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PART 3: MEMBERS 165
CHAPTER 11—WALLS
CODE COMMENTARY
11.1—Scope R11.1—Scope
11.1.1 This chapter shall apply to the design of nonpre- R11.1.1 This chapter applies generally to walls as vertical
stressed and prestressed walls including (a) through (c): and lateral force-resisting members. Provisions for in-plane
shear in ordinary structural walls, as opposed to special
(a) Cast-in-place structural walls conforming to 18.10, are included in this
(b) Precast in-plant chapter.
(c) Precast on-site including tilt-up
11.1.2 Design of special structural walls shall be in accor- R11.1.2 Special structural walls are detailed according to
dance with Chapter 18. the provisions of 18.10. This Code uses the term “structural
wall” as being synonymous with “shear wall.” While the
WHUP³VKHDUZDOO´LVQRWGH¿QHGLQWKLV&RGHWKHGH¿QLWLRQ
of a structural wall in Chapter 2 states “a shear wall is a
structural wall.”
$6&(6(,GH¿QHVDVWUXFWXUDOZDOODVDZDOOWKDWPHHWV
WKHGH¿QLWLRQIRUDEHDULQJZDOORUDVKHDUZDOO$EHDULQJZDOO
LVGH¿QHGDVDZDOOWKDWVXSSRUWVYHUWLFDOORDGEH\RQGDFHUWDLQ
WKUHVKROGYDOXH$VKHDUZDOOLVGH¿QHGDVDZDOOEHDULQJRU
nonbe
nonbearing, designed to resist lateral forces acting in the plane
RIWKHZDOO$6&
RIWKHZDOO$6&(6(,GH¿QLWLRQVDUHZLGHO\DFFHSWHG
11.1.3 Design of plain concrete walls shall be in accor-

dance with Chapter 14.
11 Walls
11.1.4 Design of cantilever re ng walls shall bbe in
retaining
accordance with Chapter 13.
de beams
11.1.5 Design of walls as grade ms shall be in aaccor-
or-
dance with 13.3.5.
11.1.6 Cast-in-place walls with insulating forms shall be .1.6 6SHFL

R11.1.6 6SHFL¿F GHVLJQ UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV IRU FDVWLQ
s
permitted by this Code for use in one- or two-story buildings. place wa
walls constructed with insulating concrete forms are
not provided in this Code. Guidance can be found in ACI
506R and PCA 100.
11.2—General R11.2—General
11.2.1 Materials
11.2.1.1 Design properties for concrete shall be selected to

be in accordance with Chapter 19.
11.2.1.2 Design properties for steel reinforcement shall be

selected to be in accordance with Chapter 20.
11.2.1.3 Materials, design, and detailing requirements for

embedments in concrete shall be in accordance with 20.6.
11.2.2 &RQQHFWLRQWRRWKHUPHPEHUV
11.2.2.1 For precast walls, connections shall be designed

in accordance with 16.2.
11.2.2.2 Connections of walls to foundations shall satisfy

16.3.
American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

166 ACI 318-19: BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS FOR STRUCTURAL CONCRETE
CODE COMMENTARY
11.2.3 Load distribution
11.2.3.1 Unless otherwise demonstrated by an analysis,

WKH KRUL]RQWDO OHQJWK RI ZDOO FRQVLGHUHG DV H൵HFWLYH IRU
resisting each concentrated load shall not exceed the lesser
of the center-to-center distance between loads, and the
EHDULQJ ZLGWK SOXV IRXU WLPHV WKH ZDOO WKLFNQHVV (൵HF-
tive horizontal length for bearing shall not extend beyond
vertical wall joints unless design provides for transfer of
forces across the joints.
11.2.4 ,QWHUVHFWLQJHOHPHQWV R11.2.4 ,QWHUVHFWLQJHOHPHQWV
11.2.4.1 Walls shall be anchored to intersecting elements, R11.2.4.1 Walls that do not depend on intersecting elements
VXFK DV ÀRRUV DQG URRIV FROXPQV SLODVWHUV EXWWUHVVHV RU for support, do not have to be connected to those elements. It is
intersecting walls; and to footings. not uncommon to separate massive retaining walls from inter-
VHFWLQJZDOOVWRDFFRPPRGDWHGL൵HUHQFHVLQGHIRUPDWLRQV
11.2.4.2 For cast-in-place walls having Pu > 0.2fcƍAg, the R11.2.4.27KHIDFWRUUHÀHFWVUHGXFHGFRQ¿QHPHQWLQ

