MANUEL S.

ENVERGA UNIVERSITY FOUNDATION

College of Engineering

Research
in
EE Laws, Contracts & Ethics, Seminar & Field Trips
(Technical Specification of Engineering Projects)

Dr. Guillermo M. Rago

(Professor)

RETARDO, JOHN CEDRIK R.

BSEE-V
 ELEMENTS OF THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF ENGINEERING

PROJECTS

1. Purpose. To set forth guidelines for the preparation of plans, specifications, and

estimates (including standard plans, and specifications) for physical construction projects

financed with Federal-aid highway funds. It is emphasized that the provisions of this Appendix

are intended to serve as guidance to be used by the States at their discretion and should not be

construed as mandatory requirements.

2. Definitions

a. Developmental Specifications - a specification developed around a new process,

procedure, or material with the prior knowledge that subsequent adjustments might be

necessary prior to adoption for standard usage.

b. Estimate - the predicted project cost at the time of receipt of bids developed from

a knowledge of the costs for materials, labor, and equipment required to perform the necessary

items of work.

c. Plans - the contract drawings which show the locations, character, and dimension

of the prescribed work, including layouts, profiles, cross sections, and other details.

d. Required Contract Provisions - those provisions required by law or regulation

of the various jurisdictions involved in funding projects and administering contracts for

construction projects.

e. Special Provisions - additions and revisions to the standard and supplemental

specifications applicable to an individual project.

f. Specifications - the compilation of provisions and requirements for the

performance of prescribed work.

g. Standard Plans (Standard Detail Drawings) -drawings approved for repetitive

use showing details to be used where appropriate.

h. Standard Specifications - a book of specifications approved for general

application and repetitive use.

i. Supplemental Specifications - approved additions and revisions to the standard

specifications.

j. Traffic Control Plan - a plan for handling traffic through a specific highway or

street work zone or project.

3. Background. The preparation of plans, specifications, and estimates (PS&E) for

highway and bridge construction projects is essential in order to facilitate construction, provide

contract control, estimate construction costs, and provide a uniform basis for bidding purposes.

a. To accomplish this, each highway contracting agency (HA) is encouraged to:

1. develop plans and specifications for highway construction projects which:

a. are complete and clear to the maximum extent practicable, and

b. provide for uniformity of practice in contractual procedures and

relations.

2. use standard plans (standard detail drawings) and specifications to:

a. simplify and facilitate the interpretation and use of the project

plans and specifications by contractors and others performing the construction operations and

furnishing materials and equipment therefor, and

b. reduce duplication of effort that would be required to produce sets

of plans and specifications that involve features and provisions that are a part of the majority of

construction projects.

b. Guidelines for development of plans and specifications will encourage nationwide

uniformity and consistency, and facilitate review and approval of project plans and

specifications.

4. Plans

a. General. Plans are, in effect, instructions using drawings containing engineering

data or details pertaining to geometrics, drainage, structures, soils and pavements and other

appurtenances.

1. Plans should not encompass material that is properly a part of the

specifications.

2. The original drawings should be on standard sheets conforming to modern

accepted drafting practices or aerial photograph base maps.

3. Abbreviated plans may be used provided they give sufficient information

to properly complete the project.

a. This type of plan is particularly adaptable to special types of

projects such as those for minor emergency relief, safety improvements, resurfacing,

restoration, and rehabilitation and pavement marking.

b. A typical set of abbreviated plans consists of only that information

necessary to describe the type of work and its limits such as:

1. General plan, sketch, or line drawing,

2. Cross section, if appropriate,

3. Estimate of quantities,

4. Tabulation of construction items, providing station, offset,

and evaluation,

5. General notes, and/or

6. Special details.

b. Standard Plans. Standard plans are used to reduce the number of drawings

required to be supplied for each project and provide uniformity of design and construction

where the details are the same from project to project for items such as pipe culverts,

guardrails, curbs, gutters, sidewalks, retaining walls, noise walls, prestressed bridge girders,

pedestrian bridges, drainage structures, slope protection, bus stop shelters, bridge railing,

bridge bearings, deck joints, sign supports, light standards, fencing, and other appurtenances.

1. Standard plans should contain all appropriate information from paragraph

4c that is necessary to properly describe the details of the work proposed as standard.

2. Standard plans can be in the form of individual sheets, plan packages, or

booklets which are made available to interested parties such as engineers and contractors.

3. Those standard plans not included as part of the plan assembly should be

referenced in the project plans.

4. Standard plans should be kept current or meet currently used

specifications.

a. Standard plans, which become obsolete or ineffective, should be

superseded or withdrawn.
b. When modifications to standard plans are necessary for a specific

project, specialdetails should be prepared, properly describing the work, and included in the

project plans.

c. Contract Plans. Contract plans show the details that are necessary to construct a

specific project and should be tailored to provide all information necessary to accomplish the

work in an orderly manner.

1. Title Sheet. The title sheet should show in a convenient arrangement:

a. title,

b. scales used for the plans,

c. a location sketch with sufficient iden tifying information so that the

project may be easily located on a county or State map,

d. project length,

e. a detail or group index of the sheets in the set of plans,

f. the conventional symbols employed,

g. design designation (average daily traffic, design hour volume,

directional distribution, percent trucks, and design speed),

h. Federal-aid project designation,

i. a provision for the dates and signatures of the appropriate

approving officials,

j. standard specifications and amendments applicable to the project,

and

k. standard plans applicable to the project.

2. Typical Sections. Typical cross sections of the improvement should be

placed on the sheet immediately following the title sheet, except that on combined roadway

and bridge projects the crosssection for the bridges may be shown with other bridge design

information.

a. Typical cross sections should be included in plans for all projects

including those for bridges only, and those where abbreviated plans are to be used.

b. All functional elements should be shown to a convenient scale

including:

1. all different slopes of cut and fill,

2. the width of the roadbed and median,

3. the shape of the finished surface and shoulders,

4. curb and gutter if part of the design,

5. all integral parts of the surfacing and shoulders including,

as appropriate, subbase, base course, and surface course,

6. limiting locations where each typical cross section is to be

used,

7. ultimate typical cross section for stage construction project,

8. thickness for each element of the surfacing system,

a. Where variations in surfacing or base thickness are

proposed because of differing soil conditions or other reasons, such variations should be in

tabular form, including station limits for each thickness.

b. In instances in subparagraph a above, the typical

section need show only that varying thicknesses are to be employed.

9. relation between either proposed or ultimate status and a

control survey line and profile gradeline, and

10. lateral location of profile gradeline (grade point).

3. Summary of Quantities

a. The summary of quantities for the entire project may be placed on

the typical cross section sheets if such may be done without crowding; otherwise, this

information should appear on separate sheets following the typical sections.

b. If more than one category of funds is required for a project, the

quantity of each item required for each category should be identified separately and then

combined for bidding purposes.

1. There should be a breakdown of the urban and rural

quantities for projects that cross urban boundaries.

2. A county-by-county breakdown should be provided where

projects cross county lines.

3. Non-Federal-aid work included as part of a Federal-aid

contract should be identified separately.

c. Earthwork may be computed by the cross sectioning method or by

any combination of aerial photography and photogrammetric and electronic computer methods

that have demon strated acceptable accuracy.

4. Tabulation of Quantities. Summarizing miscellaneous construction items

such as drainage, signing, guardrail, earthwork and others in a tabular form showing station

and offset for the location of the item is desirable on large and complex projects to assist in

identifying locations where the specific item is to be installed.

 5. Plan and Profile

a. General. Plan and profile sheets should be prepared at a scale

adequate to show the necessary details as governed by the topography to be shown and the

complexity of the work.

1. Plans are usually drawn to a horizontal scale of 1 inch

equals 50 feet, or 1 inch equals 100 feet, but either larger or smaller scales can be used when

the contracting agency considers their use appropriate for the conditions.

2. Profiles should be drawn to the same horizontal scale as the

plan, but the vertical scale may be 5 to 10 times that of the horizontal scale.

b. Plans

1. The general highway plan should include:

a. the base line of the survey which, if practicable,

should also be the centerline of the proposed roadbed,

i. When the centerline and the base line are not

coincident, their relationship should be indicated.

ii. Divided highways, where independent base

lines are used, may be treated as separate roadways indicating only the general relationship

between the two.

iii. Special areas such as interchanges and

safety rest areas should be shown with separate survey control lines as necessary.

b. stationing reading from left to right including

Equations of Stationing,
 c. the horizontal position of the beginning and ending

stations described by coordinates in the State Plan Coordinate System, datum adjusted on an

area or project basis,

d. design data of curves,

e. right-of-way and access control lines, easements,

and special use areas,

f. North point,

g. general soils, rock out crop, topography, streams,

railroads, and other culture such as roads, streets, and airports on or near the right-of-way when

these items influence the proposed construction,

h. location of borings, test pits, or other sites where

subsurface investigations have been made,

i. incidental construction items such as erosion control

provisions, guardrail, and retaining walls,

j. amount and volume of materials available at known

sources, and

k. existence of and disposition of all public utilities,

buildings, and any other obstruction or encroachment within the right-of-way, or adjacent

thereto if affect ing the proposed construction.

i. If not part of the project, their disposition

should be included in the project records,

ii. If part of the project, the plan should show

the present and, if applicable, the propo sed location including both horizontal and vertical
 positions and such additional details as may be needed to indicate the scope of work to be

performed.

2. On complex projects, a reference sheet is desirable to

facilitate the use of the plans.

c. Profiles

1. Profile grade represents the trace of the vertical plane

intersecting the top surface of the wearing course, base course, or other surface along the

designated base line.

2. The existing ground line should represent the trace of a

vertical plane intersecting the present traveled way or ground line along the designated base

line.

3. Profiles should show:

a. a grade and existing ground lines,

i. When standard plan and profile sheets are

used, surface elevations may be omitted and grade elevations shown at changes of gradient

only.

ii. When plan sheets are used, grade and

existing ground elevations should be shown.

b. datum line,

c. station ordinate lines,

d. percentage of gradient,

e. balance points, if necessary or desirable, together

with excavation and fill quantities involved,

f. location and depth of subsurface borings or test pits

(actual log or test results need not be shown, but a reference should be included indicating

where this material may be viewed),

g. vertical and horizontal clearances and the cross

section of the roadbed for railroads, highways, and streambeds under proposed and existing

structures,

h. identification of type and clearance under and over

utility lines within the right-of-way,

i. notation as to whether profile gradeline represents

the surface of pavement or subgrade, and

j. culverts.

6. Bridges. Detail plans for bridges should include:

a. a site plan,

b. location and log of each foundation sounding or boring indicating

the results of the subsurface explorations,

c. profile of the crossing,

d. typical cross section,

e. sectional drawings, as needed, to detail the structure completely,

f. quantities of materials required,

g. reinforcing bar list and bar bending diagram,

h. design loadings, working stresses, class(es) of concrete, and

grade(s) of steel,

i. drainage area and applicable runoff of hydraulic properties,

j. design and construction details, and all other details essential to

completeness, and

k. reference to applicable specifications.

7. Drainage Facilities

a. Detail plans for culverts (drainage structures 20 feet or less in

length between abutments measured along the centerline of the roadway) should include the

applicable items from subparagraph 4c(5) to properly describe the required installation.

b. Detail plans for other minor drainage structures such as erosion

control structures, headwalls, inlets, and manholes should include the applicable items from

subparagraph 4c(5) to properly describe the required installation.

8. Traffic Control Plan (TCP)

a. The TCP should be:

1. designed specifically for the project detailing the

requirements for controlling traffic through the project, or

2. referenced to standard plans, a section of the Manual on

Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways, or a standard HA manual.

b. The plan should provide for appropriate treatment of all significant

hazards likely to be encountered during the project, with the degree of detail depending on the

project complexity and traffic interference with con struction activity.

c. Appropriate parts of the TCP, showing the applicable items from

subparagraph 4c necessary to properly describe the required work, should be included in the

plan assembly.

9. Standard Plans and Special Details

a. Standard plans not incorporated into separate plan packages or

booklets should be a part of the contract plan assembly.

b. Special details should be prepared and included, as necessary, to

properly describe the work.

10. Environmental Mitigation. Commitments for environmental mitigation

features which are contained in the environmental documentation should be detailed as

necessary and included in the project plans as special details and/or shown at the appropriate

location in the plans.

11. Cross Sections

a. If cross sections are shown, sections should be taken as often as

necessary to determine accurately the character and extent of the proposed work.

b. Cross sections should show:

1. profile of the ground line,

2. the proposed cross section,

3. station location,

4. gradeline elevation,

5. areas, and

6. minor drainage structures.

12. Contiguous Projects. A general plan or layout of contiguous construction

projects that are to be constructed with either a different class of funds or by another agency

should be included to show the location and effect of the work. (Such details and information

necessary to establish their relationship to the project should be shown.)

d. Right-of-Way Plans
1. Right-of-way plans should show:

a. right-of-way and access control lines,

b. width to be acquired,

c. proposed slope limits,

d. centerline and stationing with appropriate ties to intersecting

property lines and changes in right-of-way widths,

e. any additional easement areas, either temporary or permanent, that

are required to accommodate intersecting roads and streets, land service, access and temporary

roads, drainage areas, material storage areas, slope widening, utilities, railroads, or any other

special uses,

f. all pertinent data affecting the cost of the right-of-way such as

structures, land service or access roads, improvements, drain fields, and fences,

g. all approved points of entry to or exit from the traffic lanes, even

where the right-of-way lines and access control lines are coincident,

h. disposition of improvements within the proposed right-of-way, and

i. for each parcel to be acquired:

1. a parcel identification number,

2. the property ownership lines,

3. the name of the property owners, and

4. the area in square feet or acres of the part to be taken and of

each remainderof a partial taking.

2. The size, form, and arrangement of right-of-way plans should conform to

the general requirements for highway plans and should contain sufficient dimensional and
 angular data to permit ready identification and correlation with the legal descriptions of all

parcel easements and special use areas that are required by the associated highway project.

5. Specifications. Specifications contains the written instructions for constructing highway

projects, outlining in detail a description of the work, materials, construction methods, method

of measurement, basis of payment, and the pay item for each item of work involved in the

contract.

a. Standard Specifications

1. Since every construction project involves subjects that occur repeatedly in

the agency's work, each HA should prepare a book of standard specifications, setting forth

provisions and requirements applicable to the construction of highway projects.

a. The recommended format for the specifi cations is illustrated in

the Guide Specifi cation for Highway Construction published by the American

Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).

b. The section(s) dealing with structures should be in substantial

agreement with Division I and Division II of Standard Specifications for Highway

Bridges and current Interim Specifications published by AASHTO, although each specifying

agency is free to assign its own number to these sections.

