N ATG E O.O RG/ E X P LO R E R M AG | VO L . 1 8 N O.

SPECIAL ISSUE:

WOMEN
IN SCIENCE

PIONEER

Jane Goodall
Scientist 2

Sandhya Narayanan
Linguist 10

Jade Hameister
Polar Explorer 16
Wildlife
LIFE SCIENCE
As you read, think about
how scientists make observations
about the world.

2
Becoming
Jane
She was an untested scientist.
Her work changed how the world
saw chimpanzees.

By Tony Gerber

The story of Jane Goodall has been

told many times. In 1965, she was a
young scientist. She wanted to study
chimpanzees. She had never done that
before. She went to Africa and made up
her own way to do it. This is her story.

3
Growing Up
Jane Goodall grew up in England. She
liked animals. She dreamed of living in
Africa. As a young woman, she saved
some money and went to Africa.

There, she met a famous scientist. His

name was Louis Leakey. He studied the
history of humans. He also studied great
apes, like chimpanzees. He hired Goodall
as his secretary. He thought she could
become a scientist. Later, he helped her
study chimps in a country called Tanzania.

Goodall set up camp in the

Flint takes a peek at Goodall
Gombe Stream Reserve. She from the top of her tent.
had enough money to do six
months of fieldwork. While
there, she made her own
rules. Most scientists who
studied animals gave them
numbers. Goodall gave the
animals she studied names.
Then she recorded
her observations.

4 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

 Freud touches Goodall’s hair. Today’s
researchers would observe animals
from a distance and not get this close!

This film shows

how Goodall used
binoculars to
observe chimps.

New Ideas
She made three discoveries. Each was
new to science. In her first discovery, she
saw a chimp eating a dead animal. Until
then, scientists thought that apes didn’t
eat meat.

Next, she saw the same chimp with a blade

of grass. He poked it into a termite mound.
He pulled it out. It was covered with
termites for him to eat. He had used the
grass as a tool.

Finally, she saw him pick up a twig and

take off the leaves. He used it to catch more
termites. He had made a tool. Scientists
thought that toolmaking and tool use were
things only humans could do. Goodall knew
this was big news.
5
Spreading the Word
Goodall began to write about what she had
discovered. Yet, many scientists were not
sure about her work. They didn’t think it
counted. They didn’t think she was a
“real” scientist.

She needed to prove herself. She needed to

do more work. The National Geographic
Society had an idea. They told Goodall
to take pictures of her work. They sent a
photographer to help her. His name was
Hugo van Lawick.

He took pictures of what they saw the

chimps doing. He also took pictures of
Goodall doing her work.

At first, she didn’t like this. She only

wanted pictures of the chimps. But, she
learned that people wanted to know about
her, too. She was a female scientist. That was
rare at the time.

National Geographic had a magazine.

They printed a story about Goodall.
Everyone could see what she had learned
In this film, Goodall
about chimps. observes chimps.

6 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

 Talking About Chimps
The story was a huge success. Goodall
began to travel around the world. She gave
talks about her work. She talked about the
reserve’s beauty. She also talked about the
chimps and how they acted.

Mostly, Goodall talked about the need to

protect chimps in the wild. She wanted
to learn more about them and keep them
safe, too. Goodall never wanted to become
ard famous. Yet, she changed how the world
David Greybe
’s camp.
visits Goodall sees—and protects—chimps.

Jane Goodall, Continued
Jane Goodall has written many
articles and books. In 1991,
she created an organization. It
is called “Roots & Shoots.” Its
goal is to teach young people
about conservation. Today, she
continues to do her work.
Wordwise
conservation: the wise use
and protection of nature
fieldwork: work done
by a researcher in a
natural environment
toolmaking: making tools
to do work; first thought
to be a human-only ability

7
 All About Chimpanzees
Jane Goodall studied chimps in the wild. She learned a lot
about them. Here are some of the discoveries she made.

1960
Eating Meat
Goodall saw a chimp
eating a dead animal.
This was proof that
chimps eat meat.
1964
1960 Using Man-made Objects
Toolmaking A chimp named
Goodall saw the same Mike used some
chimp making and cans to create a
using a tool to find and noise. He scared
eat termites. other chimps away.

1970
Fun
The sight of a
waterfall inspired
the chimps to
dance with joy.

1964 1974
Planning War
A chimp named Figan A “war” broke
“kidnapped” a chimp out between two
named Flint to get the groups of chimps.
other chimps to follow The war lasted for
him to a new place. four years.