WKHÀRRUV\VWHP
SRUWLRQRIWKHZDOOZLWKLQWKHWKLFNQHVVRIWKHÀRRUV\VWHP ÀRRUZDOO MRLQWV
MRLQWV FRPSDUHG ZLWK ÀRRUFROXPQ MRLQWV XQGHU
QJWK DW OH
VKDOO KDYH VSHFL¿HG FRPSUHVVLYH VWUHQJWK OHDVW 0.8fcƍ of ty loads.
gravity
the wall.
11.3—Design limits R11 —De

R11.3—Design imits
limits
VV
11.3.1 0LQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVV R11 3.1 0
R11.3.1 PZDOOWKL
0LQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVV
ne
11.3.1.1 Minimum wall thicknesses hall be in accord
shall nce
accordance R11 3.1.1 The minimum
R11.3.1.1 inimum tthickness requirements need not
ls aare permitted
with Table 11.3.1.1. Thinner walls ermitted if ade ate
adequate be applied
ap ed tto bearing
ing walls and exterior basement and foun-
m
strength and stability can be demonstrated d bby structural ddation walls designed
signed by 11.5.2 or analyzed by 11.8.
analysis.
Table 11.3.1.1—Minimum wall thickness h

Wall type Minimum thickness h
4 in. (a)
Bearing[1] Greater of: WKHOHVVHURIXQVXSSRUWHGOHQJWK
(b)
and unsupported height
4 in. (c)
Nonbearing Greater of: WKHOHVVHURIXQVXSSRUWHGOHQJWK
(d)
and unsupported height
Exterior
basement
7.5 in. (e)
and
foundation[1]
[1]
2QO\DSSOLHVWRZDOOVGHVLJQHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKHVLPSOL¿HGGHVLJQPHWKRGRI
11.5.3.
11.4—Required strength R11.4—Required strength

11.4.1 General R11.4.1 General
11.4.1.1 Required strength shall be calculated in accor-

dance with the factored load combinations in Chapter 5.
11.4.1.2 Required strength shall be calculated in accor-

dance with the analysis procedures in Chapter 6.

PART 3: MEMBERS 167
CODE COMMENTARY
11.4.1.36OHQGHUQHVVH൵HFWVVKDOOEHFDOFXODWHGLQDFFRU- R11.4.1.3 The forces typically acting on a wall are illus-
dance with 6.6.4, 6.7, or 6.8. Alternatively, out-of-plane trated in Fig. R11.4.1.3.
slenderness analysis shall be permitted using 11.8 for walls
meeting the requirements of that section.
Axial force
In-plane
In-plane
moment
shear
Out-of-plane
shear
Out-of-plane
moment
Self-weight
11 Walls
Fig. R11.4.1.3—In-plane and out-of-plane forces.
11.4.1.4 Walls shall be designed for eccentric axial loads

and any lateral or other loads to which they are subjected.
11.4.2 )DFWRUHGD[LDOIRUFHDQGPRPHQW
11.4.2.1 Walls shall be designed for the maximum factored

moment Mu that can accompany the factored axial force for
each applicable load combination. The factored axial force
Pu at given eccentricity shall not exceed ࢥPn,max, where Pn,max
shall be as given in 22.4.2.1DQGVWUHQJWKUHGXFWLRQIDFWRUࢥ
shall be that for compression-controlled sections in 21.2.2.
The maximum factored moment MuVKDOOEHPDJQL¿HGIRU
VOHQGHUQHVVH൵HFWVLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKRU
11.4.3 Factored shear
11.4.3.1 Walls shall be designed for the maximum in-plane

Vu and out-of-plane Vu.
11.5—Design strength R11.5—Design strength

11.5.1 General
11.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination,

design strength at all sections shall satisfy ࢥSnU, including
(a) through (c). Interaction between axial load and moment
shall be considered.