2. The HAS are encouraged to review their proposed specifications with all

appropriate authorities prior to preparing the final draft for printing, to afford an opportunity to

direct attention toundesirable provisions contained therein and suggest improvements based on

national experience and practices.

3. Standard specifications, which become obsolete or ineffective, should be

superseded or withdrawn.
4. Specifications that show promise of producing satisfactory results, but

whose merits have not been sufficiently tested to justify approval as standard, may be used on a

project-by-project basis until their merits have been proven.

b. Supplemental Specifications

1. Supplemental specifications are specifications developed subsequent to

the publication of the standard specifications to cover new or additional construction items or

substantial changes regarding items not included in the standard specifications.

2. Supplemental specifications should be in printed, mimeographed or other

acceptably reproduced form (single sheets or bound pamphlets with each individual

supplemental specification having an identifying symbol and data are suggested).

3. Acceptable supplemental specifications should be included in subsequent

editions, or revised standard specifications.

c. Developmental Specifications

1. Developmental specifications are used to in troduce new material, new

equipment, or new methods of construction.

2. It is anticipated that specifications will be revised or altered from project

to project to accommodate field adjustments of the original specification.

3. After adequate and satisfactory experience has been gained through use of

the specification on active contracts, they should be elevated to the status of a supplemental or

standard specification.

d. Special Provisions

1. Special provisions are specifications for governing all matters particular to

the individual project and, therefore, are not covered in the standard specifications.
2. Special provisions should be held to a minimum and, so far as possible,

applicable standard specifications should be utilized.

3. Commitments for environmental mitigation which is contained in the

environmental documentation should be incorporated into the project as a special provision.

4. Special provisions should be in printed, mimeographed or other acceptably

reproduced form.

e. Reference Specifications

1. To establish nationwide uniformity and con sistency of specifications, test

methods, and construction procedures, and thereby encourage increased production and

decreased cost consistent with high quality work, reference to specifications developed by

nationally recognized organizations is recommended.

a. Use of such accepted specifications will assure full opportunity for

competition among equivalent materials, equipment, and methods.

b. With such proven and acceptable standard specifications and test

methods available, the need to make reference to single trade names in standard specifications

is minimized.

2. The following reference specifications are widely used throughout the

highway industry:

a. AASHTO Standard Specifications for Materials and Methods of

Sampling and Testing.

b. Federal Specifications and Standards (General Services

Administration).

c. Military Specifications and Standards (Department of Defense).

d. Product Standards (Department of Commerce).

e. ASTM Standards, Specifications and Test Methods (American

Society for Testing and Materials).

f. American National Standards Institute Specifications.

3. Standards and test methods have been developed by technical societies

and associations of nationally recognized industrial groups which have been accepted by the

highway industry as standard in their respective fields.

6. Estimates

a. The Engineer's Estimate should be prepared and reviewed carefully to reflect as

realistically and accurately as possible the expected costs of the work at the time of receipt of

bids.

b. Has should establish consistent and compatible procedures for the preparation,

review, and updating of estimates.

1. The unit prices used for estimates, and corresponding actual unit bid prices

when available, for the preceding 12 months should be reviewed to determine if changes in

estimated unit prices are needed to reflect any trends that have occurred.

2. The estimate should reflect prices that are realistic for the areas, times, and

characteristics of the work to be done (regional adjustment and seasonal adjustment are

especially important).

3. Incentive/disincentive or escalation clauses should be considered in

determining the estimated unit costs since such clauses may affect the estimate considerably.
4. Other factors that can affect the estimated cost of a project such as labor

rates, equipment rates, interest rates, time to complete, competition levels, and material

shortages should be considered and estimated costs adjusted as necessary.

5. Bid price data bases should be current at the time of estimate preparation

and should be current (within 4 weeks) at the time of advertisement.

c. Estimates should include a number of description of the item, estimated quantity,

unit, and price (words and numerals) for each proposed item of work.

d. For accounting purposes, the Engineer's Estimate should identify separately:

1. urban and rural quantities,

2. county-by-county breakdown,

3. tabulations of items coded on the basis of the predominant Improvement

and Construction Type Code.

e. Construction Engineering should be shown as a separate line item.

7. Required Contract Provisions

a. Federal, State, and local agencies have certain required contract provisions

covering employment, records of materials and supplies, subletting or assigning the contract,

safety, false statements, termination, nonsegregated facilities, and environmental requirements

among others that are to be included in contracts for construction projects.

b. Because requirements may change on short notice, required contract provisions

should not be included in bound books of general specifications.

8. PS&E Assemblies. PS&E assemblies should include:

a. complete sets of plans (Applicable plans previously approved as standards should

be incorporated by reference and need not be included as part of each PS&E assembly.),
b. proposal assembly including bidding documents, special provisions and required

contract provisions (Previously approved standard and supplemental specifications should be

incorporated by reference and need not be included as part of each PS&E assembly.),

c. engineer's estimate, and

d. approved agreements with railroads, utilities, and municipalities, if not previously

submitted.

ELEMENTS OF THE TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION OF ENGINEERING

PROJECTS

1.1.1 GENERAL

The contractor may have to open the roofs of existing buildings to install conduit in

the ceilings. The contractor will include in his rates for all chasing and making good,

where chasing of walls were done or holes were drilled through walls. All work will

be to SANS 10142.

1.1.2 DRAWINGS

Installation details are provided on relevant drawings and should be adhered to.

1.1.3 CABLES

All cables shall be unrolled, handled, laid, supported, etc. in accordance with the

manufacturer’s recommendations.

All polyvinyl chloride insulated cables (PVC/PVC/SWA/PVC and other) shall be

single steel wire armoured and shall be served overall with a final layer of polyvinyl

chloride.
Cables laid in ground shall be in trenches to a depth as specified and shall be bedded

in and enclosed in clean river sand 75 mm all round before backfilling commences.

Ends of all PVC/PVC/SWA/PVC cables shall be made off (terminated) with a suitable

gland complete with neoprene shroud, effectively earthed with armouring clamped

between substantial tapered bushes and bolted to equipment or switchboards. All

mechanical cable glands shall be of the captive cone type. No joints in cable runs will

be allowed except under exceptional circumstances and then only as specifically

approved by the Engineer.

When more than one cable is laid in the same trench, they shall be laid parallel to one

another not less than 40 mm apart.

All trenching and excavation shall be reinstated to the original condition by

mechanical compaction in 150 mm layers and the Contractor shall be responsible for

the making good of any settlement.

Red and white cable marking tape, 150 mm wide, shall be laid at a depth as specified

below ground level above each cable. In the case of HT cables, PVC or concrete cable

tiles shall be laid at a depth as specified below ground level above the cable/cables.

Approved concrete cable route markers shall be installed at each point where the

installed cable changes direction and at intervals along the cable route as specified.
1.1.4 DISTRIBUTION BOARDS

1.1.4.1 General

At installations with a meter and main board and secondary boards, the meter and

main boards shall be equipped with control equipment of at least 5 kA short circuit

capacity.

Secondary DB's will be equipped with 2,5 kA control equipment. All openings in DB's

will be sealed, to ensure that wasps shall not enter.

Boards shall be properly protected at all times until final hand over to prevent damage

during construction. Any damage shall be made good to the entire satisfaction of the

Engineer.

Doors to distribution boards shall be suitably braced, on heavy duty “lift-off” hinges

and shall be fitted with approved spring catches without locks.

Removable front panels shall be secured by means of quick release fasteners and front

panels carrying instruments shall be hinged in addition. Where nuts are visible,

chromium plated dome head nuts shall be used.

1.1.4.2 General Construction

All switchboards shall be of ample size to accommodate the specified switchgear and

provide space for future switchgear. Main and sub-distribution boards shall be

robustly constructed of galvanized sheet steel of not less than 1,5 mm. The boards

shall be fully equipped with the requisite number of circuit breakers, earth leakage

device/s, insulated neutral bar/s and earthing bar mounted behind a removable cover

plate through which switch toggles are to protrude.

 All boards shall be completely vermin proof.

Conduit bushings leaving the DB's at the top will be sealed with silicone to ensure the

DB's are water tight.

Where distribution boards are to be built into walls they shall be equipped with an

adjustable mild steel shroud to compensate for any irregularities in mounting, plaster

thickness or tray position.

The internal surfaces of all distribution boards shall be painted with two coats of best

quality “arc-free” paint and the external surfaces shall be properly treated and coated

with an approved epoxy/polyester baked powder coating of a colour to be approved by

the Architect.

1.1.4.3 Load Balance

Loads shall be balanced as evenly as possible across the phases to the entire

satisfaction of the Engineer before final acceptance.

1.1.4.4 Labelling

Care shall be taken to ensure that all equipment is fully labelled and that accurate

descriptions and safety warning notices appear in English only. The Engineer must be

approached by the Contractor to obtain the specific requirements for labels before the

labels are manufactured.

All circuits and functions shall be properly and clearly identified.

All labels used shall be engraved trafolite with black letters on a white background for

all normal labels and red letters on a white background for all danger notices.
The main isolating switches shall be clearly labelled in accordance with the

regulations and the size and origin of all supply cables and busbars shall be clearly

labelled, as must all equipment situated inside the board, indicating function, circuit

controlled, fuse rating, etc.

A legend card, covered by removable 2 mm thick transparent acrylic plastic panel,

shall be installed on the inside of the door of the distribution boards or cubicles and

circuits shall be designated on this card. All other equipment shall be individually

labelled, indicating function. All plates shall be fixed to panels by means of screws or

channelling.

All other equipment including meters, instruments, indicator lights, switches, push

buttons, circuit breakers, fuses, contactors, control relays, protection relays, etc., shall

be identified. The function of the equipment and circuits shall be clearly indicated.

The main switch shall be labelled as such and designated :

"MAIN SWITCH : SWITCH OFF IN CASE OF EMERGENCY"

Flush mounted equipment within doors or front panels shall be identified with labels

fixed to the doors or front panels respectively.

The labels for equipment installed behind panels, shall be fixed to the chassis close to

the equipment. If this equipment is positioned too close together to accommodate

descriptive engraved labels, the equipment may be identified by a code or number on

an engraved label which shall be fixed close to the equipment. The code number shall

be identified on a legend card which shall be installed on the switchboard behind a

plastic or other protective cover.

1.1.4.5 Busbars

The current density of busbars shall not exceed 1,5 A/mm² copper and busbars shall be

designed to withstand the mechanical and thermal stresses under short circuit

conditions without deformation taking place or parts breaking. Busbars shall be

mounted on porcelain or other approved stand-off insulators with the phases correctly

colour coded. Aluminium busbars will not be accepted. Neutral bars shall have a

cross-section of at least 6,3 x 25 mm and shall be long enough for the lugs of all

neutral conductors to be connected separately to the busbar without overlapping the

lugs.

Spacing of busbars shall be not less than 50 mm and neutral busbars must be of the

same cross-section as the phase bars.

A suitable solid copper earth bar with sufficient ways including 30% spare ways shall

be provided near the cable entry gland tray and shall be easily accessible.

All internal wiring shall be carried out with PVC insulated stranded copper conductors

of adequate size and of a colour corresponding to the relevant phase. Conductors shall

be neatly led in vertical or horizontal rows and bound with trimmed cable ties. No

joints will be allowed in internal wiring.

1.1.4.6 Circuit Breakers or Main Switches

Circuit breakers shall comply with SANS

156.

Contacts of circuit breakers shall be silver alloy and shall close with a high pressure

wiping action.
Where specified, the circuit breaker shall be capable of accommodating factory fitted

shunt trip or auxiliary contact units or similar equipment.

The operating handle shall provide clear indication of "ON", "OFF" and "TRIP"

positions.

The mechanism shall be of the TRIP-FREE type preventing the unit from being held

in the ON position under overload conditions.

All circuit breakers in a particular installation shall as far as is practical be supplied by

a single manufacturer.

The incoming terminals of single-pole miniature circuit breakers shall be suitable for

connection to a common busbar.

The circuit breaker shall have a rating plate indicating the current rating, voltage rating

and breaking capacity.

When checking for proper operation the main switch or circuit breaker must be

switched ON and OFF and voltage measurements taken on the outgoing side in both

cases to check that all three poles switch properly and that the supply to the switchgear

is OFF when the main switch or circuit breaker is switched OFF.

All moulded case circuit breakers shall be of flush panel mounting and with inverse

current time delay overload and instantaneous short circuit characteristics.

Mechanically coupled single-pole circuit breakers used as double or triple-pole circuit

breakers are not acceptable unless overload releases are internally coupled. The fault

current rating shall be as specified.

 Space shall be provided in each board for at least 30% but not less than three

additional single phase breakers. When spare capacity for future circuit breakers is

called for, escutcheon blanks shall be used and not blank-off covers.

Triple, double and single-pole switches shall be capable of breaking the full load and

closing on to a full system fault. The fault current rating shall be specified.

1.1.4.7 Isolators

Isolators used as main switches for boards shall comply in principle with requirements

of the previous paragraphs above.

Isolators shall be suitably rated for the continuous carrying, making and breaking of

the rated current specified as well as the through-fault current capacity as specified.

To distinguish isolator switches from circuit-breakers the operating handles shall have

a distinctive colour and/or the switch shall be clearly and indelibly labelled

"ISOLATOR".

1.1.4.8 Contactors and Relays

All contactors and relays shall comply with BS5424 and shall be able to withstand the

maximum prospective fault current that can occur at the point where the contactor or

relay is installed. All contactors unless otherwise specified shall have two normally

open and two normally closed auxiliary contacts spare of 10 A rating.

1.1.4.9 Earth Leakage Protection

Earth leakage protection units shall be suitable for operation at the system voltage,

shall have test push buttons and unless otherwise specified shall have a sensitivity of
 30 mA maximum. Earth leakage protection units shall not incorporate overcurrent

protection.

Earth leakage relays shall be single or three-phase units for use on 220/250 Volt single

phase or 380/433 Volt three-phase, 50 Hz, supplies.

The units shall be suitable for installation in switchboards in clip-in trays or bolted to

the chassis.

