PHY 210

TITLE EQUILIBRIUM OF TURNING EXPERIMENT

NUMBER OF 1
EXPERIMENT
NAME 1. NUR DANIA FARIESHA BINTI MOHAMMAD FAIRUZ
(2019246224)
2. DIDISABARINI BINTI MOHD @ ABDULLAH
(2019404206)

3. NUR AINA ADLISHA BINTI MOHD AZIZI

(2019238568)

GROUP AS1202E

LECTURER’S MADAM FAIRUZDZAH AHMAD LOTHFY

NAME
DATE OF 11/03/2020
PERFORMED
EXPERIMENT
DATE OF 18/03/2020
SUBMISSION
PRE-LAB QUESTIONS
1. Define moment arm .
Moment arm is the simply length between a joint axis and the line of force acting on
that joint which is sperpendicular  from an axis to the line of action of a force.  In
other words, moment arm determines the quality of the torque.

2. A torque may be defined as the turning effect about an axis. How to increase
torque?
Torque can be increased by increasing the distance of perpendicular between
forces or by increasing the magnitude of the perpendicular component of the
forces.

OBSERVED DATA
Mass M (g) 40 50 60 70 80 90

Distance x 4 7.5 12 16 19.5 23

(cm)
OBJECTIVE
To determine the mass of an object and the mass of a ruler by applying the second
condition of rigid body equilibrium.

THEORY
When a system is in equilibrium, the net force acting on it is zero. The first condition
of equilibrium must be met. Mathematically, we can write

⅀Fₓ = 0; ⅀Fᵧ = 0; ⅀F

For a rigid body, a second condition needed to gain equilibrium state. The second
condition is as follows:

⅀ torque = 0

Torque (clockwise) = Torque (anticlockwise)

Where torque is acting on the body, equal to the product of force and perpendicular
distance r from the axis of rotation.

For this system,

MgL = M₀ gx + M(ruler) g (L/2)

Dividing the equation by gL,

M = M₀/L x + M(ruler)/2

APPARATUS
 Object M o
1
 metre rule
2
 strings
 Weights (range 10g-100g)
 Retort stand
 Pulley
PROCEDURE
1. Apparatus was set up and the ruler was ensured that it can be rotated freely
at point A. a pivot was used to enable the ruler to rotate.
2. The object M 0 and the weight M starting with M=40g was hung at point C. the
position of M o was adjusted until the ruler is horizontal and stable. The
distance x was measured between points A and C.
3. Step 2 was repeated with different weights (M= 50g,60g,70g,80g and 90g).
the ruler was ensured to be horizontally while the string at point A was set up
perpendicularly to the ruler.
4. The data was recorded in a table.

Mass M (g) 40 50 60 70 80 90

Distance x 4 7.5 12 16 19.5 23

(cm)

5. Object M o and the ruler was weighed using a balance and the values are
used as standard values.
 ANALYSIS

M against distance x
100

90

80

70

60
mass M (g)

50

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

distance, x (cm)

a. Plot graph M versus the distance x

 b. Plot graph M o using the slope of the graph
Slope= M o/ L

y 2− y 1 90−50
=
x 2−x 1 23−8

40
=2.67 g / cm
15

c. Identify the y-intercept of the graph and calculate the mass of the ruler.
y-intercept= M ruler /2

y= mx + C
90= 2.67(23) + C
C = 90- (61.41)
C= 28.59 cm

d. Calculate the error percentage between your calculated

M o∧M ruler with the weighed values ( theoritical values ) , M T

|M o− M T |
ERROR PERCENTAGE= × 100
MT

¿
Error percentage M o= ¿ 2.67−106∨ 106 × 100 ¿

= 97.5%

¿
Error percentage M ruler = ¿ 28.59−55.9∨ 55.9 ×100 ¿

= 48.9%
CONCLUSION
By applying the second condition of rigid body of equilibrium, the mass of the object
M o is 106g while the error percentage of mass M o is 97.5%. the mass of the ruler M ruler is
55.9g while the error percentage of mass M ruler is 48.9%. The mass M and distance x is
directly proportional.

DISCUSSION
In this experiment, there are three errors which can be found which is parallax error,
random error and error in calculation. First of all, is parallax error. This error is due to
the mistake of reading which is the eye level of the observer is not perpendicular to
the scale of the object used which is meter ruler. Next is random error. The analytical
balance is used to weight object M and meter ruler. This error can cause the wrong
or inaccurate reading of data of the analytical balance. This error is caused by the
air ventilation disturbances in the lab. As we know, analytical balance is very
sensitive towards air flows and anything in its surroundings. Last but not least is error
in calculation. It is because the calculation in experiment are calculated using the
wrong formula or because of the inaccurate data recorded.

These errors can be corrected or reduced. For parallax error, it can be reduced by
repeating the experiment at least twice by different observers. The eye level of the
observer must be perpendicular to the scale of the meter ruler to get accurate
readings and to avoid the parallax error. The observer also must read the scale
carefully and know the unit of measurement of the instruments used. Next, random
error. This error can be reduced by putting an analytical balance at the area that has
less air flow or close the air conditioners to reduce the amount of air flow so that the
reading of analytical balance will be more accurate. Lastly, error in calculation. This
error can corrected or reduced by using the correct formula or the way to calculate
the data and also by using the correct and accurate data of the experiment will
lessen the calculating experimental error. Before calculating the calculation, the data
must be in standard value.
REFERENCES
1. http://www.aaronswansonpt.com/basic-biomechanics-moment-arm-torque/
2. https://socratic.org/questions/how-can-torque-be-increased