CODE COMMENTARY
DࢥPnPu
EࢥMnMu
FࢥVnVu
11.5.1.2 ࢥVKDOOEHGHWHUPLQHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWK21.2.
11.5.2 $[LDOORDGDQGLQSODQHRURXWRISODQHÀH[XUH R11.5.2 $[LDOORDGDQGLQSODQHRURXWRISODQHÀH[XUH
11.5.2.1 For bearing walls, Pn and Mn (in-plane or out-of-

plane) shall be calculated in accordance with 22.4. Alterna-
WLYHO\D[LDOORDGDQGRXWRISODQHÀH[XUHVKDOOEHSHUPLWWHG
to be considered in accordance with 11.5.3.
11.5.2.2 For nonbearing walls, Mn shall be calculated in R11.5.2.21RQEHDULQJZDOOVE\GH¿QLWLRQDUHQRWVXEMHFW

accordance with 22.3. WRDQ\VLJQL¿FDQWD[LDOIRUFHWKHUHIRUHÀH[XUDOVWUHQJWKLV
not a function of axial force.
11.5.3 $[LDO ORDG DQG RXWRISODQH ÀH[XUH ± VLPSOL¿HG R11.5.3 $[LDO ORDG DQG RXWRISODQH ÀH[XUH ± VLPSOL¿HG
GHVLJQPHWKRG GHVLJQ
GHVLJQPHWKRG
red load
11.5.3.1 If the resultant of all factored loads is located 1.5.3.1 7KH VLP
R11.5.3.1 VLPSOL¿HG GHVLJQ PHWKRG DSSOLHV RQO\ WR
ess of a solid wall with a
within the middle third of the thickness ctangular cross ssections;
solid rectangular ecti
ct all other shapes should be
rectangular cross section, Pn shall
ll be permitted to be calcu- designed d in accordance
ordance wit
with 11.5.2.
lated by: E ntric axial loads and moments due to out-of-plane
Eccentric
forces are
re uused to determine
etermine the maximum total eccentricity
⎡ ⎛ kAc ⎞ 2 ⎤ actor axial force Pu. When the resultant axial force
of the factored
Pn = 0.55 f c′Ag ⎢11−
−⎜ ⎟ ⎥ (11.5.3.1)
(11.5 3.1) ppli
for all applicable oad comb
load combinations falls within the middle
⎣⎢ ⎝ 32h ⎠ ⎦⎥ third off the wall thicknes
thickness (eccentricity not greater than
h at all sections
h/6) ons along the length of the undeformed wall,
LVLQGXFHG
QRWHQVLRQLVLQGXFHGLQWKHZDOODQGWKHVLPSOL¿HGGHVLJQ
hod may be uused. The design is then carried out consid-
method
ering Pu as a concentric axial force. The factored axial force
Pu should be less than or equal to the design axial strength
ࢥPn calculated using Eq. (11.5.3.1).
Equation (11.5.3.1) results in strengths comparable to those
determined in accordance with 11.5.2 for members loaded at
WKHPLGGOHWKLUGRIWKHWKLFNQHVVZLWKGL൵HUHQWEUDFHGDQG
restrained end conditions. Refer to Fig. R11.5.3.1.

PART 3: MEMBERS 169
CODE COMMENTARY
0.6
k = 0.8 Section 11.5.2
C
C m
=
m = 0.
0.5 k= 0 .8 6
k=
1.0 0.8
C k
=
m = 1
0.4 1.0 .0
Section
Pn 11.5.2
0.3
fc′ Ag Eq.
fc′ = 4000 psi (11.5.3.1)
eccentricity = h/6 k=
0.2 2.0
k=
C
m =
1
2.0
.0
0.1
Section
11.5.2
0
0 5 10 15 20 25
lc
h
Fig. R11.5.3.1²6LPSOL¿HG GHVLJQ RI ZDOOV (T
11 Walls
YHUVXV
11.5.3.2(൵HFWLYHOHQJWKIDFWRUk for use with Eq. (11.5.3.1)

shall be in accordance with Table 11.5.3.2.
Table 11.5.3.2—Effective length factor k for walls

