MICRO

 A  3.1  –  HISTOLOGY  OF  GIT  (Part  1)  

1B-­‐Medicine  
FEU-­‐NRMF  Institute  of  Medicine  
Lecturer:  Dennis  Ivan  Bravo,  MD  -­‐  9.3.13  
 

Histology  of  GIT  Part  1  includes:   2. SUBMUCOSA  

• Mouth  Accessory  Organs   -­‐ Composed  of  LCT(some  areas  have  Dense  CT),  
o Salivary  glands   blood  vessels,  nerves  often  termed  plexuses,  
o Tongue   lymphatics  
• Esophagus  &  Stomach    
  3. MUSCULARIS  EXTERNA/TUNICA  MUSCULARIS  
FUNCTIONS  OF  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM   • Beginning  &end  (mouth  &  anus)  
ü Digestion:  Break  down  food  into  forms  absorbable   -­‐ skeletal  muscle  denotes  VOLUNTARY  control  in  
by  the  body   these  areas  
ü Excretion:  ex.  Excretion  of  bile   • In  between(lower  esophagus  to  rectum)  
ü Endocrine  function:  hormones  secreted  in  various   -­‐ smooth  muscle:  INVOLUNTARY  
parts  of  the  GIT  like  Grailin  (secreted  in  stomach)   • General  arrangement  
  -­‐ Inner  circular;  outer  longitudinal    
ORGANS  OF  THE  DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM   (to  remember:  iCOL  J)  
Divided  into  (for  lecture  purposes  in  Histology):   -­‐ BUT,  there  are  regional  variations:  
• Gastrointestinal  Tract   § Stomach:  there  are  3  layers  
-­‐ Continuous  muscular  tube  passageway     § Large  intestines:  outer  longitudinal  is  
-­‐ Mouth,  pharynx,  esophagus,  stomach,  small   incomplete  
intestines,  large  intestines,  rectum,  anus    
• Accessory  Organs   4. SEROSA  (Outermost  layer)  
-­‐ Teeth,  tongue,  salivary  glands,  liver,  gall  bladder,   -­‐ If  no  mesothelium  is  present,  it  is  called  
pancreas   ADVENTITIA  

 
 
Mucosa  and  Submucosa  are  thrown  into  folds  that  
GENERAL  HISTOLOGY  OF  THE  GIT    
vary  in  name  in  relation  to  its  location:  
Composed  of  4  layers:    
Stomach:  Rugae  
(Mucosa,  Submucosa,  Muscularis  externa  &  Serosa)  
Small  Intestines:  Plicae  circularis  
 
Large  Intestines:  Plicae  semilunaris  
1. MUCOSA  (innermost)  
 
-­‐ LE:  Stratified  squamous  or  simple  columnar  (only  2  
SALIVARY  GLANDS  
types  of  LE  to  remember  in  GIT)  
 
§ For  parts  that  are  constantly  subjected  to  
2  Types  According  to  Size:  
stress  (mouth,  upper  esophagus,  anus)  
1. Major  –  large  glands    
·∙ LE  is  protective:  Stratified  squamous  
(sublingual,  submandibular,  parotid)  
§ The  rest  that  specializes  in  absorption  or  
2. Minor  –  small  glands  
secretion:  Simple  columnar  
(labial,  buccal,  lingual,  palatine)  
-­‐ Lamina  Propria  (LP):  Loose  Connective  Tissue  (LCT)  
**Focus  is  on  Major  salivary  glands**  
-­‐ Muscularis  mucosa(MM):  smooth  muscle    

1        
MICRO  A  3.1  –  HISTOLOGY  OF  GIT  (Part  1)  
1B-­‐Medicine  
FEU-­‐NRMF  Institute  of  Medicine  
Lecturer:  Dennis  Ivan  Bravo,  MD  -­‐  9.3.13  
 

MAJOR  SALIVARY  GLANDS   2. SALIVAY  GLAND  DUCT  

• Morphological/  Structural  Classification:     -­‐  Intercalated  &  Striated  ducts  
Ø Compound  tubuloalveolar  (all)   CONNECTIVE  TISSUE  SEPTA  
-­‐ Two  elements  can  be  seen:  an  alveolar  /acinar   -­‐divides  gland  into  lobules  
portion  that  drains  into  a  duct(tubular  portion)  
 
-­‐ Tubular  part  of  sublingual  NOT  well  developed  
ACINI  immediately  drains  
• Types  
into  the  INTERCALATED  DUCT  
o Parotid  gland:  lies  outside  the  oral  cavity  at  the  
that  will  eventually  drain  into  
angle  of  the  mandible  
the  larger  STRIATED  DUCT  
o Submandibular  glands:  can  be  found  if  mandible  
 
is  taken  away,  in  the  medial  aspect  
o Sublingual  glands  :  located  beneath  the  tongue,   INTRALOBULAR  DUCTS  then  
embedded  deeply  &  w/  connective  tissues  in  the   drain  into  INTERLOBULAR  or  
floor  of  the  oral  cavity   EXTRALOBULAR  DUCTS  
(outside  lobule)  contained  
w/in  the  septa  