8 NatioNal GeoGraphic explorer

1975
Teamwork
Figan became a strong
leader because he
had his brother 1994
Faben’s support. Learning
From Others
One chimp used
twigs to catch ants.
She taught this skill
to others.

1987 1995
Adoption Medicine
After three-year-old Chimps may eat
Mel’s mother died, he certain leaves
was “adopted” by a if they have
chimp called Spindle. an upset stomach.

Pioneer 9
 A woman in Peru weaves a cloth on a loom.

10
 Human Journey
GEOGRAPHY
As you read, think about
how fieldwork helps people
discover new things.

I went to Peru in South America. I was looking for

something special. I was looking for a new language.
By National Geographic Young Explorer
Sandhya K. Narayanan

11
I grew up in North America. People COLOMBIA
spoke many languages there. Now, I ECUADOR
study them. I am a linguist. I want to
know how languages change. I want
BRAZIL
to know how they connect us to the
PERU
people around us.
Lima Puno
region
Lake
One day, I had an idea. What Puno Titicaca
P A C I F I C BOLIVIA
if I could discover a new language?
O C E A N CHILE
I know. It sounds crazy.
Yet, it’s possible.

Languages don’t stay the same. Over time,

they change. Sometimes a new language is
created. It’s not like any other language. I
wanted to look for a new language in Peru,
in South America.

In an area called Puno, people speak two

local languages. They speak Quechua
and Aymara. Mountains
loom over
this market.

Learn a little Quechua or Aymara. Try these useful words and phrases:

Imanaylla kashanki? (i-ma-naa-ya ka-shan-kee)

Quechua:

Kamisaraki (ka-mee-sa-ra-kee) How are you?

Aymara: English:

12 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

The city of Puno is near
Lake Titicaca. It’s the largest lake
in the Andes Mountains.

Quechua:

Allinmi (al-yeen-mee)
Aymara:

Walikiwa (wa-li-kee-wa)
English:
I am good.
Living the High Life
I wondered if these two languages might
have mixed together. Maybe they made
something new. To find out, I packed my
notebooks and my audio recorder. I went
to Puno.

Puno is high up in the mountains. When

I got there, being so high up made me feel
sick. I felt dizzy. I had a headache. So,
I drank a tea made from coca leaves. Soon,
I felt better.

coca tea Being high in the sky also means

the sunlight is stronger. You can
easily get a sunburn. Here, people
never go out without their sun hats.
I made sure to always wear mine.

PIONEER 13
Fieldwork
When you work as a linguist, it is
important to do fieldwork. This
means going to places to hear people
speak. In Puno, I do actual “field”
work. I herd sheep and alpacas. I plant
and harvest crops. I work with the
people I am studying. This way, I can
listen to their words.

Collecting Talk
I also interview people. I ask them to
say things into my recorder. Later, I
study these recordings to understand
how the people are speaking.

People tell me about their lives. This

helps me to get to know them.

Everyone in Puno helps

raise animals, like sheep.

Aymara:

Wali luphiwa (wa-li lu-pee-wa)

It is really sunny. English:

14 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

Actors pretend to be
the man and woman Quechua:
who founded Puno.
Tupananchiskama
(tu-pa-naan-chis-ka-ma)

See you later!

English:

Wordwise
fieldwork: work done by
a researcher in a natural
environment

language: written or spoken

human speech

linguist: a person who studies

languages

Celebrating Life
The people here look for ways to
celebrate life. I am invited to a play.
This is another chance for me to listen
to their languages.

As always, I listen closely. I had hoped to

hear a new language, but I do not. That’s
okay. I learned about how the people
in Puno live. I also learned about their
wonderful words.
PIONEER 15
 The

16
 Human Journey
GEOGRAPHY
As you read, think about
how explorers help us
understand the world we live in.

South Pole:
Final Challenge

Jade Hameister, age 16,

is an explorer. Could she face
her greatest challenge? Could
she ski to the South Pole?

By Cynthia Overbeck Bix

17
Deep ice pits lay under thin layers of snow.
Sharp ice ridges rise up like frozen waves.
The winds howl.
Jade Hameister knew going to the South Pole would be
hard. But she didn’t know it would be this hard. She fought
against the cold wind. All she could do was take one step
at a time.
Making a New Path
This trip is part of Jade’s goal. The goal is called the Polar
Hat Trick. It has three parts. Part one was to ski to the
North Pole. Part two was to ski across Greenland. Now,
part three is to ski to the South Pole.

