and kinetic data from a
wide range of reaction conditions, including runs 1-12 in Table
1, have been used to determine kinetic constants for the
reactions. The rate of formation of each species in the reaction
mixture is described by eqs 5–9 below:

( )
effect of the ethanol:SA initial reactant mole ratio was studied
dxSA xMESxW
at 90 °C and 2% catalyst loading; results are given in Figures - ) wcatk1η1 xSAxEtOH - (5)
S10 and S11. dt Keqx,1

4. Kinetic Modeling -
dxMES
dt (
) wcatk2η2 xMESxEtOH -
xDESxW
Keqx,2
+
)
( )
4.1. Kinetic Pathways. Reactions 1 and 2 below describe xMESxW
the pathways involved in the esterification of SA with ethanol. wcatk1η1 - xSAxEtOH (6)
Keqx,1

( )
k1
SA + EtOH {\} MES + W (1) dxDES xDESxW
k1/Keqx,1 - ) wcatk2η2 - xMESxEtOH (7)
dt Keqx,2

( )
k2
MES + EtOH {\} DES + W (2) dxEtOH xMESxW
k2/Keqx,2
- ) wcatk1η1 xSAxEtOH - +
dt Keqx,1

( )
Reactions 1 and 2 are the series reactions to form DES from
SA via intermediate formation of MES (eq 1). xDESxW
wcatk2η2 xMESxEtOH - (8)
4.2. Mass Transfer Considerations. The influence of in- Keqx,2

( )
traparticle mass transfer resistances on Amberlyst-catalyzed
esterification was evaluated by first calculating of the observable dxW xMESxW
- ) wcatk1η1 - xSAxEtOH +
modulus (ηφ2) and implementation of the Weisz-Prater dt Keqx,1

( )
criterion (ηφ2 , 1) for each experiment. Taking the initial rate xDESxW
as the maximum rate for each experiment, calculating the liquid wcatk2η2 - xMESxEtOH (9)
phase effective diffusivity of succinic acid in ethanol as 5.8 × Keqx,2
10-10 m2/s via the Wilke-Chang equation, and applying the where