Within  a  lobule  contains:  

-­‐Acini  
-­‐Intralobular  ducts  
     -­‐-­‐Intercalated  duct  
     -­‐-­‐Striated  ducts  
 
• Functional  Classification:    
o Serous,  Mixed,  Mucous  
Epithelial  components  of  submandibular  gland  lobule  
• Secretory  portions  are  composed:  
o Serous:  rounded  nucleus;  dark  staining  
o Mucous:  flattened  nucleus  near  the  base;  light  
staining  
o Both  are  lined  with  pyramidal  cells  &  surrounded  
 
by  myoepithelial  cells  
The  closer  is  the  gland  the  oral  cavity,  the  secretion  is  
• Intercalated  ducts:  lined  by  simple  cuboidal  
predominantly  mucous  
The  farther  it  is,  the  secretion  is  predominantly  serous   epithelium;  small  caliber  
ü Parotid  gland:  predominantly  serous   • Striated  ducts:  lined  by  simple  columnar  cells;  larger  
ü Submandibular:  mixed  predominantly  serous   caliber  (apparent  striations  at  the  base)  
ü Sublingual:  mixed  predominantly  mucous  
 
GENERAL  HISTOLOGY  OF  SALIVARY  GLANDS  
1. ACINI  
-­‐ Lined  by  pyramidal-­‐shaped  cells  
v Staining  characteristics  depend  on  type  of  
secretion:  
§ Mucous:  low  affinity  to  dye;  appear  light  
§ Serous:  high  affinity  to  dye;  appear  darker  
-­‐ All  are  surrounded  at  the  base  by  myoepithelial  
cells  (posses  contractile  proteins  to  squeeze  out  
secretions)  
-­‐ Eventually  drain  into  a  salivary  gland  duct  

2        
MICRO  A  3.1  –  HISTOLOGY  OF  GIT  (Part  1)  
1B-­‐Medicine  
FEU-­‐NRMF  Institute  of  Medicine  
Lecturer:  Dennis  Ivan  Bravo,  MD  -­‐  9.3.13  
 

PAROTID  GLAND   TONGUE  

-­‐ Can  be  described  as  skeletal  muscle  covered  by  
mucous  lined  by  stratified  squamous  epithelium    
-­‐ Function  is  to  give  pleasure  J  (because  it  posseses  
tastebuds—eating  is  one  of  the  gustatory  pleasures  
of  life)  
-­‐ Contents:  
§ 2  types  of  muscle:  instrinsic    &  extrinsic    
§ Numerous  minor  salivary  glands  (Von  Ebner-­‐
serous,  Blandin  &  Nuhn-­‐mucous)  
§ Lingual    papilla:  projections  on  the  surface  of  
the  tongue  (filiform,  foliate,  fungiform  &  
circumvallate)  
Acini  -­‐  all  are  darkly  stained,  purely  serous  
                   -­‐  Prominent  secretory  granules  (a)  
 
Striated  duct:  prominent  basal  striations  
produced  by  mitochondria  located  in  the  folds  
of  the  basal  aspect  
 
 
SUBMANDIBULAR  GLAND  

 
4  Kinds  of  Lingual  Papilla  
1. FILIFORM  (pointed)  
-­‐  Smallest  &  most  numerous  
-­‐ Only  one  where  LE  is  highly  keratinized    
-­‐ Keratinization  plus  pointed  end  gives  its  function  
that  is  to  provide  friction  to  help  move  food  during  
chewing  
-­‐ In  animals,  its  function  is  for  grooming  (see  how  
cats  lick  themselves  as  hygiene?)  
 
2. FOLIATE  (blunt  top)  
  -­‐ best  developed  in  children  &  hardly  seen  in  adults  
SUBLINGUAL  GLAND   -­‐ a  lot  of    taste  buds  on  the  lateral  aspect  
 
3. FUNGIFORM  (mushroom  shaped)  
-­‐ Scattered  all  throughout  the  tongue;  irregularly  
interspersed  among  the  filiform  papillae  
-­‐ Taste  buds  located  on  the  superior  surface  
 
4. VALLATE/CIRCUMVALLATE  (mushroom  but  buried)  
-­‐ Largest  &  least  numerous    
-­‐ found  in  posterior  aspect  of  the  tongue,  anterior  to  
sulcus  terminalis  
-­‐ surrounded  by  furrow  arranged  in  a  V  shaped  
manner  
-­‐ most  numerous  tastebuds  located  laterally  

3        
MICRO  A  3.1  –  HISTOLOGY  OF  GIT  (Part  1)  
1B-­‐Medicine  
FEU-­‐NRMF  Institute  of  Medicine  
Lecturer:  Dennis  Ivan  Bravo,  MD  -­‐  9.3.13  
 