The earth leakage relay shall function on the current balance principle and shall

comply with SANS 767 as amended, and shall bear the SABS/SANS mark. Integral

test facilities shall be incorporated in the unit.

1.1.4.10 Time Switches

Time switches shall be suitable for operation at the system voltage with silver to silver

or other approved contacts rated at not less than 10 A with an electrically wound

clockwork or battery reserve of eight hours minimum and shall have the following

features :

Daily programmable with minimum 30 minute “on” and “off” control segments;

Weekly programmable with day omission segments of minimum 12 hours, i.e.

mornings or afternoons;

A clock face dial with hour and minute hands, or a LCD display for electronic timers.

1.1.4.11 Lightning Arresters

Lightning arresters to SANS 60099 shall be provided for each phase and neutral in all

distribution boards.
1.1.5 TRUNKING AND POWER SKIRTING

Trunking and power skirting shall comply with SANS 61084.

Trunking wiring channels shall be plastic, aluminium or galvanized mild steel rolled

lipped channels fixed as specified. All cut ends of metal trunking shall be filed

smooth and touched up with an approved zinc-rich cold galvanizing paint.

Power skirting shall be two or three compartment trunking fixed as specified.

Trunking wiring channels shall be galvanised mid steel, plastic or aluminium, with

covers and fixed as specified.

1.1.6 WIRING

1.1.6.1 General

Wiring practices shall comply with SANS 10142 in all respects.

For wiring in partition walls SURFIX Cables can be used instead of conduit wiring.

1.1.6.2 Type of Conductors

PVC-insulated, stranded copper conductors and bare stranded or green PVC-insulated

copper earth conductors complying with the materials specification shall be used

exclusively. Only where cables are specified or in instances where the exceptions

stipulated in SANS 10142 are applicable, may the Contractor deviate from this

requirement.
1.1.6.3 Size of Conductors

Where conductors sizes are not specified, the following minimum conductor sizes

shall be used :

Lighting circuits : 2,5 mm2 live and neutral conductors, 2,5 mm2

copper earth conductor

Socket-outlet circuits : 4,0 mm2 live and neutral conductors, 2,5 mm2

copper earth conductor

Stove, air-conditioning : 6,0 mm2 live and neutral conductors 4,0 mm2 copper earth

and geyser circuits conductor

All earth continuity conductors laid with cables shall be bare stranded copper

conductors and all other earth continuity conductors shall be PVC insulated stranded

copper conductors, unless specified otherwise.

Extreme care shall be taken not to apply excessive mechanical tension to PVC

insulated conductors when drawing conductors into conduits or wireways and care

shall also be taken not to draw PVC insulated conductors around sharp corners or

protruding surfaces in conduits.

PVC insulated conductors shall be lubricated with high quality French chalk before

they are drawn into conduit. The use of lubricating oil for drawing in PVC insulated

conductors is not permitted. Conductors between an isolator and appliance shall be of

the same crosssectional area as the conductors fed to the isolator and shall, where
 necessary, be in flexible metal conduit. Wiring between isolators and fixed heating

appliance terminals shall be in silicone rubber insulated conductors.

Wiring installed in wiring channels or power skirting shall be installed in the correct

compartment to prevent any cross-overs and shall be bound together in groups not

exceeding ten conductors by means of approved straps at spacings not exceeding 1 m.

No joints will be permitted in wiring.

Circuit wiring shall be of the loop-in system, and not more than four conductor ends

will be allowed at any one termination point. Cutting away of wire strands of any

cable will not be allowed and no jointing of conductors in draw boxes or the cutting

away of insulation is permissible. Where joints are used, they shall be in heavy brass

terminals with porcelain insulators.

Circuits for different services, e.g. lighting circuits, power circuits,

intercommunication circuits and telephone circuits, shall each be routed in separate

conduit runs.

A neutral conductor, equal in size to the phase conductors, shall be run to each three-

phase outlet unless otherwise specified.

Joints will not be permitted in individual conductors forming part of any circuit.

1.1.7 WIREWAYS

All unarmoured conductors shall be installed in conduits, cable channels (trunking) or

power skirting and shall under no circumstances be exposed. Cable channels and
 power skirting shall be of metal construction unless specifically approved to the

contrary.

Contractors must note that common wireways will only be permitted for relatively

light current-carrying conductors such as lighting and socket-outlet circuits. Heavy

currentcarrying conductors such as feeders to distribution boards and large power

points, must be installed in separate conduits or wireways.

1.1.8 GROUPING OF CONDUCTORS

In cases where the conductors of more than one circuit are installed in the same

wireway, the conductors of each separate circuit (including earth conductor) shall be

taped at intervals of 1 m with PVC tape.

Conductors entering switchboards or control boards shall be grouped and bound by

means of plastic cable ties and not with PVC insulation tape.

1.1.9 CONDUITS AND ACCESSORIES

1.1.9.1 Conduit Systems

Conduit systems shall comply with SANS 60614 and SANS 61035.

Plain-end metallic conduit (black enamelled or galvanised mild steel) such as

'CHENEY', 'EASILOCK' and 'LOCFIT or similar conduit systems shall be used for

surface-mounted exposed conduit. PVC conduit shall be used only under plaster.

Plain-end conduit and associated accessories shall be manufactured of mild steel

having a minimum thickness of 0,9 mm. Conduit manufactured of lighter gauge

material will not be permitted.

1.1.9.2 Conduit Installation

Conduits may be installed as follows :

i) Open and closed roof spaces

Galvanised mild steel conduit shall be used in exposed ceiling spaces. Black

enamelled conduit may be used in enclosed ceiling spaces.

ii) Walls, slabs etc

Galvanised mild steel conduit shall be used in surface mounted applications.

iii) Chased into walls

PVC conduit may be used where it can be chased into walls.

iv) Conduits cast into concrete shall be securely fixed in position before pouring

commences.

1.1.9.3 Installation Requirements

i) Position of outlets

All accessories such as boxes for socket-outlets, switches, lights, etc. shall be

accurately positioned and shall be installed level and square, at the correct

height from the floor, ceiling or roof level and in the correct position relative

to building lines and equipment positions.

ii) Cover plates

Cover plates, either as part of the switch or socket assembly or with blank

cover plates if unused shall be provided for all draw- and wall boxes. Blank

cover plates shall match other cover plates in the same area.
iii) Draw-wires

Galvanised steel draw-wires shall be provided in all unwired conduits for future

extensions, telephone installations and other services.

iv) Draw boxes

Draw boxes shall be installed at intervals not exceeding 15 m in straight runs.

v) Bends

Manual cold bends of conduit of nominal size up to and including 25 mm is

permitted, provided that the radius of the bend exceeds six times the nominal

size of the conduit, with the external angle of the bend not exceeding 90°. In

all other cases bends shall consist of suitable accessories. Bends shall

comply with SANS 10142.

Bending and setting of plain-end conduit must be done with special benders

and apparatus manufactured for this purpose and which are obtainable from

the suppliers of the system. Damaged conduit resulting from the use of

incorrect bending apparatus shall be completely removed and any wiring

already drawn into such damaged conduits shall be completely renewed at the

Contractor's expense.

A maximum of two 90° bends or the equivalent displacement will be allowed

between outlets and / or boxes. All bends shall be made without heating the

conduit or without reducing the diameter of the conduit. Inside radii of

bends shall not be less than five times the outside diameter of the conduit

(refer to SANS 10142).

 vi) Wall socket-outlets

Where more than one outlet point is to be connected to the same circuit, the conduit

shall continue directly to the next position from the previous outlet box on the

same circuit. Where metal trunking is used, the conduit may be installed

from the trunking directly to the outlet box.

vii) Lighting points

Round drawboxes shall be [rovided for all lighting points. Where luminaires are to

be fixed directly to the pendant box, the pendant box shall be fixed

independently of the conduit installation.

viii) Access holes

All access holes in draw-boxes or other conduit accessories shall be securely blanked

off by means of brass plugs to render the installation vermin proof.

1.1.9.4 Terminations

i) Conduit ends

Conduit ends shall be cut at right angles to ensure that ends butt squarely at joints.

Threads shall not be visible at joints and connections except at running joints.

The total length of the thread on the two conduit ends shall not exceed the

length of the coupling.

ii) Joints

Joints shall be kept to a minimum. All conduit ends shall be reamed and all joints

tightly screwed or glued. Only approved couplings shall be used.

iii) Connections
 Conduits shall be connected directly to draw-boxes with spouted connections.

Conduits shall be screwed tightly home and no threads shall be visible.

iv) Continuity

Mechanical and electrical continuity shall be maintained throughout the conduit

installation.

v) Switchboards, power skirting, etc.

Conduits shall be terminated by means of a brass female bush and two locknuts in

pressed steel switchboards and distribution boxes, cable ducts, power skirting,

etc. The conduit end shall only protrude far enough through the entry hole to

accommodate the bush and locknut.

vi) Draw boxes and outlet points

A female bush and two locknuts shall be used to terminate conduits at draw boxes and

outlet boxes without spouts. Where space permits, a coupling, brass male

bush and locknut may be used with sufficient allowance for the reduction of

the internal diameter by the male bush.

vii) Bush-nuts

Bush-nuts for the connection of earth conductors to conduits are not acceptable.

vii) Screws, bolts and nuts

Steel locknuts of thick gauge steel with milled sides shall be used in all cases.

Cadmium-plated bolts and nuts shall be used except in cases where the

installation is exposed to the weather, where brass bolts and nuts shall be

used.
 Screws shall be installed in all tapped holes in fittings and accessories and

shall be completely screwed in to prevent damage to the screw thread by

concrete or plaster.

1.1.9.5 Debris

Care shall be taken to prevent debris or moisture from entering conduits during and

after installation. Conduit ends shall be sealed by means of a solid plug which shall be

screwed to the conduit end. Conduits shall be cleaned and swabbed to remove oil,

moisture or other debris that may be present before conductors are installed. Swabs

shall not be attached to the conductors.

1.1.9.6 Defects

Each length of conduit shall be inspected for defects prior to installation, and all burrs

shall be removed. Split, dented or otherwise damaged conduits, or conduits with

sharp internal edges shall not be used and shall be removed from site. Conduits shall

not be blocked by foreign media during or after installation.

1.1.9.7 Withdrawal of Conductors

To ensure that all electrical conductors are easily withdrawable from conduits and to

ensure that there are no joints in the conductors, the Engineer's representative will

have the right to have the conductors of any circuit removed for inspection at his

discretion. If the conductors are found to be in a satisfactory condition after having

been withdrawn, the Employer shall bear the cost of withdrawing and re-installing

such conductors. Conductors found to have been damaged during installation or

 removal, or found with joints, shall be replaced and the cost shall be borne by the

Contractor.

1.1.9.8 Surface Installations

i) Appearance

All conduits shall be installed horizontally or vertically as determined by the route

and the Contractor shall take all measures to ensure a neat installation.

Where conduits are to be installed directly alongside door frames, beams, etc.

that are not true, conduits shall be installed parallel to the frames, beams, etc.

All labels shall be removed from surface mounted conduit.

ii) Saddles

Conduits shall be firmly secured by means of saddles and screws and in accordance

with SANS 10142. Where saddles are used to secure vertical lengths of

conduit connected to surface mounted switch boxes or socket-outlet boxes,

the saddles shall be spaced so that the intervals between the box and the first

saddle, between any two successive saddles and between the last saddle and

the ceiling or roof are equidistant. Conduits shall be secured within 150 mm

before and after each 90° bend and within 100 mm of each outlet box.

ii) Joints

Joints will only be allowed in surface conduit lengths exceeding 3,5 m. Threads shall

not be visible at joints of completed installations, except where running joints

are used. Running joints will be allowed only when absolutely necessary. All

running joints shall be provided with locknuts.

iii) Accessories

Inspection bends or tee pieces shall be used. Non-inspection type bends may be used

in the case of 32 mm or 50 mm diameter conduits. All draw-boxes

supporting luminaires or other equipment shall be fixed independently of the

conduit installation.

iv) Offsets

Where an offset is required at conduit terminations or cross-overs, the

conduit shall be saddled at the offset.

vi) Cross-over

Conduit routes shall be carefully planned to avoid cross-overs. Where cross-overs

are unavoidable, one conduit only shall be offset to cross the other. Cross-

overs shall be as short as possible and shall be uniform. Alternatively, cross-

overs shall be installed in purpose-made boxes. This method shall be

employed on face brick walls and in other circumstances where required by

the Engineer.

vii) Parallel conduit

Parallel conduit runs shall be equidistant and saddles shall be installed in line.

Alternatively, a special clamp may be used to secure all conduits in unison. In

the case of conduits of different diameters, the latter method shall only be

used if a purpose-made clamp designed to accommodate the various conduit

sizes, is provided.

viii) Painting of conduit

 Visible runs of surface-mount conduit shall be galvanised except where otherwise

approved, in which case surface mounted visible black conduitsshall be

painted in the same colour as the wall.

ix) Boxes

Where surface mounted switches or socket-outlets are installed indoors ivory

coloured epoxy coated pressed steel or PVC surface boxes shall be used.

1.1.9.9 Conduit Installations in Roof Spaces

The conduit shall be installed in the ceiling spaces of buildings that have ceilings.

Where these ceiling spaces can only be accessed by removing the roof panels; the

Contractor shall take this into account when calculating his rates.

In buildings that do not have ceilings the conduit shall be installed along the wall

plates and roof trusses and beams to the various light points, and vertically down the

walls to the light switches and socket outlets. Installation of conduits suspended

between the rafters will not be permitted.

Conduit in roof spaces shall be installed parallel or at right angles to the roof members

and shall be secured at intervals not exceeding 1.5 m by means of saddles screwed to

the roof timbers.

Nails or crampets will not be allowed.

Under flat roofs in false ceilings, or where there is less than 900 mm clearance, or in

instances where the ceilings are insulated with glasswool or other insulating material
 impeding access, the conduit shall be installed in a manner which allows for wiring

from below the ceilings.

Conduit runs from switchboards shall terminate in fabricated sheet steel draw-boxes

installed directly above or in close proximity to the boards.

Spare conduits covering the total number of spare ways on switchboards, shall be

provided between the boards and the roof draw-box.

As an alternative to above, a trunking channel that can accommodate all circuits may

be installed from the switchboard to the roof space, provided that where the circuits

enter the various conduits in the roof space, the conduits shall be terminated on the

trunking channel with bushes or grommets to prevent damage to the conductors.