The trip would take about 40 days. Everything Jade and

her team needed had to be carried. Food, clothing, and
tents were loaded onto sleds. Each sled was heavy.

The team wanted to take a new route to the South Pole.

They mapped a route no one had tried before. They would
ski up steep mountains. It would be hard.

The team had to

carry everything
they needed.

18 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

 The Polar Hat Trick
In many sports, a “hat trick” is three successes in a
single game. For example, a player might score three
goals in one soccer game. Jade plans to score a Polar
Hat Trick. She completed the first two expeditions.

EXPEDITION 1
North Pole, 150 km... Success!
Completed April 4, 2016 (Age 14)
EXPEDITION 2
Greenland Crossing, 550 km... Success!
Completed June 4, 2017 (Age 15)
EXPEDITION 3
South Pole, 600 km...
Start: December 5, 2017 (Age 16) Jade’s route
TR

South
N Pole
A

SA
N
TA
RC
TI
C
cie
r M
s Gla O
nsa U
Stanford N
Ka

Plateau TA
IN
Weddell Am S
Sea u
Co nds
as en
t
Ronne
TRANSA N T A

Ice Shelf

A N TA RCTICA
South
Pole
RC
TI Antarctica is cold
C
M and dry. Most of the
O
Amundsen U
continent is covered
NT

Sea Ross
Ice
AINS

Shelf with ice.

Ross Sea

0 500 1,000 miles

0 500 1,000 kilometers

PIONEER 19
Hard-won Gains
There were five people on Jade’s team. Her
father, Paul, was on the team. Paul is an
explorer, too. Eric Philips was their guide.

The route started uphill. Jade struggled to

move her sled. The wind was so strong and
so loud that she had to scream to be heard.
She felt like she was standing still. Yet, Jade
was pulling with all her might.

The ground was slippery.

When they weren’t skiing,
Jade and her team wore
spikes on the bottoms of
their boots. The spikes dug
into the ice.

They climbed higher.

They moved through the
mountains. They found
ridges of ice, like frozen
waves. These had been
formed by wind. Crossing
them seemed impossible.

At last, they reached the highest point in

their climb. Jade knew no one had been there
before. Yet, the South Pole was still far away.
20 NatioNal GeoGraphic explorer
 Waves of ice
were hard to cross.

Man Down!
The greatest dangers for Jade’s team
were deep cracks buried by snow.
The team carried ropes. At times,
they roped themselves together
in case somebody fell into one of
those cracks.

One day, Jade heard a yell. What was

that? A team member had fallen into
a crack! He was hanging onto the edge
with his fingers. Jade and the team
With a teammate behind came running. Luckily, he was able to
her, Jade slowly made
her way across the ice. pull himself up.
Pioneer 21
As Jade moved forward,
the ice looked ready to attack!

Hitting the Wall

Jade and her team had made it onto a high
plain. She felt dizzy and cold. Five layers of
clothing barely kept her warm.

Everything started to feel hard. Even eating

was hard. Snow covered her food. It was
hard to eat wearing gloves.

On the 27th day, Jade had

doubts. She had pain in her Records Set
hip. Her ears were ringing. In arriving at the South Pole
Her fingers and toes felt at age 16, Jade became:

frozen. Maybe it was all too the youngest person to

ski to the South Pole
much. She asked her team without outside help
for advice. How badly did the first woman to set
a new route to the
she want to make it? Jade South Pole
knew that no matter what, the youngest person to
ski to both the North and
she had to keep going. So, South poles
she did. On the 37th day, the youngest person
Jade and her team reached to complete the Polar
Hat Trick!
the South Pole.

22 NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC EXPLORER

 VICTORY!
This was the highlight of all my trips for me—
going where no human had ever been before and
truly exploring our planet.

