EMM4209: INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

Abdul Aziz Hairuddin

Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Office: 03-89466331
Room: L5-21

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 Contents:
Week 1 and 2
1. Engine development
Introduction to Internal

2. Engine classification
Combustion Engine

3. Engine components and basic engine terminology

4. Engine types
5. Alternative engines
6. Operation parameters of the engine

Assessment Type:
C4, C5 – Test / Final Exam / Laboratory
A4 – Practice Question / Quiz
CTPS – Test / Final Exam / Laboratory

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• Chapter 1 : Introduction to Internal Combustion Engine
• Chapter 2 : Engine Cycles
• Chapter 3 : Fuel and Air-Fuel Induction
• Chapter 4 : Combustion in Engine
• Chapter 5 : Heat Transfer in Engine
• Chapter 6 : Cooling System
• Chapter 7 : Engine Friction and Lubrication
• Chapter 8 : Exhaust Flow, Emission and Pollution

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 HOW ENGINE WORKS?

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 NISSAN ENGINE

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 AMG ENGINE

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Engine Performance Parameters
Important engine characteristics:

1. Engine performance
2. Engine fuel consumption
3. Engine noise and air pollutant
4. Initial engine cost and installation
5. Reliability and durability

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 Combustion
VC Chamber
Gasket
TDC

Piston
Vd Stroke

BDC

Connecting Bore
Rod

Crank Shaft
Crank Radius
Stroke

Crank Radius (crank throw)

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Important Parameters
• Bore, B y
• Stroke, S
• Connecting rod length, l
• Crank angle, °CA
• Clearance volume, Vc
• Displacement volume, Vd
• Crank radius, a
• Engine speed, N
• Piston position or distance between
crank axis and pin axis, s

Engine geometry of the piston and

crank mechanisms
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Engine Kinematics
Stroke Length:
Crank radius, a is defined as half
of the stroke length

Average Piston Speed: N in rpm or rps?

-Max. for all engines in range of 5 to 20 m/sec.
-Why?? 1. Safe limit (material strength) Rotational engine
2. Gas flow in-out of cylinders speed

Bore Size:
-In range of 0.5 m to 0.5 cm
-Ratio of B/S usually from 0.8 to 1.2
-If B = S , called square engine
-If B < S , called under square (usually large engines)
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Clearance volume:
-SI usually 7 to 11
-CI in range of 12 to 24

For 1 cylinder

Cylinder volume:

Distance between crank axis and piston pin axis:

Instantaneous cylinder volume:

Ratio of connecting rod length to crank radius:

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The rate of change of volume:

Cylinder volume is an important parameter because it determines the piston work

in the energy equation

Instantaneous distance from TDC:

Instantaneous piston speed:

Instantaneous piston speed: zero at TDC and

BDC, maximum at the middle of the stroke
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 Cylinder volume versus crank angle

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Valve Timing

Figure 1.14 from ICE textbook (Ferguson, 2016)

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Engine Work, Power and Torque

4-stroke 2-stroke

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 Upper loop: gross
indicated work due to
compression and power
strokes

Lower loop: Indicated

pump work (or negative
work) due to intake and
exhaust strokes

Work delivered by the

crankshaft is less than
indicated work due to
parasitic loads: oil pump,
air conditioner compressor,
altenator etc.

P-V diagram of a typical SI engine

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 Pump work is

- positive for engines

with supercharger or
turbocharger

- negative without
chargers

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 Work available at the
ACTUAL WORK = BRAKE WORK crankshaft!!

Indicated work is the work inside

the combustion chamber

Note: - If torque as comparison parameter, larger engines is better

- If power as comparison parameter, engine speed is important

Mechanical efficiency:
The ratio of brake work at the
crankshaft to indicated work in
the combustion chamber

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Power Units

BHP = British and American “horse power”

PS ="PferdeStärke“ is "horse power“ in
German
PS = 0.986 bhp, BHP = 1.0142 PS
kW = 1.36 PS, PS = 0.73529 kW
kW = 1.341 bhp, BHP = 0.7457 kW

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 Mean Effective Pressure
• The mean effective pressure (mep): work done per unit displacement volume (unit
force/area)
• Allows performance comparison of engines of different displacement

• imep : net work per unit displacement volume done by gas during compression and
expansion.