1.1.9.10 Fixing to Walls

Only approved plugging materials such a fibre plugs or plastic plugs, etc., and

roundhead screws shall be used when fixing saddles, switches, plugs etc. to walls.

Wooden plugs are not acceptable nor should plugs be installed in joints in brick walls.

1.1.9.11 Future Extensions

i) Open roof spaces

Conduits intended for future switches and socket-outlets, shall terminate 40 mm

above the tie beams in roof spaces with more than 900 mm free space. The

conduit ends shall be threaded and fitted with a coupling and brass plug.

ii) Cover plates

 Unused boxes for switches and socket-outlets shall be covered with metal cover

plates. Unused boxes for luminaires shall be covered with round galvanised

metal cover plates which fit tightly against the finished surface.

1.1.9.12 Expansion Joints

Where conduits cross expansion joints in the structure, approved draw-boxes

providing flexible connections in the conduit installation shall be installed.

The draw-box shall be installed adjacent to the expansion joint of the structure and a

conduit sleeve, one size larger than that specified for the circuit, shall be provided on

the side of the draw-box nearest the joint. The one end of the sleeve shall terminate at

the edge of the joint and the other shall be secured to the draw-box by means of

lockouts.

The circuit conduit passing through the sleeve shall be terminated 40 mm inside the

drawbox and in the case of metallic conduit, the conduit end shall be fitted with a

brass bush. The gap between the sleeve and the conduit at the joint shall be sealed with

'Pratley Tic-Tac', silicone or equal sealing compound, to prevent the ingress of dirt. In

the case of metallic conduit, an earth clip shall be fitted to the conduit projection

inside the draw-box and the conduit bonded to the box by means of 2.5 mm2 bare

copper earth wire and a brass bolt and nut.

The end of the other circuit conduit shall be secured to the draw-box by means of

locknuts and a brass bush in the case of screwed metallic conduit or a standard bushed

adaptor for other conduit types.

 In the case of metallic conduit, a 2,5 mm2 bare copper wire shall be installed between

the first conduit boxes on either side of the joint, in addition to an earth wire which

may be specified for the circuit. The conduit boxes shall be drilled and tapped and the

earth wire shall be bonded to the boxes by means of lugs and brass screws.

Where a number of conduits are installed in parallel they shall cross the expansion

joint of the structure via a single draw-box. A number of draw-boxes adjacent to each

other will not be allowed.

1.1.9.13 Other Services

Conduits may not be installed closer than 150 mm to pipes of other services such as

gas, steam, hot water or other materials which may damage the conduits or

conductors. To prevent electrolytic corrosion, conduits shall not touch other pipe

installations.

Conductors may not be drawn into conduits before the conduiting has been inspected

and approved by the Engineer.

All conduit for communications services shall have draw wires as specified drawn in

and left inside the conduits for future use.

All conduits shall be bushed and secured by lock-nuts to distribution boards, wall

boxes, etc.

Spare conduits (10% with a minimum of two 20 mm and one 25 mm conduits) shall

be run from the distribution boards into the roof space to cater for future circuits.
1.1.10 SWITCHES AND SOCKET OUTLETS

1.1.10.1 General

All switches and switched socket outlets shall be of approved manufacture to SANS

60669.

Weatherproof switches shall be of quick make and break type with porcelain boxes in

robust brass or galvanized cast iron cases with machined joints or in plastic or

aluminium cases.

All switches and switched socket outlets of the domestic or industrial type shall be

rated for 250 Volt 16 Ampere. Cover plates shall be metal. RED indicator dots on

switches shall indicate the “ON” position.

Three phase socket outlets shall be of the CEE-17, 380V, 6 h pattern with five contact

tubes incorporating an interlocked switch and shall be rated at 32 A.

1.1.11 SOCKET OUTLETS

1.1.11.1 Mounting height

Unless specified to the contrary, socket-outlets shall be installed at the following

heights above finished floor level, measured to the centre of the outlet:

In general : 300 mm

Showroom, shops : 1 400 mm

Domestic kitchens, tea kitchens and : 1 200 mm laboratories

Commercial kitchens : 1 400 mm

 Factories, workshops, garages : 1 400 mm

1.1.11.2 Walls

Where a wall has different surface finishes the outlets shall be installed within the

same finish and not in the dividing lines between the different walls finishes. All

outlets shall be installed at least 150 mm away from door frames.

1.1.11.3 Flush and Surface Mounted Switched Sockets

All switched socket-outlets shall be suitable for mounting in 100 x 100 x 50 mm or

100 x 50 x 50 mm boxes, shall comply with SANS 60884 and SABS 164 and shall

bear the SABS / SANS mark.

All socket outlets not on power skirting or floor pedestals shall be mounted at 450 mm

affl, unless specified otherwise.

Switches shall be of the tumbler operated micro-gap type rated at 16A, 220/250 Volt.

Terminals shall be enclosed for safe wiring.

Contacts shall be of silver material.

Safety shutters shall be provided on live and neutral openings.

The yoke strap shall be slotted to allow for easy alignment.

Cover plates shall be metal.

RED indicator dots on switches shall indicate the “ON” position

1.1.11.4 Weatherproof Switched Sockets

The housing of weatherproof switched sockets shall be of galvanized cast iron or die

cast aluminium with waterproof joints.

The switch shall have porcelain base and a quick-acting spring mechanism and shall

be rated at 16A, 220/250 Volt.

The ON/OFF positions shall be clearly marked on the switch housing.

The socket openings shall be rendered waterproof by means of a gasketed cover plate

which is screwed onto the body of the unit.

1.1.11.5 Three-Phase Switched Socket-Outlets

Three-phase switched socket-outlets shall have 5 pins, one for each phase, neutral and

earth. The current rating shall be a minimum of 32 A.

The units shall be interlocked to prevent switching on if the plug top is not installed.

The units shall be supplied complete with plug top.

The live terminals shall be shrouded and shall be completely safe when the plug top is

removed.

Samples shall be submitted to the Engineer for approval prior to the installation.

1.1.11.6 Cover Plates

All cover plates within 2 m of water points must be PVC and fastened with nylon

screws.

All cover plate colours shall match.

 The colour of pedestals and power skirting shall be approved by the Architect.

1.1.11.7 Positioning

Socket outlets in adjacent rooms shall be installed "back-to-back" so that only one

conduit is necessary for those two outlets.

1.1.12 LIGHT SWITCHES

1.1.12.1 Mounting Height

Light switches shall be installed 1 200 mm floor to centre of box above finished floor

level unless otherwise specified. All single switches shall be installed with the long

side of the toggle vertical.

1.1.12.2 Doors

Unless otherwise specified, switches adjacent to doors shall be installed on the side

containing the lock. Switch boxes in brick or concrete wall shall be installed 150 mm

from the door frame. Light switches installed in partitions or door frames shall be of

the type designed for that purpose.

1.1.12.3 Walls

In general where different wall finishes are used in the same area, switches shall be

installed within the same finish and not on the dividing lines between finishes.

1.1.12.4 Flush and Surface Mounted Switches

All switches shall be suitable for mounting in 100 x 50 x 50 mm boxes, shall comply

with SANS 60669 and shall bear the SABS / SANS mark.
 Switches shall be of tumbler operated micro-gap type rated at 16A, 220/250 Volt.

Switches shall have protected terminals for safe wiring.

Contacts shall be of silver material.

On multi-lever switches, it shall be possible to individually change any of its switches.

The yoke strap shall be slotted to allow for easy alignment.

Red indicator dots shall indicate the “ON” position of the switch.

1.1.12.5 Weatherproof Switches

Switches that are exposed to the weather or are installed in damp areas, shall be of the

waterproof type complying with the materials specification.

Weatherproof switches shall be of the micro-gap type suitable for surface mounting

and shall bear the SABS/SANS mark.

The housing shall be of galvanized cast iron or die cast aluminium with waterproof

cover plate and toggle.

The switch shall have a porcelain base and a quick acting spring mechanism and shall

be rated at 16A, 220/250 Volt.

The ON/OFF positions shall be clearly marked on the switch housing.

1.1.12.6 Impulse Switches

These shall be rated 16A and shall be 220 Volt controlled.

1.1.12.7 Cover Plates

All cover plates shall be enamel paint finished.

1.1.12.8 Switches in Partition Walls

Where light switches are installed in partitions, they shall, where possible, be of the

special narrow type intended for installation into the mullions.

Switches installed in the metal supports do not require switch boxes. Switches may

not be flush mounted in partition walls without switch boxes.

The wiring run in the partitions shall be Surfix type wiring as approved by the local

supply authority.

1.1.12.9 Multi-Lever Switches

All switches located close to each other and switching light fittings fed from the same

circuit shall be combined to multi-lever switches.

Where several switches are required in one position, multi-lever switches in a

common switch box shall be provided wherever possible. All circuits wired into this

box shall be on the same phase in order that voltages in excess of 250 V are not

present in the box. Where it is not possible or practical to do this, barriers shall be

installed and a label shall be prominently displayed within the box stating that

voltages in excess of 250 V are present.

Multi-lever switches (2 lever or more) are indicated with specific symbols on the

drawings.
1.1.12.10 Area Lighting Switches

Certain area lighting circuits shall be switched by means of a time switch or photocell

and contactor in the respective lighting board. Photocell by-pass switches shall be

provided to facilitate testing.

1.1.12.11 Two-way switching

This shall be achieved by means of two-way switch circuits or impulse buttons located

at either end of the passage or the bottom and top of staircases. A timer shall switch

the lights off after a time lapse of 5 minutes if required.

1.1.12.12 Doors

Unless specified to the contrary, switches adjacent to doors shall be installed on the

side containing the lock. Switch boxes in brick or concrete walls shall be installed 150

mm from the door frame. Light switches installed in partitions or door frames shall be

of the type designed for that purpose.

1.1.13 LIGHTNING PROTECTION

1.1.13.1 General

The lightning protection installation for the building is to be done according to SANS

10313. This installation shall be carried out by a suitably licensed and qualified sub-

contractor to the electrical contractor. Approval of the proposed sub-contractor shall

be at the sole discretion of the Engineer, but shall not be unreasonably withheld.
 All building constructions shall have, at a minimum, down leading lightning

conductors on 2 opposite corners and shall be connected to earthspikes with a

minimum length of 2 m.

Large buildings – eg : admin or classroom blocks, restaurant etc shall have a lightning

protection cage connected to 1,2 m earthspikes spaced at 20 m intervals.

The connection from the roof structure filial to the earth spike must be with 30 x 5 mm

copper straps or as indicated on relevant drawings.

1.1.14 SURGE PROTECTION

Surge arrestors to SANS 60099 are to be installed in distribution boards, one for each

phase and neutral. Surge arrestors to be Din rail mounted, indicating type.

1.1.15 EARTHING AND BONDING

1.1.15.1 General

All earth conductors shall be stranded copper, either PVC-insulated, or bare

conductor. All earth conductor sizes shall be determined in accordance with SANS

10142 where the earth does not form an integral part of the cable.

If using insulated earth wire, all metal conduits and all other parts of the wire ways (eg

connections boxes, isolator casings, etc.) must have continuity earth connections

according to SANS 10142.

1.1.15.2 Earth points at Distribution / Meter Boards

At the entry of a PVC sleeve pipe to each distribution or meter board a 1500 mm long

15 mm diameter, steel cored hard drawn copper coated rod electrode, shall be driven

vertically into the ground.

The rod shall be connected to the board earth point with an insulated conductor of

minimum size 10 mm2 or half the size of the feeder cable, whichever is the greater.

The earth conductor shall be secured to the earth bar of the board with a suitably sized

tinned copper lug with bolts, washers and nuts.

The resistance of the earth electrode shall be measured by the contractor by an

approved method and if required by the Engineer this measurement shall be taken with

the ground wet and dry.

1.1.15.3 Switchboards

A separate earth connection shall be supplied between the earth busbar of the main

switchboard and the earth busbars of all sub-distribution boards. These connections

shall consists of bare or insulated stranded copper conductors installed along the same

routes as the supply cables or in the same conduit as the supply conductors.

Alternatively armoured cables with earth continuity conductors included in the

armouring may be utilised.

1.1.15.4 Sub-circuits

The earth conductors of all sub-circuits shall be connected to the earth busbar in the

supply switchboard in accordance with SANS 10142.

1.1.15.5 Non-metallic Conduit

Where non-metallic conduit is specified or allowed, stranded copper earth conductors

shall be installed in the conduits and fixed securely to all metal appliances and

equipment, including switch boxes, socket-outlet boxes, draw-boxes, switchboards,

luminaires, etc. The securing of earth conductors by means of self-tapping screws will

not be permitted.

1.1.15.6 Water Pipes and Other Metal Structures

All other hot, cold water and waste water pipes shall be inter-connected by 12 x 0,8

mm perforated or solid copper strapping. The strapping shall be fixed to the pipework

by brass nuts and bolts and against walls by brass screws at 150 mm centres.

In all cases where metal water pipes, down pipes, flues, etc. are positioned within 1,6

m from switchboards, an earth connection consisting of copper strapping shall be

installed between the pipework and the board. In vertical building ducts

accommodating both metal water pipes and electric cables, all the pipes shall be

earthed at each switchboard.

Also, all metal roofs and metal structures, gutters and downpipes shall be bonded

together and earthed. This earth shall NOT be brought through any distribution

boards, but shall be connected to the lightning protection. If no lightning protection is

to be installed, the earthing shall be done by means of earth spikes, or a connection

directly to the ring or trench main earth.

 Connections to galvanised steelwork shall be bolt connections. All paint and dust

shall be removed from the connecting surfaces. Connecting surfaces shall be treated

with petroleum jelly prior to connection.

1.1.15.7 Computer and Telephone Clean Earth

Where specified, a “clean earth” installation for computer and/or telephone

switchboards shall be installed. This installation shall be done with insulated stranded

copper wire, conductor sizes to SANS 10142.

The entire installation shall be kept totally insulated from the domestic power earth

installation, and shall be connected only once to the main earth, at the main

distribution board earth point.

1.1.16 INSTALLATION

The entire electrical installation shall be executed in accordance with SANS 10142

“The wiring of premises”, latest revision.

1.1.17 TESTING

All cables, relays, switches, circuit breakers, transformers, etc. shall be tested for

insulation to earth and for insulation between phases and between phases and neutral,

where feasible.