Boundary conditions k
Walls braced top and bottom against lateral
translation and:
(a) Restrained against rotation at one or both
0.8
ends (top, bottom, or both)
(b) Unrestrained against rotation at both ends 1.0
Walls not braced against lateral translation 2.0
11.5.3.3 Pn from Eq. (11.5.3.1) shall be reduced by ࢥ for

compression-controlled sections in 21.2.2.
11.5.3.4 Wall reinforcement shall be at least that required

by 11.6.
11.5.4 In-plane shear R11.5.4 In-plane shear
11.5.4.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance with 11.5.4.2 R11.5.4.1 Shear in the plane of the wall is primarily of
through 11.5.4.4. Alternatively, for walls with hw/Ɛw < 2, it importance for structural walls with a small height-to-length
shall be permitted to design for in-plane shear in accordance ratio. The design of taller walls, particularly walls with
with the strut-and-tie method of Chapter 23. In all cases, rein- uniformly distributed reinforcement, will likely be controlled
forcement shall satisfy the limits of 11.6, 11.7.2, and 11.7.3. E\ÀH[XUDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQV3RVVLEOHH[FHSWLRQVPD\RFFXULQ
tall structural walls subject to strong earthquake excitation.

CODE COMMENTARY
11.5.4.2 Vn at any horizontal section shall not exceed R11.5.4.2 This limit is imposed to guard against diagonal
8 f c′ Acv. FRPSUHVVLRQ IDLOXUH LQ VWUXFWXUDO ZDOOV 7KH FRH൶FLHQW XVHG
in this equation has been reduced from a value of 10 in ACI
WRDYDOXHRILQ$&,EHFDXVHWKHH൵HFWLYHVKHDU
area has been increased to KƐw, from hd used in prior editions
of the Code.
11.5.4.3 Vn shall be calculated by: R11.5.4.3 To improve consistency in the Code, the nominal
in-plane shear strength equation in 11.5.4.3 now has the
Vn = (α c λ f c′ + ρt f yt ) Acv (11.5.4.3) same form as the shear strength equation used in 18.10.4.1
for structural walls resisting seismic loads. Research results
where: reported by Orakcal et al. (2009) indicate that nominal
Įc = 3 for hw/Ɛw strengths calculated using Eq. (11.5.4.3) are similar to values
Įc = 2 for hw/Ɛw obtained using equations from prior editions of the Code,
Įc varies linearly between 3 and 2 for 1.5 < hw/Ɛw < 2.0 and thus, provide a comparable level of safety.
11.5.4.4 For walls subject to a net axial tension, Įc in Eq. R11.5.4.4 For structural walls where a net axial tension
(11.5.4.3) shall be taken as: force is calculated for the entire wall section, the shear
streng contribution attributed to the concrete is reduced
strength
⎛ neg
and may be negligible. For these members, wall transverse
Nu ⎞
α c = 2 ⎜1 + ⎟ ≥ 0.0 (11.5.4.4) orcement must bbe designed to resist most, if not all, of
reinforcement
⎝ 500 Ag ⎠ ored shear force.
the factored
where Nu is negative for tension.

n.
11.5.5 Out-of-plane shear
11.5.5.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance

rdance with 22
22.5.
11.6—Reinforcement limits nforcem

R11.6—Reinforcement limits
11.6.1 If in-plane VuࢥĮcȜ f c′ AcvPLQLPXPȡƐ and .6.1 Both hhorizontal and vertical shear reinforcement
R11.6.1
PLQLPXPȡt shall be in accordance with Table 11.6.1. These se are required
requ for all walls. The distributed reinforcement is
OLPLWVQHHGQRWEHVDWLV¿HGLIDGHTXDWHVWUHQJWKDQGVWDELOLW\ LGHQWL¿HG DV EHLQJ RULHQWHG SDUDOOHO WR HLWKHU WKH ORQJLWX-
can be demonstrated by structural analysis. dinal or transverse axis of the wall. Therefore, for vertical
wall segments, the notation used to describe the horizontal
GLVWULEXWHG UHLQIRUFHPHQW UDWLR LV ȡt, and the notation used
to describe the vertical distributed reinforcement ratio is ȡƐ.
Transverse reinforcement is not required in precast,
prestressed walls equal to or less than 12 ft in width because
this width is less than that in which shrinkage and tempera-
ture stresses can build up to a magnitude requiring trans-
verse reinforcement. In addition, much of the shrinkage
occurs before the members are connected into the structure.
2QFHLQWKH¿QDOVWUXFWXUHWKHPHPEHUVDUHXVXDOO\QRWDV
rigidly connected transversely as monolithic concrete; thus,
the transverse restraint stresses due to both shrinkage and
WHPSHUDWXUHFKDQJHDUHVLJQL¿FDQWO\UHGXFHG
The minimum area of wall reinforcement for precast
walls has been used for many years and is recommended by
WKH3UHFDVW3UHVWUHVVHG&RQFUHWH,QVWLWXWHPCI MNL-120)
and the Canadian Precast Concrete Design Standard (2016).
Reduced minimum reinforcement and greater spacings in
11.7.2.2 are allowed recognizing that precast wall panels
have very little restraint at their edges during early stages