( )
experimental observation (via volumetric measurement) that the
ion-exchange resin particle swells by 50% upon exposure to -EA,i
ki ) k0i exp (10)
ethanol to a particle diameter of 0.69 mm, the values of RT
observable modulus ranged from 0.3 at 78 °C to 1.5 at 120 °C. 4.4. Chemical Equilibrium Constants. The chemical equi-
The reaction is thus moderately mass transfer limited at the librium constants are given by
temperature range investigated. Succinic acid esterification is
therefore somewhat more rapid than for other acids in similar Keqx,i ) ∏x νi
i,eq (11)
esterification studies.14–16
The value of mole fraction equilibrium constants Keqx,i for
Mass transfer limitations were accounted for by including
reactions under consideration were determined by analysis of
the intraparticle effectiveness factor in the kinetic model
the experimental data at long reaction times (e.g., approaching
developed herein. Although the esterification reactions are
equilibrium) and were found to be 5.3 and 1.2 for the formation
bimolecular and reversible, the effectiveness factors are calcu-
of MES and DES, respectively. These constants were taken to
lated assuming that reactions 1 and 2 (eqs 1 and 2) are
be independent of temperature.
irreversible, first order, isothermal reactions. This is justified
4.5. Determination of Rate Constants. The kinetic eqs 5–9
because ethanol is always in considerable excess (>10:1 molar
were numerically integrated via a fourth order Runge-Kutta
ratio with succinic acid) and the equilibrium conversion in all
method using ordinary differential equation solver ode23 in
experiments exceeds 98% for reaction 1 (eq 1) and 82% for
Matlab 7.0 to determine optimum values of the four adjustable
reaction 2 (eq 2). The resulting equations for Thiele modulus
kinetic parameters for the resin-catalyzed reactions, the pre-
(φ) and effectiveness factor (η) are given as
exponential factors k01 and k02, and the energies of activation EA,1
φi ) (dp/6)(kiFcatxEtOH/Fsoln)0.5 i ) 1, 2 (3) and EA,2. Starting with an initial set of rate constants, the liquid
phase mole fractions for all species over the course of reaction
ηi ) tanh(φi)/φi i ) 1, 2 (4)
were calculated and compared with the experimental values.
where the catalyst and solution densities in eq 3 are required to The four kinetic parameters were then incremented sequentially
place the rate constant on a per unit volume catalyst basis and in order to minimize the sum of the mean square differences
the ethanol mole fraction, taken as the average over the given by
experiment, reflects the pseudofirst order assumption in the
effectiveness factor calculation. ∑ (xj,cal - xj,expt)2
In the kinetic model presented in the next section, the samples
Fmin2 ) (12)
preexponential factors and activation energies for the forward nsamples
5316 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 47, No. 15, 2008
Table 2. Parameters for Resin-Catalyzed Succinic Acid
Esterification with Ethanol
parameter units
0
k1 kgsoln/kgcats
k20 kgsoln/kgcats
EA,1 kJ/kmol
EA,2 kJ/kmol
Keqx,1
Keqx,2
Table 3. Effectiveness Factors for Succinic Acid Esterification
temperature (K) η1 eq 1
351 0.94
363 0.88
373 0.80
383 0.70
393 0.60
After this optimization, the calculated mole fractions of the
succinate components (SA, MES, DES) were compared to the
corresponding experimental values to calculate an average
absolute error in mole fraction (Fabs) and a relative average error
in percent (Frel), giving the mean relative deviation, represented
both absolutely and on a percentage basis, shown below.
∑ |xj,cal - xj,expt|
samples
Fabs )
nsamples
| |
xj,cal - xj,expt
∑ xj,expt
samples
Frel ) × 100 %
nsamples
The values of the kinetic parameters are shown in Table 2.
Predicted mole fractions are given as continuous lines in Figure
2 and Figures S1-S11 in the Supporting Information. It can be
observed from the Figures and from Table 2 that the model
predicts succinic acid esterification experimental data reasonably
well.
The values of the absolute mole fraction error Fabs and relative
mole fraction error Frel are reported in Table 1. For SA, the
average percent error in mole fraction is highest in the region
when the SA concentration is low. Large errors are also observed
in the case of DES in the initial reaction period up to about
300 min, where its concentration is low.
Values of the effectiveness factors for each reaction at each
temperature are given in Table 3. The reaction exhibits
significant mass transport resistances at temperatures above 100
°C. It should be noted that we attempted to fit the kinetic data
without including intraparaticle mass transport limitationssthe
average errors were one to two percentage points higher than
when effectiveness factor was included.
For the reaction system under consideration, the formation
of diethyl ether from the etherification reaction of two molecules
of ethanol has not been included, since the esterification reaction
is very fast in comparison to the kinetics of diethyl ether
formation. The kinetics of diethyl ether formation over Am-
berlyst 15 resin have been reported in an earlier publication
from the authors’ laboratory.16
The turnover frequency (TOF, (mol SA/mol H+ sites/h)) for
SA to MES on Amberlyst 15 resin acid sites can be easily
determined from the acid site density (4.6 mol H+/kg resin),
catalyst loading (wcat), initial SA concentration (mol/kgsol), and
rate constant k1. At 90 °C and an initial SA concentration of
1.0 mol/kgsol in ethanol, corresponding to a 19:1 EtOH:SA feed
ratio, the turnover frequency is 12/h. It is interesting to compare
this value with TOF values for other organic acid esterification
reactions that we have investigated in our laboratory. At the
value same conditions, the TOF for lactic acid esterification17 with
5.3×107
ethanol is 13 1/h; for citric acid,16 the TOF for the first
8.0×107 esterification step is 2.1 1/h. The similarity in TOF between
66000 lactic acid and succinic acid is not surprising; however, the
70000 significantly lower TOF for citric acid suggests steric hindrance
5.3 associated with multiple carboxylic acid functionalities on citric
1.2
acid or more generally a reduced access of the bulkier citric
acid molecule to the resin acid sites.
η2 eq 2
5. Conclusions
0.97
0.95 Succinic acid esterification kinetics were studied at reaction
0.90 temperature from 78 to 120 °C, ethanol:SA initial mole ratios
0.84
from 10:1 to 20:1, and Amberlyst 15 cation exchange resin
0.76
loadings from 1% to 5% of solution. Esterification kinetics are
described using a mole fraction based pseudohomogeneous
model that includes intraparticle mass transfer limitations
expressed as effectiveness factor for a first order irreversible
reaction. The rate expressions describe the kinetics of MES and
DES formation over a wide range of catalyst concentration,
reactant molar ratios, and temperature. The model presented can
be conveniently used for design and scale-up of integrated
processes like reactive distillation for synthesis of DES.
(13) Acknowledgment
Financial support from the National Corn Growers Associa-
tion and the U.S. Department of Energy are greatly appreciated.
(14)
Nomenclature and Units
DES ) diethyl succinate
dp ) Amberlyst 15 ion-exchange resin catalyst particle diameter;
1.1 × 10-4 m
EA,i ) energy of activation for reaction i (kJ/kmol), i ) 1, 2
EtOH ) ethanol
ki ) rate constant for catalyzed reaction i, i ) 1, 2 (kgsoln/kgcat s)
k0i ) pre-exponential factor for catalyzed reaction i, i ) 1, 2 (kgsoln/
kgcat s)
Keq,i ) mole fraction based reaction i equilibrium constant, i ) 1,
2
MES ) monoethyl succinate
R ) gas constant; 8.31 (kJ/kmol K)
SA ) succinic acid
T ) temperature (K)
W ) water
wcat ) catalyst concentration (kgcat/kgsoln)
xj ) mole fraction of jth component in liquid phase solution
ηi ) intraparticle effectiveness factor for reaction i (i ) 1, 2)
φi ) Thiele modulus for reaction i (i ) 1, 2)
Fcat ) catalyst particle density; 1200 (kg/m3)
Fsoln ) reaction solution density; 880 (kg/m3)
Subscripts
i ) reaction index
j ) component in solution
Supporting Information Available: Graphs of species
concentration vs time for a wide range of reaction conditions.
This material is available free of charge via the Internet at
http://pubs.acs.org.
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ReceiVed for reView May 9, 2007
ReVised manuscript receiVed March 31, 2008
Accepted May 6, 2008
IE0706616