Standardization :is the process of

determining the exact concentration (molarity,

normality etc.) of a solution. Titration: is one
type of analytical procedure often used in
standardization. In a titration, an exact volume
of one substance is reacted with a known
amount of another substance. The point at
which the reaction is complete in a titration is
referred to as the endpoint. A chemical
substance known as an indicator is used to
indicate (signal) the endpoint.
Objective:
To determine the exact molarity of a hydrochloric
acid solution.
Chemicals:

0.0943 N sodium carbonate solution

Unknown solution of hydrochloric acid
 Methyl orange indicator

Glassware
 Burette(50cm3)
 Stand
 Clamp
 Funnel
 Conical flask(250cm3)
 Pipette(25cm3)
 Wash bottle
 Beakers(250cm3)
THEORY:
Generally:
Standardization:is the process of determining the
exact concentration (molarity) of a solution. Titration is
one type of analytical procedure often used in
standardization. In a titration, an exact volume of one
substance is reacted with a known amount of another
substance.
The point at which the reaction is complete in a
titration is referred to as the endpoint. A chemical
substance known as an indicator is used to indicate
(signal) the endpoint. The indicator used in this
experiment is METHYL ORANGE . an METHYL ORANGE,
organic compound, is colorless in acidic solution and
pink in basic solution.

The Standardization of Acids:

 Acids are frequently standardized against weighed
quantities of sodium carbonate.
 Other primary standards for acids;
Sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2B4O7.10H2O)
Borax, and mercury (II) oxide have also been
recommended as primary standards. The reaction of an
acid with the tetraborate is:
 B4O7 2- + 2H3O+ + 3H2O 4H3BO3
In particular:
Pure sodium carbonate: is a non hygroscopic primary
standard reagent. A standard solution prepared by
dissolving a known amount of the solid Na 2CO3 in a
fixed volume can be used to standardize other acid
solutions.

Laboratory grade hydrochloric acid:is not sufficiently

pure to be used as a primary standard. In this
experiment, a standard solution of sodium carbonate is
used to determine the exact concentration of a
.hydrochloric acid solution
:The neutralisation reaction that occurs is as follows
Na2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2
mole, 2 moles , 2 moles, 1 mole ,1 mole 1

Methyl orange indicator solution is used. At the end-

point – when neutralisation just occurs the indicator
.changes colour from yellow to peach/pink

–
Procedure
1. Rinse the burette with deionised water, and
clamp it vertically in the stand.
2. Using the funnel, add a little of the
hydrochloric acid solution to the burette.
3. Fill the burette with hydrochloric acid solution
above the zero mark. Remove the funnel.
Using the tap at the base of the burette.
4. Rinse the pipette with some de-ionised water
and then with some of the sodium carbonate
solution.
5. Transfer 25 cm3 of the sodium carbonate
solution into the clean conical flask. Add 2-3
drops of methyl orange indicator.
6. Titrate Na2CO3 with the hydrochloric acid (in
burette). The end-point of the titration is
when the solution just changes from
yellow/orange to red.
7. Note the burette reading and calculate how
much acid was used.
8. Repeat step 6 for a more accurate reading.
Procedure Graph
Calculations
From the equation, you can see that 2 moles of HCl
will react with 1 mole of Na2CO3(aq).
At the equivalence point:

V1=3.1 ml of HCl practically.

V2=25 ml solution of sodium carbonate measured
by pipette.
WT x 1000 ml
N2= M .WT x V

0.5 x 1000
N2= 106 x 100

N2=0.047 M
N1=?
N 2 x V 2 0.047 x 25
N1= V 1 = 3.1

N1=0.37 N