On completion of all tests a test report shall be handed to the Engineer, stating the

insulation resistance readings of the following:- Between individual cores of all

cables;

Between all cable cores and earth;

 Between all normal live parts of switchgear and earth, as well as between phases of

normally live equipment;

Between screening or armouring and earth of high voltage cables.

1.1.18 MAINTENANCE AND GUARANTEE

All light fitting lamps and fluorescent tubes shall be guaranteed for three months from

date of first delivery.

The balance of the installation shall be guaranteed and maintained for 12 months from

date of first delivery.

1.1.19 COMMISSIONING AND TESTING

The entire installation shall be tested and commissioned as per SABS/SANS standard

procedures.

All cables shall be pressure tested before final connection.

1.1.20 DIVISION OF WORK

All trenching and chasing for conduits and sleeves is to be done by the contractor but

making good of the plastering of brickwork is to be done by the Main Contractor. All

cable trenches are to be back filled and compacted by the Contractor as specified.

The exact positions of the geyser and air conditioning outlets are to be coordinated

with the appropriate sub-contractors. The geysers and air-conditioning units will be

installed by these sub-contractors and terminated by the electrical contractor.

1.2 GENERAL MAINTENANCE WORK

NOTE: Care must be taken when using megger test equipment on electrical

installations due to damage which can result to MOV type lightning arrestors,

electronic motor protection units and electronic instrumentation .

The following work shall be carried out on electrical installations whenever any work

is carried out on any site.

a) The earthing of the whole installation shall be tested and checked in accordance

with the requirements specified elsewhere in this specification.

(b) Clean inside and outside of all distribution boards and control panels. Note

severe rust problems and report to the maintenance department.

(c) All wiring connections to terminals in boards, joint boxes, lock-stop button

boxes, stop-start remote station boxes, instrument casings and in motor cable

boxes shall be tightened.

Overheating damage to conductor ends and terminals or switchgear due to loose

connections shall be repaired as set out further herein.

(d) All light circuits shall be checked for operation and lamps shall be replaced as

necessary.

(e) All plug circuits shall be checked for correct polarity and for earthing

problems. Damaged 16A 3 pin switch-plugs shall be replaced as necessary.

(f) All earth leakage units shall be checked with an earth leakage tester. Where a

1000 mA earth leakage unit is used in conjunction with a shunt trip main
 incoming circuit breaker, the manufacturers specification for testing of the

unit shall be followed.

(g) Any over/under voltage or phase failure/phase rotation protection monitor

relays shall be tested for proper operation.

(h) Check all voltmeters, voltmeter switches and ammeters for correct operation

and log all maximum demand currents before resetting ammeters.

(i) Log all motor running hour meters.

(j) Check all recorded data(if available) on electronic motor protection units.

Time lapse since last trips and cause of trips must be logged.

(k) Check all instrumentation fuses and all control circuit supply fuses and circuit

breakers.

(l) Test all indication lamps and replace blown lamps as necessary.

(m) All board doors and covers shall be checked for proper closing.

All open connections such as found in broken or missing light switches, plugs and

lights shall be closed off with cover plates or replaced, as the case may be.

No live open connections or live metalwork on any appliance or board shall be left in

that state by the Contractor.

(n) All surge arrestors and lightning protection equipment shall be inspected for

damage or burn-out. Damaged units shall be replaced. Carbon granule type

of arrestors (for power) must be replaced with MOV arrestors with a fault

rating of not less than 40 kA.

 Instrumentation surge arrestors must be replaced with the correct type as

prescribed by the supplier of the instrument, for digital signals and current

loops.

1.3 INSTALLATION OF LUMINAIRES

1.3.1 GENERAL

All luminaires shall be complete with lamps, ballasts, chokes, control gear and all

other accessories required. All metallic luminaires shall be provided with an earth

terminal.

Internal wiring of luminaires shall consist of heat-resistant PVC insulated stranded

copper conductors of not less than 0,5 mm².

Luminaires shall be designed to prevent excessive temperatures and components and

materials shall be selected so that they are not adversely affected by the operating

temperature.

The voltage rating and lamp wattage shall be clearly and indelibly marked on control

gear.

Ballasts shall be silent in operation. Noise level reports, prepared by an accredited

laboratory, shall be submitted for approval to the Engineer on request.

The wattage and type of the lamp suitable for use in the luminaire shall be clearly

marked on the base of the luminaire close to the lampholder. For incandescent

luminaires, the maximum wattage of the lamp shall apply.

1.3.2 POSITIONING

The mounting positions of luminaires shall be verified on site. All luminaires shall be

placed symmetrically with respect to ceiling panels, battens, beams, columns or other

architectural features of the space. The layout as shown in the documents shall

generally be adhered to, but any discrepancies of clashes with structural or other

features must be referred to the Engineer, before commencing erection of the

installation. All conduit work for luminaires above false ceilings shall be co-

ordinated with all the subcontractors concerned.

1.3.3 FIXING OF LUMINAIRES

Ceiling mounted luminaires shall be secured by at least two screws into the outlet box,

using sheradized steel screws. The Contractor shall supply framing formed of

brandering in the roof spaces around the mounting position and he shall neatly cut the

ceiling boards at outlet boxes.

Fluorescent luminaires other than single or double tube luminaires of 1,2m long or less

shall be supported in at least two positions, each of which shall be not exceeding

450mm from the ends of the luminaires.

Fixing in concrete slabs shall be to outlet boxes, metal inserts or bolts cast or shot into

the concrete.

1.3.4 FIXING TO DRAW-BOXES

Where an outlet box or draw-box provides the necessary support for a luminaire, all

luminaires with the exception of fluorescent luminaires mounted against ceilings, shall
 be fixed directly to the box. Fluorescent luminaires shall however be suspended

independently of the outlet box.

Cover plates shall be fitted over all draw-boxes and outlets intended for luminaires

that are not covered by the luminaire canopy, lampholder, ceiling rose or similar

accessories.

1.3.5 HANGERS AND SUPPORTS

Where provision has not been made for the fixing of luminaires, the Contractor shall

supply the necessary supports, hangers, conduit extensions, angle brackets or any

other fixing method approved by the Engineer.

1.3.6 SUSPENDED LUMINAIRES

The necessary hangers shall be provided where luminaires which are of the non-

suspension type have to be fixed below false ceilings or roof slabs. The use of 20mm

conduits fixed to the roof slab or ceiling is preferred. Provision shall be made for

adjustments to enable the levelling of luminaires. Suspended conduits shall be fixed to

the ceiling by means of screwed dome lids, bolts and nuts. Ball-and-spigot type dome

lids shall be used where conduit lengths exceed 600mm. Wiring shall be installed in

the conduit hangers.

1.3.7 SUSPENDED CABLE CHANNELS

Luminaires (especially fluorescent luminaires) may also be suspended from ceilings

by means of suspended metal channels. The metal channel may be suspended metal
 channels. The metal channel may be supported by conduits or threaded rods. Should

metal rods be utilised, these shall be screwed to anchor bolts fixed to the metal

channel or in the metal channels, covered with a suitable cover plate. Purpose-made

clamps shall be used to fix the luminaires to the cable channel.

1.3.8 SUSPENDED CEILINGS

In all cases where luminaires are fixed to suspended ceilings, the Contractor shall

ensure that the ceiling is capable of carrying the weight of the luminaires before

commencing installation. Should any doubt exist in this regard, the matter shall be

referred to the Engineer. In cases where the weight of the luminaire is not carried by

the ceiling but by a support or other suspension method, provision shall be made to

prevent relative movement between the ceiling and luminaire, ceiling surround or

connection point. Where luminaires are mounted on ceilings consisting of panels, care

shall be taken that the work is performed symmetrically.

1.3.9 CEILING BATTENS

Where wooden blocks are used to suspend luminaires, ceiling battens shall not be cut.

The wooden blocks shall be cut to fit around battens and shall be screwed to the

ceiling. Battens may, however, be cut where fluorescent or incandescent luminaires

with metal canopies have to be installed against a suspended ceiling.

1.3.10 LUMINAIRES MOUNTED TO CONCRETE SLABS

Fluorescent luminaires to be installed directly against concrete slabs or walls shall be

mounted to the outled box and at two additional points.

 The additional fixing can be effected by:

a) bolts built into the ceiling or wall,

b) screws and approved plugs, or

c) expanding rawl bolts.

Shot-fired fixings are not acceptable. Fluorescent luminaires may in general be

installed against "SANKEYSTRUT" or similar channels in which the wiring is

housed. The metal channel fixing may in this case be shot-fired or fixed by any of the

abovementioned methods. Purpose-made fluorescent adaptors shall be used to mount

luminaires to cable channels.

1.3.11 LUMINAIRES MOUNTED TO CEILINGS

Surface-mounted fluorescent luminaires shall mount firmly against the ceiling without

leaving gaps between luminaires and ceilings. The luminaires shall be fixed directly

to the ceiling beams by means of 40 mm round-head wood screws and washers or

alternatively 50 x 76 mm wooden supports that are fixed to the ceiling beams. In the

case of tiled ceilings with exposed or concealed T-section supports, surface-mounted

luminaires shall be fixed to the metal supports by means of butterfly screws or bolts

with nuts and washers. Self-tapping screws may not be used. Luminaires shall be

mounted in neat relation to the ceiling layout.

1.3.12 CONTINUOUS ROWS OF LUMINAIRES

In cases where fluorescent luminaires are installed in tandem, only one connection

outlet need be supplied per circuit. All luminaires shall be coupled to one another by
 means of nipples or brass bushes and locknuts to ensure that wiring is not exposed and

that earth continuity is maintained. Luminaires on the same circuit may be wired

through the channel formed by the luminaire canopies. In this case silicon-rubber

insulated conductors shall be used and internal connections shall be made at terminal

blocks. "SCREW-IT" or similar connectors are not acceptable. The wiring for any

other circuits or outlets, even though these may be in the same row, may not be

installed through the luminaire canopies. The Contractor shall ensure that continuous

rows are straight and parallel to the relevant building lines.

1.3.13 RECESSED LUMINAIRES

Where recessed luminaires are specified, the Contractor shall maintain close liaison

with the ceiling installation contractor. In the case of tiled ceilings, the luminaires

shall be installed while the metal supports are being installed and before the tiles are

placed in position. The electrical contractor shall be responsible for the co-ordination

of the cutting of ceiling tiles with the other Contractors concerned. All mounting rings

and other accessories shall fit closely into cut-outs to ensure a proper finish.

1.3.14 SPECIAL CEILINGS

In cases where special ceilings, e.g. insulated panels, aluminium strips, decorative

glass, metal leaves, etc. are to be installed, the Contractor and the Manufacturer of the

ceiling shall agree upon the method of mounting of luminaires to the ceiling.
1.3.15 GLASSBOWL LUMINAIRES

Unless specified to the contrary, suspended glassbowl luminaires shall be installed

with the underside at least 2,4 m above finished floor level.

1.3.16 BULKHEAD LUMINAIRES

Surface-mounted bulkhead luminaires shall not be screwed directly to conduit ends.

The conduit shall terminate in a round draw-box at the top or rear of the luminaire.

The PVCinsulated conductors shall terminate in a porcelain terminal strip in the draw-

box. Siliconrubber insulated conductors shall be installed from the terminal strip to

the luminaire lampholder. "SCREW-IT" or similar connnectors are not acceptable.

1.3.17 WIRING TO ENCLOSED LUMINAIRES

The wiring within enclosed, unventilated luminaires shall consist of tinned copper

conductors insulated with silicon-rubber, braided with a heat resistant fibrous material

(eg glass or terephthalate fibre). Several parallel strands of nickel-chrome or

"KANTHAL" resistance wire insulated with porcelain beads, may be used as an

alternative.

1.3.18 CONNECTIONS TO LUMINAIRES

1.3.18.1 Connectors

Connectors to the wiring or luminaires and other appliances where connectors are

used, shall be effected by means of brass screw couplers shrouded in porcelain,

neoprene of PVC or by means of approved spring steel locking connectors insulated in

unbreakable material. Other types of connectors are not acceptable.

1.3.18.2 Knock-outs

Where knock-outs are used for the wiring of luminaires and other appliances, brass

bushes or gripper glands shall be used.

1.3.18.3 Type of Conductor

In luminaires capable of housing incandescent lamps above 60 W, the wiring from the

lampholder to the general wiring shall be heat resisting silicon compound insulated

conductors. Refer also to the provisions of the Wiring Code in this regard.

1.3.18.4 Incandescent Luminaires

Connections to luminaires with incandescent lamps shall be installed in a box situated

behind the luminaires. Where luminaires are secured directly to draw-boxes in false

ceilings or where ceiling roses or special connections are used, flush-mounted rear-

entry round drawboxes which are independently fixed to roof beams, shall be

provided.

1.3.18.5 Fluorescent Luminaires

Connections to luminaires with fluorescent tubes may be installed inside the metal

canopy on condition that the frame and/or diffuser holder where applicable, can be

removed without disconnecting the conductors.

1.3.18.6 Screwed Lampholders

The central terminal of Edison Screw (ES) lampholders shall be connected to the

phase conductor and the screwed housing to the neutral conductor.

1.3.18.7 Gas Discharge Lamps

Where it is necessary to connect the conduit directly to a luminaire with a gas

discharge lamp, the conduit shall be connected to the metal canopy by means of brass

bushes and locknuts.

1.3.19 GENERAL

Wiring practices shall comply with SANS 10142 in all respects.

For wiring in partition walls SURFIX cables can be used instead of conduit wiring.

1.3.20 TYPE OF CONDUCTORS

PVC-insulated, stranded copper conductors and bare stranded or green PVCinsulated

copper earth conductors complying with the materials specification shall be used

exclusively. Only where cables are specified or in instances where the exceptions

stipulated in SANS 10142 are applicable, may the Contractor deviate from this

requirement.

1.3.21 SIZE OF CONDUCTORS

Where conductors sizes are not specified, the following minimum conductor sizes

shall be used :

Lighting circuits : 2,5 mm2 live and neutral conductors, 2,5 mm2 copper

earth conductor
Socket-outlet circuits : 4,0 mm2 live and neutral conductors, 2,5 mm2 copper

earth conductor
Stove, air- : 6,0 mm2 live and neutral conductors 4,0 mm2 copper
 conditioning and earth conductor

geyser circuits

All earth continuity conductors laid with cables shall be bare stranded copper

conductors and all other earth continuity conductors shall be PVC insulated stranded

copper conductors, unless specified otherwise.