23
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Cover: Jade Hameister, Polar Hat Trick explorer

11/18/QGL/1

COVER: (BIG PICTURE) FREDERIQUE OLIVIER; (JANE GOODALL) CBS PHOTO ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES; (SANDHYA K. NARAYANAN) SANDHYA K. NARAYANAN; (JADE HAMEISTER) PAUL HAMEISTER.
BECOMING JANE: PAGES 2-3 CBS PHOTO ARCHIVE/GETTY IMAGES; PAGES 4-9 (BACKGROUND) MARILYN VOLAN/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGES 4-5 (TOP) DEREK N. BRYCESON/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC
CREATIVE; (BOTTOM IMAGE & FILMSTRIP) HUGO VAN LAWICK/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE; PAGES 6-7 (CHIMP & FILMSTRIP) HUGO VAN LAWICK/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE; PAGE 7 DAVID S.
HOLLOWAY/GETTY IMAGES NEWS; PAGES 8-9 ALAN MARKS/NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC CREATIVE. WEAVING WORDS: PAGES 10-11 PIXIEME/SHUTTERSTOCK; (INSET) SANDHYA K. NARAYANAN; PAGES 12-15
(BACKGROUND) CHRISTIAN VINCES/SHUTTERSTOCK; (YARN) PICSFIVE/SHUTTERSTOCK; PAGES 12-13 (MAP) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (MARKET) ILARIA DELL’ORCO PHOTOGRAPHER/MOMENT/GETTY
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 Mesoamerica
Ancient Mesoamer-
Mesoameri
Olmec, May
North Ame

Key:
Olmec range
GULF OF Maya range
Teotihuacan was built almost
MEXICO Aztec range
1,000 years before the Aztec
city
reclaimed it. Many buildings
temple or site
still stand today.

.Chichén
.
Itzá
CARIBBEAN
YUCATÁN Tulum

....
Teotihuacan PENINSULA
Tres Zapotes
Texcoco SEA
Tlacopan Olmec Ma ya
Tenochtitlan
Az te c
.
. .
La Venta
San Lorenzo .
Palenque ..
El Mirador
Tikal
Monte Albán . Las Limas Bonampak
CREDITS: (BACKGROUND) PRAPANN/SHUTTERSTOCK; (MAPS) ROBERT PRATT; (INSET MAP) MAPPING SPECIALISTS, LTD; (TEOTIHUACAN) WWW.INFINITAHIGHWAY.COM.BR/MOMENT/GETTY IMAGES; (OLMEC STONE ALTAR) BRIAN OVERCAST/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO;

.Copán
(EL MIRADOR) RICHARD MASCHMEYER/AGE FOTOSTOCK/GETTY IMAGES; (OLMEC JADE STATUE) UNIVERSAL IMAGES GROUP/GETTY IMAGES; (MAYA MASK) CARVER MOSTARDI/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (AZTEC SERPENT) BETTMANN/GETTY IMAGES.

This Olmec stone altar at

La Venta depicts a figure Using skillful farming methods,
NORTH
emerging from a cave or the Maya grew crops in the AMERICA
a creature’s mouth. jungles near El Mirador.

PACIFIC OCEAN
N
PACIFIC
0 300 OCEAN
W E

0 500 Kilome-
S

OLMEC MA
Around 1500 B.C., the Olmec became Arou
the earliest civilization to develop in the M
Mesoamerica. Their capital, La Venta, Yuca
was abandoned in 400 B.C. This the M
marked the end of their civilization. War
Wars, drought, or too much farming farm
may have led to their collapse. have

The Olmec traded small

statues like this one for More than
items from other cultures. make up th

1500 B.C. 400 B.C. 900 B.C. A.D. 25

The Olmec became the first The Olmec abandon their capital The Maya settle around The Maya
civilization in Mesoamerica. at La Venta and disappear. the Yucatan Peninsula. reaches it
 ica is a historical region in the Americas. The ancient
ya, and Aztec peoples lived here. Today, Mexico is part of
erica. The other countries are part of Central America.
Copyright © 2019. National Geographic and the Yellow Border
are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society.

Central America and Mexico To-

GULF OF
Key:
MEXICO
capital city

MEXICO
YUCATÁN
CARIBBEAN
Mexico City PENINSULA
SEA

Today, Mexico City is the Belmopan

largest city by population BELIZE
in North America.
GUATEMALA
HONDURAS
Guatemala City Tegucigalpa
San Salvador
EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA
A ATLANTIC PACIFIC Managua
OCEAN

OCEAN
San Jose
SOUTH COSTA RICA Panama City
AMERICA N
0 300
PANAMA
W E

0 500 Kilome-
S

AYA
und 900 B.C., people known as
Maya began to settle on the
atan Peninsula. By 900 A.D.,
Maya culture began to decline.
between royal families made
ming difficult. Many people may
e died from hunger.
AZTEC
In 1200 A.D., a group of hunters called the Aztec moved to
Mesoamerica. By 1500 A.D., they had a large empire. In 1519, Spanish
invaders arrived in Mexico. The Aztec fought them. Their ruler was
killed; their cities were destroyed; and the empire was taken over by
the Spanish. Millions of Aztec died of European diseases.