ESOPHAGO-­‐GASTRIC  JUNCTION  

Notice  abrupt  change  from  

stratified  squamous  
epithelium  of  esophagus  to  
simple  columnar  epithelium  
of  stomach  
 
TASTE  BUDS  
Composed  of:  
1. Gustatory  (taste)  cells  
-­‐ Have  microvilli  on  their  surface  that  projects  to  an    
opening  called  the  taste  pore   STOMACH  
2. Supporting  cells   -­‐ Function  is  to  acidify  chyme,  produce  gastric  
enzymes  &  hormones  
 
Distinct  characteristics  of  each  layer:  
1. MUCOSA    
-­‐ Thrown  into  longitudinal  folds—rugae  
-­‐ Found  on  the  surface  are  gastric  pits    
-­‐ LE:  Simple  columnar    
-­‐ LP:    gastric  glands,w/c  open  into  the  gastric  pits,  
  occupy  the  entire  thickness  
ESOPHAGUS   -­‐ MM:  3  layers  
-­‐ Muscular  tube  for  food  conduction   § Inner  circular,  Outer  longitudinal,  Outermost  
  circular  
Distinct  characteristics  of  each  layer:    
1. MUCOSA     2. SUBMUCOSA  
-­‐ LE:  Stratified  squamous   -­‐ Dense  irregular  collagenous  tissue  
*  Esophago-­‐gastric  junction:  squamous  columnar   -­‐ Has  adipocytes  
-­‐ LP:    contain  Superficial  secreting  esophageal   -­‐ Meissner’s  plexus  :bundle  of  nerves  
glands  or  esophageal  cardiac  glands    
-­‐ MM:  smooth  muscle   3. MUSCULARIS  EXTERNA/T.  MUSCULARIS  
  3  layers  of  smooth  muscles:  
2. SUBMUCOSA:  Contain  deep  esophageal  glands  or   a. Incomplete  inner  oblique  
esophageal  gland  proper   b. Thick  middle  circular(forms  the  pyloric  sphincter)  
  c. Outer  longitudinal  
3. MUSCULARIS  EXTERNA/T.  MUSCULARIS   *Auerbach’s  /  Myenteric  plexus  found  in  between  
-­‐ Upper  1/3:  skeletal  muscle  only  (voluntary)  
-­‐ Middle  1/3:  both  skeletal  &  smooth  
-­‐ Lower  1/3:  smooth  muscle  only  (involuntary)  
 
Superficial  &  Deep  esophageal  glands  
-­‐ help  in  lubrication  for  easy  facilitation  of  food  
-­‐ both  secrete  mucous  

4        
MICRO  A  3.1  –  HISTOLOGY  OF  GIT  (Part  1)  
1B-­‐Medicine  
FEU-­‐NRMF  Institute  of  Medicine  
Lecturer:  Dennis  Ivan  Bravo,  MD  -­‐  9.3.13  
 

GASTRIC  GLANDS  
-­‐ Simple  branched  tubular  glands  in  LP  
-­‐ Parts:  Isthmus  (part  that  opens  into  the  gastric  
pits),  neck  and  base  
-­‐ Cells  found:  
a. Parietal/Oxyntic  cells  
·∙ Parenchyma  of  the  stomach  
·∙ Big  spheroidal  or  pyramidal  shaped  cells  
·∙ Acidophilic/  Eosinophilic    
·∙ Found  in  between  chief  cells    
·∙ Secrete  HCl  &  Intrinsic  factor   Summary  of  gastric  gland  cells:  
    Stain   Secretion  
b. Chief/Principal/Zymogenic  cells   Mucous  neck  cells   Pale  staining   Mucous  
·∙ Low  columnar  or  cuboidal  basophilic  cells   Parietal  cells  /   Eosinophilic   HCl  (Gastric  acid)  
·∙ Secrete  Pespsinogen   Oxyntic   Inrinsic  factor  
  Chief  cells/   Basophilic   Pepsinogen  
c. Mucous  neck  cells   Zymogenic   Gastric  lipase  
·∙ Found  on  the  surface  and  neck   Enteroendocrine   Silver  stain   Serotonin  
·∙ Pale  staining   cells/  APUD  cells   Histamine  
·∙ Secrete  mucous  for  protection   Gastrin  
 
 
d. Entreoendocrine  cells  (APUD  cells)  
 
·∙ Small  pyramidal  or  flattened  cells  irregularly  
 
scattered  
 
·∙ can  be  seen  in  silver  stain  only  (manual  says  in  
 
chromium  too)  *thus  the  name  Argentaffin  or  Entero-­‐
 
chromaffin  cells  
 
·∙ secrete  Serotonin  (5HT),  Histamine  &  Gastrin  
 
 
 
e. Regenerative  stem  cells  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

 
  Chief  cells  located  deeper  than  parietal  cells    
  so  that  when  Chief  cells  release  Pesinogen,   Let’s  give  our  best!  Happy  studying!  J  
  it  will  meet  with  &  activated  by  HCl  released  
by  parietal  cells.    
 

5