Extreme care shall be taken not to apply excessive mechanical tension to PVC

insulated conductors when drawing conductors into conduits or wireways and care

shall also be taken not to draw PVC insulated conductors around sharp corners or

protruding surfaces in conduits.

PVC insulated conductors shall be lubricated with high quality French chalk before

they are drawn into conduit. The use of lubricating oil for drawing in PVC insulated

conductors is not permitted. Conductors between an isolator and appliance shall be of

the same cross-sectional area as the conductors fed to the isolator and shall, where

necessary, be in flexible metal conduit. Wiring between isolators and fixed heating

appliance terminals shall be in silicone rubber insulated conductors.

Wiring installed in wiring channels or power skirting shall be installed in the correct

compartment to prevent any cross-overs and shall be bound together in groups not

exceeding ten conductors by means of approved straps at spacings not exceeding 1m.

No joints will be permitted in wiring.

Circuit wiring shall be of the loop-in system, and not more than four conductor ends

will be allowed at any one termination point. Cutting away of wire strands of any

cable will not be allowed and no jointing of conductors in draw boxes or the cutting
 away of insulation is permissible. Where joints are used, they shall be in heavy brass

terminals with porcelain insulators.

Circuits for different services, e.g. lighting circuits, power circuits,

intercommunication circuits and telephone circuits, shall each be routed in separate

conduit runs.

A neutral conductor, equal in size to the phase conductors, shall be run to each three-

phase outlet unless otherwise specified.

Joints will not be permitted in individual conductors forming part of any circuit.

1.3.22 WIREWAYS

All unarmoured conductors shall be installed in conduits, cable channels (trunking) or

power skirting and shall under no circumstances be exposed. Cable channels and

power skirting shall be of metal construction unless specifically approved to the

contrary.

Contractors must note that common wireways will only be permitted for relatively

light current-carrying conductors such as lighting and socket-outlet circuits. Heavy

current-carrying conductors such as feeders to distribution boards and large power

points, must be installed in separate conduits or wireways.

1.3.23 GROUPING OF CONDUCTORS

In cases where the conductors of more than one circuit are installed in the same

wireway, the conductors of each separate circuit (including earth conductor) shall be

taped at intervals of 1m with PVC tape.

 Conductors entering switchboards or control boards shall be grouped and bound by

means of plastic cable ties and not with PVC insulation tape.

1.4 CABLE TRAYS AND TRUNKING

1.4.1 GENERAL

Where more than 2 cables run together they shall be supported on a rack tray or

covered in a trunk.

The Contractor shall supply and install all cable trays and/or ladders as specified or as

required by the cable routes including the necessary supports, clamps, hangers, fixing

materials, bends, angles, junctions, reducers, T-pieces, etc.

Cable ladders and trays are schematically indicated on drawings and additional lengths

may be added by the Contractor for ease of installation.

The Contractor shall arrange with the Main Contractor for the provision of holes and

access through the structure and finishes.

Trays and trunking shall be an approved ladder type racking. They shall be prepared

with good quality zinc aluminium paint.

Pre-manufactured bends must be used and all accessories shall be to the

manufacturers’ recommendations.

Trays and trunks shall be continuous and supported throughout their entire length at

suitable intervals to prevent sagging.

All components shall be as approved by the manufacturer.

 In-trunking supports shall be provided in order to prevent the wires falling out when

cover plates are removed.

All cables shall be secured to the racking or trays and flat bar supports by means of

suitable approved strapping at intervals not exceeding 800mm on vertical runs and

1 200mm on horizontal runs. A maximum of 4 cables shall be strapped together.

1.4.2 CABLE LADDERS

Galvanised steel cable ladders shall consist of two 76 mm high side rails of 2 mm

minimum thickness with cross pieces consisting of P4000 channel sections spaced at

maximum intervals of 250 mm.

Purpose-made cable ladders consisting of 6 x 40 mm angle iron and 6 x 40 mm

minimum cross pieces are acceptable for short runs in industrial applications. Cross

pieces shall be welded in pairs at 250 mm maximum centre-to-centre intervals. The

pairs shall be spaced sufficiently apart to allow for the specified cable clamps.

Cable ladder dimensions and maximum support spacing shall conform with the

following:

LADDER SECTION SIDE RAIL

MATERIAL SUPPORT
LENGTH
SPACING
HEIGH THICKNES (maximum)
T S
STEEL 3,0 m 76 mm 2,0 mm 1,5m
4,0 m 76 mm 2,0 mm 2,0m
STAINLESS STEEL 3,0 m 76 mm 1,6 mm 1,5m
 ALUMINIUM 3,0 mm 70 mm 2,0 mm 1,5m
3,0 mm 75 mm 2,5 mm 1,5m
4,5 mm 100 mm 4,5 mm 2,25m

Where aluminium cable ladders are specified, only the heavy duty type with 300 mm

rung spacing shall be used.

1.4.3 CABLE TRAYS

Metal cable trays shall be manufactured of perforated rolled steel. The vertical sides of

the trays shall not be perforated and the top edge of the sides shall be smooth. The

same cable tray type shall be used in long or paralleled tray runs.

Rigid unplasticised PVC cable trays are acceptable, but the prior approval of the

Engineer shall be obtained for each installation.

Cable tray dimensions and maximum support spacing shall be as follows :

TRAY WIDTH THICKNESS TURN-UP SUPPORT

MATERIAL (minimum) SPACING
(mm)
(minimum) (maximum)
METAL less than 150 1,2 mm 12 mm 1,0 m
above 150 2,5 mm 76 mm 1,5 m
80 to 215 3,5 mm 40 mm 1,0 m

PVC 250 to 350 4,0 mm 60 mm 1,0 m

350 to 610 5,0 mm 100 mm 1,0 m

In addition to the above maximum support spacings, trays shall be supported at each

bend, offset and T-junction.

1.4.4 JOINTS

Joints shall be smooth without projections or rough edges that may damage the cables.

The Contractor will be required to cover joints with rubber cement or other hardening

rubberised or plastic compounds if in the opinion of the Engineer, joints may damage

cables.

Joints shall as far as possible be arranged to fall on supports.

Additional slices shall be provided if a loaded cable ladder or tray sags adjacent to a

joint or support.

Slices shall be manufactured from the same material as the rest of the ladder or tray

and the finish shall also correspond to that of the ladder or tray.

Galvanised and stainless steel cable ladders shall be jointed by means of two purpose-

made splice plates per joint. Each splice plate shall be bolted to the side rails by means

of four cadmium plated square collar bolts and nuts in the case of galvanised ladders

and four stainless steel bolts and nuts in the case of stainless steel cable ladders.

1.4.5 CONDUITING

Unless PVC conduits are specified in the project specification, all conduiting and

accessories shall be either black enamelled steel for interior and galvanised type for

outdoor use. Conduiting and accessories shall be to SABS 950 for PVC and to SABS

1065 for metallic conduits.

Galvanised conduits and accessories shall be used in the following :

a) In damp areas.
 b) In areas exposed to the weather.

c) In plenum chambers containing humidifying equipment.

d) For surface mounted conduit installations in kitchens, boiler rooms and

workshops.

e) In screeds resting directly on soil.

Exposed steel conduiting shall be saddled at intervals of 1,5m.

All conduit drops in or on walls shall be absolutely vertical.

If any ring beam constructions are above a distribution board, an adequate amount of

spare conduits shall be provided for future wire access into roof spaces.

1.4.6 SPECIFICATION FOR THE REPAINTING OF POWER SKIRTING

Power skirting shall be treated and painted as follows:

a) Remove all covers from the skirting.

b) Remove and disconnect all socket outlets from the skirting.

c) Secure cable ends and insulate by means of insulation tape.

d) Screen all cabling in ducting by means of paper.

e) Descale and clean surface to be painted.

f) Screen surrounding wall and floor.

g) Spray paint power skirting with the correct paint.

h) Disassemble sockets from lids.

 i) Spray paint all lids of power skirting with the correct paint.

j) Remove all screens and reassemble.

1.5 CONDUITS AND ACCESSORIES

1.5.1 SCOPE

This section covers the installation of conduits and conduit accessories in buildings

and other structures for system voltages up to 600V.

1.5.2 CONDUIT SYSTEMS

Plain-end metallic conduit (black enamelled or galvanised mild steel) such as

‘BOSAL”, 'CHENEY', 'EASILOCK' and 'LOCFIT or similar conduit systems shall be

used for exposed conduit. PVC conduit shall be used only under plaster.

Plain-end conduit and associated accessories shall be manufactured of mild steel

having a minimum thickness of 0,9mm and shall comply with SABS 1007. Conduit

manufactured of lighter gauge material will not be permitted.

Manual cold bends of conduit of nominal size up to and including 25mm is permitted,

provided that the radius of the bend exceeds six times the nominal size of the conduit,

with the external angle of the bend not exceeding 90°. In all other cases bends shall

consist of suitable accessories. Bends shall comply with SANS 10142.

1.5.3 CONDUIT INSTALLATION

1.5.3.1 Positioning

Conduits shall be installed as follows :

 v) Exposed surface mount conduit

Exposed surface-mount conduit shall be galvanised mild steel only.

vi) Open and closed roof spaces

Only galvanised mild steel conduit shall be used in exposed ceiling spaces.

Black enamelled conduit shall be used in enclosed ceiling spaces.

vii) Walls, slabs etc

Galvanised mild steel conduit shall be used in surface mounted applications.

viii) Chased into walls

PVC conduit may be used where it can be chased into walls.

iv) Conduits cast into concrete shall be securely fixed in position before pouring

commences.

1.5.3.2 Installation requirements

i) Position of outlets

All accessories such as boxes for socket-outlets, switches, lights, etc. shall be

accurately positioned and shall be installed level and square, at the correct

height from the floor, ceiling or roof level and in the correct position relative

to building lines and equipment positions. All draw boxes shall be

inaccessible after completion of the installation.

ii) Cover plates

 Cover plates, either as part of the switch or socket assembly or with blank

cover plates if unused shall be provided for all draw- and wall boxes. Blank

cover plates shall match other cover plates in the same area.

iii) Draw-wires

Galvanised steel draw-wires shall be provided in all unwired conduits for

future extensions, telephone installations and other services.

ix) Draw boxes

Draw boxes shall be installed at intervals not exceeding 15m in straight runs.

v) Bends

Bending and setting of plain-end conduit must be done with special benders

and apparatus manufactured for this purpose and which are obtainable from

the suppliers of the system. Damaged conduit resulting from the use of

incorrect bending apparatus shall be completely removed and any wiring

already drawn into such damaged conduits shall be completely renewed at the

Contractor's expense.

A maximum of two 90° bends or the equivalent displacement will be allowed

between outlets and / or boxes. All bends shall be made without heating the

conduit or without reducing the diameter of the conduit. Inside radii of

bends shall not be less than five times the outside diameter of the conduit

(refer to SANS 10142).

 vi) Wall socket-outlets

Where more than one outlet point is to be connected to the same circuit, the

conduit shall continue directly to the next position from the previous outlet

box on the same circuit. Where metal trunking is used, the conduit may be

installed from the trunking directly to the outlet box provided that the

conductors are looped between the outlets without any joints in the wires.

vii) Lighting points

Round drawboxes shall be [rovided for all lighting points. Where luminaires

are to be fixed directly to the pendant box, the pendant box shall be fixed

independently of the conduit installation.

viii) Access holes

All access holes in draw-boxes or other conduit accessories shall be securely

blanked off by means of brass plugs to render the installation vermin proof.

1.5.3.3 Terminations

i) Conduit ends

Conduit ends shall be cut at right angles to ensure that ends butt squarely at

joints. Threads shall not be visible at joints and connections except at

running joints. The total length of the thread on the two conduit ends shall

not exceed the length of the coupling.

ii) Joints
 Joints shall be kept to a minimum. All conduit ends shall be reamed and all

joints tightly screwed. Only approved couplings shall be used.

iii) Connections

Conduits shall be connected directly to draw-boxes with spouted connections.

Conduits shall be screwed tightly home and no threads shall be visible.

iv) Continuity

Mechanical and electrical continuity shall be maintained throughout the

conduit installation.

v) Switchboards, power skirting, etc.

Conduits shall be terminated by means of a brass female bush and two

locknuts in pressed steel switchboards and distribution boxes, cable ducts,

power skirting, etc. The conduit end shall only protrude far enough through

the entry hole to accommodate the bush and locknut.

vi) Draw boxes and outlet points

A female bush and two locknuts shall be used to terminate conduits at draw

boxes and outlet boxes without spouts. Where space permits, a coupling,

brass male bush and locknut may be used with sufficient allowance for the

reduction of the internal diameter by the male bush.

vii) Bush-nuts

Bush-nuts for the connection of earth conductors to conduits are not

acceptable.
 vii) Screws, bolts and nuts

Steel locknuts of thick gauge steel with milled sides shall be used in all cases.

Cadmium-plated bolts and nuts shall be used except in cases where the

installation is exposed to the weather, where brass bolts and nuts shall be

used.

Screws shall be installed in all tapped holes in fittings and accessories and

shall be completely screwed in to prevent damage to the screw thread by

concrete or plaster.

1.5.3.4 Debris

Care shall be taken to prevent debris or moisture from entering conduits during and

after installation. Conduit ends shall be sealed by means of a solid plug which shall be

screwed to the conduit end. Conduits shall be cleaned and swabbed to remove oil,

moisture or other debris that may be present before conductors are installed. Swabs

shall not be attached to the conductors.

1.5.3.5 Defects

Each length of conduit shall be inspected for defects prior to installation, and all burrs

shall be removed. Split, dented or otherwise damaged conduits, or conduits with

sharp internal edges shall not be used and shall be removed from site. Conduits shall

not be blocked by foreign media during or after installation.

1.5.3.6 Withdrawal of conductors

To ensure that all electrical conductors are easily withdrawable from conduits and to

ensure that there are no joints in the conductors, the Engineer's representative will

have the right to have the conductors of any circuit removed for inspection at his

discretion. If the conductors are found to be in a satisfactory condition after having

been withdrawn, the Employer shall bear the cost of withdrawing and re-installing

such conductors. Conductors found to have been damaged during installation or

removal, or found with joints, shall be replaced and the cost shall be borne by the

Contractor.