PART 3: MEMBERS 171
CODE COMMENTARY
of curing and develop less shrinkage stress than compa-
rable cast-in-place walls.
Table 11.6.1—Minimum reinforcement for walls with in-plane Vu ≤ 0.5ࢥĮcȜ fc′ Acv
Type of nonprestressed Minimum longitudinal[1],
Wall type reinforcement Bar/wire size fy, psi ȡƐ 0LQLPXPWUDQVYHUVHȡt
0.0012 0.0020
1R
Deformed bars <60,000 0.0015 0.0025
Cast-in-place
> No. 5 Any 0.0015 0.0025
Welded-wire reinforcement :RU' Any 0.0012 0.0020
Deformed bars or welded-wire
Precast[2] Any Any 0.0010 0.0010
reinforcement
[1]
3UHVWUHVVHGZDOOVZLWKDQDYHUDJHH൵HFWLYHFRPSUHVVLYHVWUHVVRIDWOHDVWSVLQHHGQRWPHHWWKHUHTXLUHPHQWIRUPLQLPXPORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWȡƐ.
[2]
In one-way precast, prestressed walls not wider than 12 ft and not mechanically connected to cause restraint in the transverse direction, the minimum reinforcement requirement
LQWKHGLUHFWLRQQRUPDOWRWKHÀH[XUDOUHLQIRUFHPHQWQHHGQRWEHVDWLV¿HG
11.6.2 If in-plane VuࢥĮcȜ f c′ Acv, (a) and (b) shall R11.6.2 For monotonically loaded walls with low height-
EHVDWLV¿HG to-length
to len ratios, test data (Barda et al. 1977) indicate that
VKH UHLQIRUFHPHQW EHFRPHV OHVV H൵HFWLYH IRU
KRUL]RQWDO VKHDU
(a) ȡƐ shall be at least the greater of the
he value ccalculated by shear resistance than vertical reinforcement. This change in
Eq. (11.6.2) and 0.0025, but need d not exceed ȡt required QH VRIWKHKRUL RQW
RQ
H൵HFWLYHQHVVRIWKHKRUL]RQWDOYHUVXVYHUWLFDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
for strength by 11.5.4.3. gnize in
is recognized n Eq. (11.6
(11.6.2); if hw/Ɛw is less than 0.5, the
amo
amount of vverticall reinforce
reinforcement is equal to the amount of
11 Walls
ȡƐ±hwƐwȡt±

horizo tal rreinforcement.
horizontal ement. If hwȡw is greater than 2.5, only
mum amountt of vert
a minimum vertical reinforcement is required
(b) ȡt shall be at least 0.0025 0.002 sh).
(0.0025sh).
11.7—Reinforcement detailing
11.7.1 General
11.7.1.1 Concrete cover for reinforcement shall be in

accordance with 20.5.1.
11.7.1.2 Development lengths of deformed and prestressed

reinforcement shall be in accordance with 25.4.
11.7.1.3 Splice lengths of deformed reinforcement shall be

in accordance with 25.5.
11.7.2 6SDFLQJRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
11.7.2.1 Spacing s of longitudinal bars in cast-in-place

walls shall not exceed the lesser of 3h and 18 in. If shear
reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, spacing of
longitudinal reinforcement shall not exceed Ɛw/3.
11.7.2.2 Spacing s of longitudinal bars in precast walls

shall not exceed the lesser of (a) and (b):
(a) 5h
(b) 18 in. for exterior walls or 30 in. for interior walls
If shear reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, s

shall not exceed the smallest of 3h, 18 in., and Ɛw/3.