200 jade pieces

This turquoise serpent was
his Maya mask.
probably worn during important
Aztec ceremonies.

50 A.D. 900 A.D. 1200 A.D. 1500 A.D. 1519

civilization The Maya decline The Aztec settle around The Aztec Empire The Aztec are
ts peak. and disappear. present-day central Mexico. reaches its peak. conquered
by Spanish
invaders.
 Life The Olmec, Maya, and Aztec of ancient

Mesoamerica
influenced the people who live in that r

Bold Building
Magnificent temples, palaces, and step pyramids were
by the ancient Mesoamericans. Many still stand today
are studied by scientists and visited by travelers.

The Olmec head shown here

is 2.84 meters (9.3 ft) high.

Artistic Expression
Much of the art created by
the ancient Mesoamericans
was to honor their gods. The
Olmec carved huge stone
heads to honor their leaders.
1.8 meters (6 feet)

The Maya decorated their

buildings and made objects
from stone, wood, ceramics,
jade, and bone. The Aztec
decorated the walls of their
temples with jade, quartz,
and feathers from parrots
and macaws. Today, many
people in the region are
skilled craftspeople. Some
follow traditional ways to
make pottery and textiles.
Others create new, more
modern styles.

Religion
Religion was very impor
the ancient Mesoameric
They believed that the g
needed to be kept happy
modern pottery for through human sacrifice
sale near Chichén Itzá Today, people no longer
these practices. Most pe
the region are Christian

the god Huitzilopochtli

from an Aztec book

Fun and Games

The ball game ulama was played throughout Mesoamerica.
Two teams would compete against each other to get a rubber
ball through a stone ring. The ball had to be kept off the ground,
using only knees, elbows, or hips—never hands or feet.
Today the most popular sport is soccer.

CREDITS: (BACKGROUND) PRAPANN/SHUTTERSTOCK; (OLMEC HEAD) DE AGOSTINI PICTURE LIBRARY/ARCHIVIO J. LANGE/BRIDGEMAN IMAGES; (EL CASTILLO) DAVID LAZAR/MOMENT EDITORIAL/GETTY IMAGES; (MODERN POTTERY) PERFORMANCE IMAGE/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (ANCIEN
STOCK PHOTO; (ULAMA GAME) JOHN MITCHELL/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (HUITZILOPOCHTLI) ART COLLECTION/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (SOCCER BALL) IAKOV FILIMONOV/SHUTTERSTOCK; (AZTEC CALENDAR) FELIX LIPOV/ALAMY STOCK PHOTO; (CORN) DESIGN56/SHUTTERSTOCK.
 Mesoamerica greatly
region today.

Copyright © 2019. National Geographic and the Yellow Border

are registered trademarks of the National Geographic Society.

A massive step pyramid called

El Castillo still stands in
e built the ancient Maya city of
and Chichén Itzá.

Maya writing

The Written Word Today, the language

Ancient Mesoamericans used glyphs, or
symbols, to represent important events. The spoken and written
Maya system was very advanced. Some of most in Mesoamerican
these writings still exist. They were carved countries is Spanish.
into stone or written in books made of tree Hoy en día, el idioma
bark. It took a long time for modern people hablado y escrito
to understand the meanings behind this más en los países de
beautiful form of writing.
Mesoamérica es el
español.

Marking Time
Today’s annual calendar is made up
365 days. The ancient Mesoamericans
followed two calendars—one was
rtant to made up of 260 days. The other had
cans. 365 days. Both calendars worked
gods together to help them record time.
y
e.
r follow
The Aztec calendar
eople in was a circle, like this
n. one carved in stone.

What’s for Dinner?

All three ancient cultures ate simple foods.
Corn (maize) was central to their diet. It
was made into a porridge called atole. Corn corn (maize)
pancakes, known as tortillas, were eaten
with nearly every meal. Today, many people
still eat these ancient foods. And tortillas are
enjoyed around the world.

NT GLYPHS) PHOTO 12/ALAMY