1.5.3.7 Surface installations

i) Material

All surface-mounted conduit shall be either galvanised or black mild steel. No PVC

conduit installed on the surface of any structure will be accepted.

ii) Appearance

All conduits shall be installed horizontally or vertically as determined by the route

and the Contractor shall take all measures to ensure a neat installation.

Where conduits are to be installed directly alongside door frames, beams, etc.

that are not true, conduits shall be installed parallel to the frames, beams, etc.

All labels shall be removed from surface mounted conduit.

iii) Saddles
Conduits shall be firmly secured by means of saddles and screws and in accordance

with SANS 10142. Where saddles are used to secure vertical lengths of

conduit connected to surface mounted switch boxes or socket-outlet boxes,

the saddles shall be spaced so that the intervals between the box and the first

saddle, between any two successive saddles and between the last saddle and

the ceiling or roof are equidistant. Conduits shall be secured within 150 mm

before and after each 90° bend and within 100mm of each outlet box.

iv) Joints

Joints will only be allowed in surface conduit lengths exceeding 3,5m. Threads shall

not be visible at joints of completed installations, except where running joints

are used. Running joints will be allowed only when absolutely necessary. All

running joints shall be provided with locknuts.

v) Accessories

Inspection bends or tee pieces shall be used. Non-inspection type bends may be used

in the case of 32mm or 50mm diameter conduits. All draw-boxes supporting

luminaires or other equipment shall be fixed independently of the conduit

installation.

vi) Offsets

Where an offset is required at conduit terminations or cross-overs, the conduit shall be

saddled at the offset.

vii) Cross-over
 Conduit routes shall be carefully planned to avoid cross-overs. Where cross-overs

are unavoidable, one conduit only shall be offset to cross the other. Cross-

overs shall be as short as possible and shall be uniform. Alternatively, cross-

overs shall be installed in purpose-made boxes. This method shall be

employed on face brick walls and in other circumstances where required by

the Engineer.

viii) Parallel conduit

Parallel conduit runs shall be equidistant and saddles shall be installed in line.

Alternatively, a special clamp may be used to secure all conduits in unison. In

the case of conduits of different diameters, the latter method shall only be

used if a purpose-made clamp designed to accommodate the various conduit

sizes, is provided.

ix) Painting of conduit

Visible runs of surface-mount conduit shall be galvanised except where otherwise

approved, in which case surface mounted visible black conduits shall be

painted in the same colour as the wall.

x) Boxes

Where surface mounted switches or socket-outlets are installed indoors ivory

coloured epoxy coated pressed steel or PVC surface boxes shall be used.

1.5.3.8 Conduit installations in roof spaces

Conduits in roof spaces shall be black mid steel or galvanised mild steel. PVC

conduits in roof spaces will not be accepted.

The conduit shall be installed in the ceiling spaces of buildings that have ceilings.

Where these ceiling spaces can only be accessed by removing the roof panels; the

Contractor shall take this into account when calculating his rates.

In buildings that do not have ceilings the conduit shall be installed along the wall

plates and roof trusses and beams to the various light points, and vertically down the

walls to the light switches and socket outlets. Installation of conduits suspended

between the rafters will not be permitted.

Conduit in roof spaces shall be installed parallel or at right angles to the roof members

and shall be secured at intervals not exceeding 1.5 m by means of saddles screwed to

the roof timbers.

Nails or crampets will not be allowed.

Under flat roofs in false ceilings, or where there is less than 900mm clearance, or in

instances where the ceilings are insulated with glasswool or other insulating material

impeding access, the conduit shall be installed in a manner, which allows for wiring

from below the ceilings.

Conduit runs from switchboards shall terminate in fabricated sheet steel draw-boxes

installed directly above or in close proximity to the boards.

Spare conduits covering the total number of spare ways on switchboards, shall be

provided between the boards and the roof draw-box.

As an alternative to above, a trunking channel that can accommodate all circuits may

be installed from the switchboard to the roof space, provided that where the circuits
 enter the various conduits in the roof space, the conduits shall be terminated on the

trunking channel with bushes or grommets to prevent damage to the conductors.

1.5.3.9 Fixing to walls

Only approved plugging materials such a fibre plugs or plastic plugs, etc., and

roundhead screws shall be used when fixing saddles, switches, plugs etc. to walls.

Wooden plugs are not acceptable nor should plugs be installed in joints in brick walls.

1.5.3.10 Future extensions

i) Open roof spaces

Conduits intended for future switches and socket-outlets, shall terminate

40mm above the tie beams in roof spaces with more than 900mm free space.

The conduit ends shall be threaded and fitted with a coupling and brass plug.

ii) Cover plates

Unused boxes for switches and socket-outlets shall be covered with metal

cover plates. Unused boxes for luminaires shall be covered with round

galvanised metal cover plates which fit tightly against the finished surface.

1.5.3.11 Expansion joints

Where conduits cross expansion joints in the structure, approved draw-boxes

providing flexible connections in the conduit installation shall be installed.

The draw-box shall be installed adjacent to the expansion joint of the structure and a

conduit sleeve, one size larger than that specified for the circuit, shall be provided on

the side of the draw-box nearest the joint. The one end of the sleeve shall terminate at
the edge of the joint and the other shall be secured to the draw-box by means of

lockouts.

The circuit conduit passing through the sleeve shall be terminated 40mm inside the

draw-box and in the case of metallic conduit, the conduit end shall be fitted with a brass

bush. The gap between the sleeve and the conduit at the joint shall be sealed with

'Pratley Tic-Tac', silicone or equal sealing compound, to prevent the ingress of dirt. In

the case of metallic conduit, an earth clip shall be fitted to the conduit projection inside

the draw-box and the conduit bonded to the box by means of 2.5mm2 bare copper earth

wire and a brass bolt and nut.

The end of the other circuit conduit shall be secured to the draw-box by means of

locknuts and a brass bush in the case of screwed metallic conduit or a standard bushed

adaptor for other conduit types.

In the case of metallic conduit, a 2,5mm2 bare copper wire shall be installed between

the first conduit boxes on either side of the joint, in addition to an earth wire which

may be specified for the circuit. The conduit boxes shall be drilled and tapped and the

earth wire shall be bonded to the boxes by means of lugs and brass screws.

Suitable steel cover plates shall be screwed to draw-boxes installed along the

expansion joint.

Where a number of conduits are installed in parallel they shall cross the expansion

joint of the structure via a single draw-box. A number of draw-boxes adjacent to each

other will not be allowed.

1.5.4 OTHER SERVICES

Conduits may not be installed closer than 150mm to pipes of other services such as

gas, steam, hot water or other materials which may damage the conduits or

conductors. To prevent electrolytic corrosion, conduits shall not touch other pipe

installations.

Conductors may not be drawn into conduits before the conduiting has been inspected

and approved by the Engineer.

All conduit for communications services shall have draw wires as specified drawn in

and left inside the conduits for future use.

All conduits shall be bushed and secured by lock-nuts to distribution boards, wall

boxes, etc.

Spare conduits (10% with a minimum of two 20 mm and one 25 mm conduits) shall

be run from the distribution boards into the roof space to cater for future circuits.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF WORKMANSHIP IN ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERING
1.0 GENERAL

1.1 SPECIAL CONDITIONS

1.1.1 Prime Cost (P.C.) sums of allowance are to cover cost of fixtures only. Electrical

Contractors to include base bid the cost of ordering, receiving, storing and handling

these fixtures and the profit or overhead.

1.1.2 Electrical Contractor shall include in his base bid the cost of labor to adjust

fixtures at the end of the job.

1.2 GENERAL CONDITIONS

The works under this section shall be subject to the General Conditions which shall be

included as part of these specifications and which shall apply to all work performed under

the Electrical System.

1.3 GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The work to be done under this Section of the specifications consist of the fabrication,

furnishing, delivery and installation, complete in all details of the Electrical work, at the

subject premises and all work materials incidental to the proper completion of the

installation, except 107 those portions of the work which are expressly stated to be done by

others. All work shall be in accordance with the governing Codes and Regulations and with

the specifications, except where same shall conflict with such Codes, etc. which the latter

shall then govern. The requirements with regards to the materials and workmanship, specify

the required standard for the furnishing of all labor, materials and appliances necessary for

the complete installation of the work specified herein and indicated on the drawings. The

specifications are intended to provide a broad outline of the required, but are not intended to

include all details of design and construction.

1.4 WORK INCLUDED

Under this Section of the Specifications, provide all materials and equipment and perform all

the work necessary for the complete execution of all the Electrical Work as shown on the

Electrical Drawings and on the General Construction Drawings as herein specified or both

except as otherwise excluded, and which, without excluding the generality of the foregoing,

shall include not be limited to the following principal items of work specified in the

Description of Bid under Electrical Works.

1.5 WORK NOT INCLUDED

Furnishing and installation of power feeder for lighting panel board.

1.6 CODES, INSPECTIONS, PERMITS AND FEES

1.6.1 The work under this contract is to be installed according to the requirements of the latest

Philippine Electrical Code, the rules and regulations of the local authorities and the

requirements of local Power Company (Manila Electrical Company).

1.6.2 All permits and electrical fees required for this work shall be obtained by and at the

expense of the Electrical Contractor. The Electrical Contractor shall furnish the

Construction Manager, and the RLC final certificates of electrical inspection and

approval from the proper government authorities after completion of the work. The

Electrical Contractor shall prepare all as-built plans.

1.7 RECORD DRAWINGS. The Electrical Contractor shall, during the progress of the work,

keep a careful record of all changes where the actual installation differs from that shown on

the Contract Drawings. Upon completion, the Electrical Contractor shall, in a neat and

accurate manner, finalize “as-built” drawings on tracing paper. These drawings shall be
 submitted to the Owner for approval. After approval, they shall become the property of the

Owners. The payment will be withheld until receipt of the approval drawings showing

circuit runs and pull boxes with sufficient information for future rewiring, maintenance and

identification. The final submittal of record drawings shall be in original and three sets of

prints of “As Built Drawings” of Electrical works. The print copies shall be duly signed and

sealed by a Professional Electrical Engineer.

1.8 CONTRACT DRAWINGS

1.8.1 The locations of apparatus and equipment indicated on the drawings are shown

as accurately as possible, that the small scale drawings are necessarily diagrammatic

and 108 that such locations as shown, are subject to slight revisions, as the work is

installed which may be necessary to fit construction conditions. No major changes

shall be made, however, without the approval in writing of the Engineers.

1.8.2 The Electrical Contractor shall examine and study the equipment foundation

drawings, large scale and full size details, the approved shop drawings of other parties

and shall frequently consult with them to ascertain any changes that may have been

made and he shall be guided accordingly before establishing the precise location of

conduit runs, pull and junction boxes and devices power, control system, etc.

1.8.3 The Electrical Contractor shall effectively protect his own work from damage

during and, as may be necessary after installation, and he shall likewise protect

adjoining work of other parties from damage resulting from his installation.
1.9 SHOP DRAWINGS AND SAMPLES. Prepare and submit for approval, shop drawings and

cuts equipment, or devices furnishing. After final approval by the Owner, a sufficient

number of copies as directed shall be furnished for distribution.

1.10 COORDINATION. The Electrical Contractors shall prepare such detailed drawings of his

equipment, locations of sleeves, inserts and supports as may be required for coordination of

all phases of work. Upon demand, he shall furnish these drawings in adequate numbers for

the information of all parties concerned, and shall coordinate the preparation of these

drawings by consultation with said concerned parties, before submitting them. The approval

of such drawings will not relieve the Electrical Contractor in any way from the responsibility

of properly locating and coordinating his work with the works of others.

1.11 GUARANTEES. The Electrical Contractor shall guarantee that the electrical system are

free from all grounds and from all defective workmanship and materials within a period

stated in the Contract Documents and warrantees provided for by all applicable building

codes and standards. Any defects, appearing within the system shall be repaired by the

Electrical Contractor without additional cost to the Owner.

2.0 PRODUCTS

2.1 STANDARDS OF MATERIALS

2.1.1 All materials shall be new and shall conform with the standards of the

Underwriter’s Laboratories, Inc. ANSI, NEMA, IPCEA, IES, and ASTM in every case

such standards have been established for the particular type of material in question.
 2.1.2 All materials on all systems shall comply with the following specifications,

unless, specifically accepted and all materials where not specified shall be of the best

of their respective kind.

2.1.3 Sample of any materials shall be submitted for approval as required by the Engineers.

2.2 WIRES AND CABLES

2.2.1 All wires shall be copper, soft-drawn and annealed, shall be of 98% conductivity,

shall be smooth and true of a cylindrical form and shall be within 1% of the actual size

called for. 109

2.2.2 All wires and cables shall comply with the requirements of the Underwriter’s

Laboratories, the ASTM and IPCEA as they apply to the particular usage.

2.2.3 THHN/THWN wires can be used for the same size of provided that the allowable

current does not exceed that of THWN wires shall not be used for any outdoor

installation.

2.3 CONDUITS

2.3.1 Conduits shall be galvanized, Intermediate Metallic Conduit (IMC) with quality

grade interior coating.

2.3.2 Conduits shall be heavy wall, high chemical resistance, normal impact typed

and shall be smooth and free from chips, blisters, cracks and other defects. There

shall be no tendency for the conduit or fitting to peel, scale, flake, chalk or crumble.
2.4 BOXES

2.4.1 All indoor boxes shall be of code GA#16, galvanized sheet steel.

2.4.2 All outdoor boxes shall be cast cadmium or zinc coated with gasketed covers.

2.5.PANELS AND CABINETS. Weatherproof enclosures shall be gasketed and suitable for the

degree of protection required.

2.6 MOLDED CASE CIRCUIT BREAKER

2.6.1 Circuit breaker shall consist of a quick-make, quick break type entirely trip free operating

mechanism with contracts. ARC-interrupter and thermal magnetic trip unit for each pole, all

enclosed in a molded phenolic case. Circuit breaker shall be trip indicating, with the tripped

position of breaker handle midway between “On” and “Off” position. Three pole circuit

breaker shall be common trip type.

2.6.2 Minimum interrupting rating shall be as shown in the drawings.

3.0 EXECUTION

3.1 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS Electrical requirement shall conform to the requirement of

the Code and to the requirements specified herein. 3.1.1 Approval of Materials, Etc.