CODE COMMENTARY
11.7.2.3 For walls with thickness greater than 10 in.,
except single story basement walls and cantilever retaining
walls, distributed reinforcement in each direction shall be
placed in at least two layers, one near each face.
11.7.2.4 Flexural tension reinforcement shall be well

distributed and placed as close as practicable to the tension
face.
11.7.3 6SDFLQJRIWUDQVYHUVHUHLQIRUFHPHQW
11.7.3.1 Spacing s of transverse reinforcement in cast-in-

place walls shall not exceed the lesser of 3h and 18 in. If
shear reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, s shall
not exceed Ɛw/5.
11.7.3.2 Spacing s of transverse bars in precast walls shall

not exceed the lesser of (a) and (b):
(a) 5h
(b) 18 in. for exterior walls or 30 in. for interior
interi walls
red ffor in-plane strength, s

If shear reinforcement is required
nd Ɛw/5.
shall not exceed the least of 3h, 18 in., and
JL DOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
11.7.4 /DWHUDOVXSSRUWRIORQJLWXGLQDOUHLQIRUFHPHQW
for
11.7.4.1 If longitudinal reinforcementent is required for
compression and if Ast exceeds 0.01A 0 g, longitudinal
it rein-
forcement shall be laterally supported by transverse ties.
11.7.5 5HLQIRUFHPHQWDURXQGRSHQLQJV
11.7.5.1 In addition to the minimum reinforcement

required by 11.6, at least two No. 5 bars in walls having two
layers of reinforcement in both directions and one No. 5 bar
in walls having a single layer of reinforcement in both direc-
tions shall be provided around window, door, and similarly
sized openings. Such bars shall be anchored to develop fy in
tension at the corners of the openings.
11.8—Alternative method for out-of-plane slender R11.8—Alternative method for out-of-plane slender
wall analysis wall analysis
11.8.1 General R11.8.1 General
11.8.1.1 It shall be permitted to analyze out-of-plane slen- R11.8.1.1 This procedure is presented as an alternative to
GHUQHVV H൵HFWV LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK WKLV VHFWLRQ IRU ZDOOV the requirements of 11.5.2.1 for the out-of-plane design of
satisfying (a) through (e): slender wall panels, where the panels are restrained against
rotation at the top.
(a) Cross section is constant over the height of the wall Panels that have windows or other large openings are not
E:DOOLVWHQVLRQFRQWUROOHGIRURXWRISODQHPRPHQWH൵HFW considered to have constant cross section over the height of
FࢥMn is at least Mcr, where Mcr is calculated using fr as the panel. Such walls are to be designed taking into account
provided in 19.2.3 WKHH൵HFWVRIRSHQLQJV
(d) Pu at the midheight section does not exceed 0.06fcƍAg Many aspects of the design of tilt-up walls and buildings
are discussed in ACI 551.2R and Carter et al. (1993).

PART 3: MEMBERS 173
CODE COMMENTARY
H&DOFXODWHGRXWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQGXHWRVHUYLFHORDGV
¨s, including P¨H൵HFWVGRHVQRWH[FHHGƐc/150
11.8.2 Modeling
11.8.2.1 The wall shall be analyzed as a simply supported,

axially loaded member subject to an out-of-plane uniformly
GLVWULEXWHGODWHUDOORDGZLWKPD[LPXPPRPHQWVDQGGHÀHF-
tions occurring at midheight.
11.8.2.2 Concentrated gravity loads applied to the wall

above any section shall be assumed to be distributed over a
width equal to the bearing width, plus a width on each side
that increases at a slope of 2 vertical to 1 horizontal, but not
extending beyond (a) or (b):
(a) The spacing of the concentrated loads