• bmep : external shaft work per unit volume done by the engine
4-stroke

2-stroke
• fmep : include mechanical friction, the pumping losses during intake and exhaust.

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 BMEP Range for Various Engines Types (Heywood 1988)

Engine Type Compression Ratio BMEP Range (MPa)

SI Engines

Small (Motorcycles) 6-11 0.4-1 Turbo or

supercharged
Passenger cars 8-10 0.7-1 engines: ~20
Trucks 7-9 0.65-0.7 bar
Large gas engines 8-12 0.68-1.2
Diesel Engines
Passenger cars 17-23 0.5-0.75
Trucks 16-22 0.6-0.9
Large trucks 14-20 1.2-1.8
Locomotive 12-18 0.7-2.3
Marine engines 10-12 0.9-1.7

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 Factors affecting imep:

• Compression ratio
• Air/fuel ratio
• Volumetric efficiency
• Ignition timing: retarded or
advanced
• Valve timing and lift
• Air pressure and temperature

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Volumetric Efficiency

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• Engines are only capable of 80% to 90% volumetric
efficiency.
• Volumetric efficiency depends upon throttle opening and
engine speed as well as induction and exhaust system
layout, port size and valve timing and opening duration.
• High volumetric efficiency increases engine power.
• Turbo charging is capable of increasing volumetric
efficiency up to 50%.
v = ma /  aVd or
By definition:
v = nm a /  aVd N
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 Example 1

ICE textbook (Ferguson, 2016)

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Specific Fuel Consumption
• Efficiency of converting the chemical energy of fuel into work produced by the
engine

• Two types: bsfc and isfc

isfc: bsfc:

• Typical values of bsfc for naturally aspirated engines: 200-400 g/kWh

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 BSFC, BMEP
ranges for various
engines types
(Heywood 2nd
Edition 2018)
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Engine Brake Thermal Efficiency
• The efficiency of an engine in converting the heat energy
contained in the liquid fuel into mechanical energy is
termed its thermal efficiency.
• The petrol engine is particularly inefficient and at its best
may reach 25% efficiency.
• The thermal efficiency of a diesel engine can reach 35%
due to its higher compression ratio.

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 th = W / Qin = W / Qin = W / m f QHVc

m = (t )b / (t )i

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Combustion Efficiency
– Combustion efficiency, c
• fraction of fuel that burns
• Values range: 0.95 -0.98 (If engine operating properly)
• Heat added for one cylinder engine,

Qin = m f QHVc
steady state,
Q in = m
 f QHVc

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Air-Fuel and Fuel-Air Ratio
– Energy input to an engine COMES from the combustion
of a HYDROCARBON fuel.
– Air-fuel ratio (AF) and fuel-air ratio (FA) are
PARAMETERS to describe the mixture ratio where:
m m f
m mf1
AF = a = a and FA = = =
mf mf ma a
m AF
ma = mass of air
 a = mass flow rate of air
m
m f = mass of fuel
 f = mass flow rate of fuel
m
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• The ideal or stoichometric AF close to 15:1
❖ if AF > 25 is too lean
❖If AF < 6 is too rich
• Equivalence ratio defined as:

=
( FA)act
=
( AF )stoich
(FA)stoich ( AF )act
• Or, lambda,  = 1/
 Example 2

ICE textbook (Ferguson, 2016)

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Prob 1.3
Prob 1.5
TUTORIAL
1.1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.7
EMM 4208 - NAA2010
EMM 4208 - NAA2010
 Reference: Ferguson, C.R. and Kirkpatrick, A.T. (2016), Internal Combustion
Engine: Applied Thermosciences, 3rd Edition, Wiley

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