(b) The edges of the wall panel
11.8.3 )DFWRUHGPRPHQW R11.8.3 )DF

)DFWRUHGPRPHQW
11.8.3.1 MuDWPLGKHLJKWRIZDOOGXHWRFRPELQHGÀH[XUH
GXHWR .3. The neutra
R11.8.3.1 neutrall aaxis depth c in Eq. (11.8.3.1c)
H൵HF
DQGD[LDOORDGVVKDOOLQFOXGHWKHH൵HFWVRIZDOOGHÀHFWLRQLQ RQGV WR WKH IROORZL
FRUUHVSRQGV IROORZLQJ H൵HFWLYH DUHD RI ORQJLWXGLQDO
accordance with (a) or (b): rein eme
reinforcement.
11 Walls
sin
(a) By iterative calculation using
Pu ⎛ h ⎞
Ase , w = As + ⎜ ⎟
Mu = Mua + Pu¨u (11.8.3.1a)
(11.8. a) fy ⎝ d ⎠
where Mua is the maximum factored moment at midheight

of wall due to lateral and eccentric vertical loads, not
including P¨H൵HFWV
¨u shall be calculated by:
5M u A 2c
Δu = (11.8.3.1b)
(0.75)48 Ec I cr
where Icr shall be calculated by:
Es ⎛ Pu h ⎞ 2 A w c3
I cr = ⎜ As + f 2d ⎟ (d − c) + 3 (11.8.3.1c)
Ec ⎝ y ⎠
and the value of Es/Ec shall be at least 6.

(b) By direct calculation using:
M ua
Mu = (11.8.3.1d)
⎛ 5 Pu A 2c ⎞
⎜⎝1 − (0.75)48 E I ⎟⎠
c cr
11.8.4 2XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQ±VHUYLFHORDGV R11.8.4 2XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQ±VHUYLFHORDGV

CODE COMMENTARY
11.8.4.12XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQGXHWRVHUYLFHORDGV¨s, 11.8.4.1 Test data (Athey 1982) demonstrate that out-of-
shall be calculated in accordance with Table 11.8.4.1, where SODQH GHÀHFWLRQV LQFUHDVH UDSLGO\ ZKHQ WKH VHUYLFHOHYHO
Ma is calculated by 11.8.4.2. moment exceeds 2/3Mcr. A linear interpolation between
¨cr and ¨n is used to determine ¨s to simplify the design of
Table 11.8.4.1—Calculation of Δs slender walls if Ma > 2/3Mcr.
Ma ¨s 6HUYLFHOHYHOORDGFRPELQDWLRQVDUHQRWGH¿QHGLQ&KDSWHU
5 of this Code, but they are discussed in Appendix C of
⎛M ⎞ $6&(6(,$SSHQGL[HVWR$6&(6(,DUHQRWFRQVLGHUHG
Mcr Δ s = ⎜ a ⎟ Δ cr (a)
⎝ M cr ⎠ mandatory parts of that standard. For calculating service-
OHYHOODWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQVRIVWUXFWXUHV$SSHQGL[&RI$6&(
M a − M cr SEI 7 recommends using the following load combination:
!Mcr Δ s = Δ cr + Δ n − Δ cr (b)
M n − M cr
D + 0.5L + Wa
in which Wa is wind load based on serviceability wind speeds

SURYLGHGLQWKHFRPPHQWDU\WR$SSHQGL[&RI$6&(6(,
,I WKH VOHQGHU ZDOO LV GHVLJQHG WR UHVLVW HDUWKTXDNH H൵HFWV
E, and ELVEDVHGRQVWUHQJWKOHYHOHDUWKTXDNHH൵HFWVWKH
follow
following load combination is considered to be appropriate
IRUHYDOXDWLQJWK
IRUHYDOXDWLQJWKHVHUYLFHOHYHOODWHUDOGHÀHFWLRQV
00. + 0.7E
D + 0.5L
11.8.4.2 The maximum moment ent Ma at midheight of wall ll

ntri vertical
due to service lateral and eccentric tical loads, inclu ing
including
Ps¨sH൵HFWVVKDOOEHFDOFXODWHGE\(TZLWKLWHUD-
E ZLWK HUD-
WLRQRIGHÀHFWLRQV
Ma = Msa + Ps¨s (11.8.4.2)
¨cr and ¨n shall be calculated by (a) and (b):

5M cr A 2c
(a) Δ cr = (11.8.4.3a)
48 Ec I g
5M n lc2
(b) Δ n = (11.8.4.3b)
48 Ec I cr

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11.1.3 Design of plain concrete walls shall be in accor-

11.1.6 Cast-in-place walls with insulating forms shall be .1.6 6SHFL

11.2.1.1 Design properties for concrete shall be selected to

11.2.1.2 Design properties for steel reinforcement shall be

11.2.1.3 Materials, design, and detailing requirements for

11.2.2.1 For precast walls, connections shall be designed

11.2.2.2 Connections of walls to foundations shall satisfy

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.2.3.1 Unless otherwise demonstrated by an analysis,

11.2.4 ,QWHUVHFWLQJHOHPHQWV R11.2.4 ,QWHUVHFWLQJHOHPHQWV

11.2.4.2 For cast-in-place walls having Pu > 0.2fcƍAg, the R11.2.4.27KHIDFWRUUHÀHFWVUHGXFHGFRQ¿QHPHQWLQ

11.3—Design limits R11 —De

Table 11.3.1.1—Minimum wall thickness h

11.4—Required strength R11.4—Required strength

11.4.1.1 Required strength shall be calculated in accor-

11.4.1.2 Required strength shall be calculated in accor-

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.4.1.4 Walls shall be designed for eccentric axial loads

11.4.2.1 Walls shall be designed for the maximum factored

11.4.3 Factored shear

11.4.3.1 Walls shall be designed for the maximum in-plane

11.5—Design strength R11.5—Design strength

11.5.1.1 For each applicable factored load combination,

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.5.2 $[LDOORDGDQGLQSODQHRURXWRISODQHÀH[XUH R11.5.2 $[LDOORDGDQGLQSODQHRURXWRISODQHÀH[XUH

11.5.2.1 For bearing walls, Pn and Mn (in-plane or out-of-

11.5.2.2 For nonbearing walls, Mn shall be calculated in R11.5.2.21RQEHDULQJZDOOVE\GH¿QLWLRQDUHQRWVXEMHFW

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.5.3.2(൵HFWLYHOHQJWKIDFWRUk for use with Eq. (11.5.3.1)

Table 11.5.3.2—Effective length factor k for walls

11.5.3.3 Pn from Eq. (11.5.3.1) shall be reduced by ࢥ for

11.5.3.4 Wall reinforcement shall be at least that required

11.5.4 In-plane shear R11.5.4 In-plane shear

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

where Nu is negative for tension.

11.5.5 Out-of-plane shear

11.5.5.1 Vn shall be calculated in accordance

11.6—Reinforcement limits nforcem

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.7.1.1 Concrete cover for reinforcement shall be in

11.7.1.2 Development lengths of deformed and prestressed

11.7.1.3 Splice lengths of deformed reinforcement shall be

11.7.2.1 Spacing s of longitudinal bars in cast-in-place

11.7.2.2 Spacing s of longitudinal bars in precast walls

If shear reinforcement is required for in-plane strength, s

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.7.2.4 Flexural tension reinforcement shall be well

11.7.3.1 Spacing s of transverse reinforcement in cast-in-

11.7.3.2 Spacing s of transverse bars in precast walls shall

red ffor in-plane strength, s

11.7.5.1 In addition to the minimum reinforcement

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

11.8.2.1 The wall shall be analyzed as a simply supported,

11.8.2.2 Concentrated gravity loads applied to the wall

(a) The spacing of the concentrated loads

11.8.3 )DFWRUHGPRPHQW R11.8.3 )DF

where Mua is the maximum factored moment at midheight

and the value of Es/Ec shall be at least 6.

11.8.4 2XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQ±VHUYLFHORDGV R11.8.4 2XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQ±VHUYLFHORDGV

American Concrete Institute – Copyrighted © Material – www.concrete.org

in which Wa is wind load based on serviceability wind speeds

11.8.4.2 The maximum moment ent Ma at midheight of wall ll

11.2.4.2 For cast-in-place walls having Pu > 0.2fcƍAg, the R11.2.4.27KHIDFWRUUHÀHFWVUHGXFHGFRQ¿QHPHQWLQ

11.5.2 $[LDOORDGDQGLQSODQHRURXWRISODQHÀH[XUH R11.5.2 $[LDOORDGDQGLQSODQHRURXWRISODQHÀH[XUH

11.5.2.2 For nonbearing walls, Mn shall be calculated in R11.5.2.21RQEHDULQJZDOOVE\GH¿QLWLRQDUHQRWVXEMHFW

11.8.4 2XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQ±VHUYLFHORDGV R11.8.4 2XWRISODQHGHÀHFWLRQ±VHUYLFHORDGV

¨cr and ¨n shall be calculated by (a) and (b):