3.1.1 All Electrical materials shall be new and shall meet the requirements and shall

bear the inspection label whenever standards have been established. As soon as

practicable, and within ten (10) days after the official award of Contract, and before

any materials or equipment are ordered, the Electrical Contractor shall submit to the

Engineers for approval a complete list of materials, apparatus and equipment in

triplicate, giving the manufacturer’s name, address, descriptive data, trade name of

item, rated capacities, certified analysis, catalog numbers, etc. When called upon to do

so, the Electrical Contractor shall revise and resubmit the complete or portion of the

list, as required by the Owner, for every material the Electrical Contractor proposes to

use or install.

3.1.2 Ground Test The entire installation shall be free from improper ground and form

short circuits. These shall be made in the presence of representatives of the Owner.

Each device shall be tested with branches connected and closed. Each individual

circuit shall be tested with the power 110 equipment connected for proper and

intended operation. In no case shall be the insulation resistance be less than that

allowed by the Regulation for Electrical Equipment of Buildings. Failures shall be

corrected in a manner satisfactory to the Owner.

3.1.3 Performance Test It shall be the responsibility of the Electrical Contractor to test

the electrical installation for proper operational conditions. This condition shall apply

to the power and control installation. Where sequence operation is required, The

Electrical Contractor shall test for proper sequence and he shall leave the entire

electrical installation in satisfactory working condition.

3.1.4 Cutting and Fitting The Electrical Contractor shall do all the cutting and fittings

requires for the installation of the work and make the several parts joint and coordinate

with other works in accordance with sketches and in a manner satisfactory to the

Owner.
 3.1.5 Inserts, Anchors, Etc. Furnish to concerned parties all inserts and anchors, or

other required items which are to be built in by them for securing all hangers or other

supports of conduits and for anchorage for electrical apparatus and equipment.

Supervise the placing of these inserts, anchors, etc.

3.1.6 Breaking and Restoring of Concrete Structure The area to be broken must be

done in a careful and neat manner to ensure that the structural safety is maintained

after installation of the structure is a watertight as the existing. Use of water proofing

admixture in compliance to manufacturer’s recommendation as required.

3.2 PREPARATION. Before commencing any portion of the work, the Electrical Contractor

shall carefully study the Electrical drawings and specifications relative to the work, together

with the drawings of the supplier of specialty equipment that maybe applied. He shall

definitely determine in advance the method of installing and connecting the apparatus and

the means to be provided for getting the equipment into place from where it is stored and

shall take full responsibility for the complete and perfect coordination between this electrical

work and any other work on the premises.

3.3 EXCAVATION AND BACKFILLING. The Electrical Contractor for the Electrical

services shall do all the necessary excavation for the installation of all electrical work

included in this contract. After

the work has been installed, inspected and approved, all excavations shall be backfilled as

hereinafter specified, and the ground streets and floors and/or work surface restored to their

original conditions.
3.4 INSTALLATION

3.4.1 Wiring Method Wiring shall be insulated conductors installed in conduit, except

where specifically indicated or specified otherwise, or required by the code to be

installed otherwise. An insulated equipment grounding conductor shall be provided in

all branch circuits, including lighting circuits.

3.4.2 Conduit Installation

3.4.2a Make changes in the direction of runs with symmetrical bends or cast metal

fittings. Make field- made bends and offsets with hickey or conduit-bending

machine. Do not install crushed or deformed conduits. Avoid trapped conduits.

Prevent plaster, dirt, or trash from lodging in conduits, boxes, fittings, and

equipment during construction. Free clogged conduits of all obstructions.

3.4.2b Install pull wires in empty conduits in which wire is to be installed. The pull

wire shall be No.14 AWG zinc-coated steel or plastic having not less than 200

pound tensile strength. Leave not less than 300mm of slack at each end of the

pull wire.

3.4.2c Locate so as not to adversely affect the structural strength of the slabs. Install

conduits within the middle one-third of the concrete slab. Curved portions of

bends shall not be visible above the finish slab. Increase slab thickness as

necessary to provide a minimum 25mm cover over conduit. Where embedded

conduits cross expansion joints, provide suitable watertight expansion fittings

and bonding jumpers. Conduits larger than 25mm trade size shall be parallel
 with or at right angle to the main reinforcement, the conduit shall be close to

one of the support of the slab.

3.4.2d Fasten conduits to sheet metal boxes and cabinets with two lockouts where

required by Code. Where insulated bushings are used, and where bushings

cannot be brought into firm contact with the box; otherwise, use at least a

single lockout and brushing. Lockouts shall be the type with sharp edged for

digging into the wall metal studs. Install bushings on the end of conduits and

provide insulating type where required by Code.

3.4.2e Liquid-tight connections of short length (maximum of 1.828M) shall be

provided for lighting fixtures. A separate ground conductor shall be provided

across flexible connections.

3.4.2f No conduits shall be used in any system smaller than 15mm (1/2 inch) diameter

electric trade size, nor shall have more than four 90 degrees bends in any run

and where necessary, pull boxes shall be provided as required.

3.4.2g No wire shall be pulled into any conduit until the conduit system is completed

in all details; in the case of concealed work until all rough plastering or

masonry has been completed in every detail.

3.4.2h The ends of all conduits shall be tightly plugged to exclude plaster, dust and

moisture while the construction of building is in progress. All conduits shall be

reamed to remove all burrs.

3.4.3 Boxes, Outlets and Supports Provide boxes in the wiring or raceway system

wherever required for pulling of wires, making connections, and mounting of devices

of fixtures.

3.4.3a Boxes for metallic raceways shall be of the cast-metal hub type when located in

normally wet locations, when surface mounted on outside of exterior surfaces

and walkways, and when installed in hazardous areas. Boxes in other locations

shall be sheet steel. Each box shall have the volume required by Code for the

number of conductors enclosed on the box. Boxes for mounting lighting

fixtures shall not be less than 100mm square except that smaller boxes maybe

installed as required by fixture configurations as approved. Provide gaskets for

cast metal boxes installed in wet locations and boxes installed flush with

outside of exterior surfaces. Fasten boxes and supports with machine screws or

welded stubs on steel work.

3.4.3b Boxes for use with raceway system shall not be less than the minimum size

requires by Code of code-gauge aluminum or galvanized steel sheet, except

where cast metal boxes are required in locations specified above. Furnish boxes

with common pull box tag the feeders to indicate clearly the electrical

characteristics, circuit number, and panel designation.

3.4.3c The Electrical Contractor shall consult with the Owner as to the nature of the

fittings to be used before installing his boxes and fittings, and shall conform

strictly with the use of fittings, to the nature of the appliance to be mounted on

them, so that the work, when completed will be a finished design.

 3.4.4 Lighting

The lighting shall be complete in evevry respect all as indicated on the plans specified.

3.4.5 Splices Make splices in accessible locations. Make splices in conductors 5.5

square meter and smaller with an insulated pressure type connector. Make splices in

conductors 8 square meter larger with a solderless connector and cover with an

insulation material equivalent to the conductor insulation.

3.4.6 Grounding Systems Test Test the grounding system to assure continuity and the resistance

to the ground is not excessive. Test ground wire for resistance to ground. Make resistance

measurements in normally dry weather, not less than 48 hours after rainfall. Submit written

results of each test to the Owner and indicate the resistance and soil condition at the time the

measurements were made.

PART 1 GENERAL

SECTION INCLUDES

A. Electrical identification to identify all electrical items for easy operation and maintenance

including, but not limited to the following: 1. Nameplates and labels. 2. Wire markers. 3.
 Colour coding of raceways. 4. Circuit identification charts. 5. Cable identification tags. 6.

Cable warning tapes. 7. Cable markers. 8. Equipment warning/danger signs.

RELATED SECTIONS

A. Section 09900 Painting.

B. Section 16050 Electrical Wiring, General.

REFERENCES

IEC 364Electrical Installations

BS 7671 Electrical Wiring Regulation (IEE 16th)

IEC 391Marking of Insulated Conductors

IEC 445Equipment Terminals (Identification of Equipment Terminals and Terminations of

Certain Designated Conductors).

IEC 446Identification of Bare Conductors by Colors or Numerals.

SUBMITTALS

A. Submit for complete and detailed manufacturer's catalogues and data relating which shall

include, but not limited to, the following:

1. Name of the manufacturer.

2. Country of origin.

3. Method of obtaining spare parts for maintenance and list of spare parts sufficient for a 2 years

period.

4. Technical performance of the equipment selected.

5. Dimensional details needed for installation and maintenance.

6. Delivery time from the date of orders.

7. Copies of test reports or certificates.

8. Control schematics and wiring diagrams.

B. Provide samples of proposed devices together with the above submittal for approval of the

Engineer.

C. Manufacturer’s Instructions: Indicate application conditions and limitations of use stipulated

by product Testing Agency and include instructions for storage, handling, protection,

examination, preparation and installation of the product.

QUALITY ASSURANCE

A. Manufacturers: Firms regularly engaged in manufacture of items the types, sizes and ratings

required, whose products have been in satisfactory use in similar service for not less than 5

years. Preference shall be given to local manufacturers and agents/suppliers.

B. Installer: Firms regularly engaged and qualified with at least 5 years of successful installation

experience on projects with electrical installation work similar to that required for the project.
 C. All items of Electrical Identification shall be comply with the requirements of BS and Local

Standards Organization.

PART 2 PRODUCTS

NAMEPLATES AND LABELS

A. Nameplates and labels shall be engraved on a three-layer 2 traffolyte plate having minimum

thickness of 2 mm, securely screwed to the housing and have black letters on white

background in Arabic and English.

B. The name plates and labels shall be required for each electrical distribution board, control

panels, equipment enclosures, substation equipment, disconnect switches and equipment

cabinets.

C. Lettering shall be block capitals standing :

1. 6 mm high for identifying individual equipment and loads.

2. 10 mm high for identifying grouped equipment and loads.

D. Labels using embossed adhesive tape with 6mm white letters on black background or

transparent adhesive tape with 6 mm black letters, as selected by the Engineer, shall be used

for identification of individual wall switches, receptacles, low current outlets, speakers,

control device stations, junction/pull boxes, electrical boxes and fittings, etc.
WIRE MARKERS

A. Wire markers shall be split sleeve or tubing type.

B. The wire markers shall be required for each conductor at panelboard gutters, pull boxes,

outlets, junction boxes and each load connection.

C. All power and lighting circuits, branch or feeder circuits and control circuits shall require wire

markers.

COLOUR CODING OF RACEWAYS

A. Provide color bands with printed description of each system, minimum 75 mm wide for all

cable trays/ladders and trunking runs. These color bands shall be applied at each electrical

distribution/panel board, low current system control panels and junction box locations and at

15 m centers within an area.

B. Provide color bands with printed description of each system, minimum 25 mm wide for

conduits up to 25 mm in diameter and one-half the conduit diameter for larger conduits,

applied at panel and pull box locations, within each room, and at 6 m centers within an area.

C. Following color banding shall be used for the raceways of various electrical systems, however

subject to final decision of the Engineer. Color bands for the electrical systems not described

here shall be as agreed on site:

1. Lighting: gray.

2. Normal Power: brown.

3. Essential Power : black

4. Earthing : green.

5. Fire alarm : red.

6. Telephone : blue.

7. Sound : yellow.

8. Data : purple.

9. Television : rust.

CIRCUIT IDENTIFICATION CHARTS

A Individual circuit identification charts shall be provided for all panelboards, distribution boards,

control panels, etc. giving following information as a minimum.

1. Circuit numbers

2. Phase

3. Load names with location.

4. Connected load.

5. Outgoing terminal numbers.

6. Sizes and types of protective devices.

7. Sizes and types of incoming and outgoing cables.

8. Contacts location references of relays and other control devices (if any).
 B. Charts shall be typed on A4 size sheets. They shall be enclosed in a clear plastic envelope and

shall be securely fixed to the inside cover of the unit. Additional copies of the charts shall be

included in the Operation and Maintenance Manuals.

CABLE IDENTIFICATION TAGS

A. All cables which exit from manholes, vaults, handholes, and transformer or switch enclosures

shall be properly tagged or labeled. Tags shall be permanent, non-corrodible and clearly

readable. Tags should include the information listed below for the various circuit categories:

Primary Cables - 11 kV Feeder Name Voltage Phase (for single conductor cables)

B. Cable identification tags for wire and cable circuits shall be of an opaque nylon material

arranged to include a marker plate, non-releasing nylon ties, and cable fastening tail. One side

shall be roughened to hold black nylon permanent ink. Identification shall be permanent and

waterproof. The holding device shall be designed to allow the fastening tail to pass around the

cable through the holding device, and prevent removal of the tail without cutting it loose from

the marker. Cable identification shall be inscribed in Arabic and English.

CABLE WARNING TAPES

A. For buried LV and HV cables use warning tapes according to the standard practice of

Electricity Supply Authority and applicable international standards.

B. Cable warning tapes shall be of polythene, not less than 150 mm wide and at least 0.25 mm

thick. They shall be yellow in color for LV and MV cables and bear the continuously repeated
 legend – “CAUTION ELECTRIC CABLE BELOW” or similar in English and Arabic, in black

letters not less than 30 mm high.

C. For buried low current/communication cables or duct banks, use warning tapes as per the

standard practice of Local Telecom Supplier and applicable international standards.

CABLE MARKERS

A. Buried cables shall be permanently identified by concrete markers. The markers shall be 600

mm square x 100 mm thick with impressed character; they shall be made of grade 20 concrete,

with 10 mm aggregate. The impressed characters shall be in English and Arabic and worded

"HV CABLE" or "LV CABLE" as appropriate together with circuit details as required for

proper identification. In addition, the word “JOINT” shall be added to above words, where

applicable.

B. Except where cables are buried, located in switchrooms, in ducts and spaces designated solely

for electrical services, or have orange oversheaths; they shall be identified by adhesive bands

colored orange, complying with standards and codes of practice mentioned elsewhere in the

Specifications. The bands shall be not less than 100 mm long, located at least once within each

separate compartment through which cables pass and at intervals not exceeding 12 m.

C. Except where cables are buried or enclosed in conduit, trunking or ducting; they shall be

permanently identified by discs. The discs shall be of laminated plastic materials with black

character on white; character shall be not less than 3 mm high. The inscription shall indicate

the nominal voltage, the designation of the load, the number and cross sectional area of cores

and the rated voltage of the cable.

 D. Cables identification discs shall be attached to the cables with ties. Disc shall be located

within 500 mm of terminations and joints, at least once within each separate compartment

through which the cable passes, and at intervals not exceeding 24 m, they shall coincide with

the colour bands.

EQUIPMENT WARNING/DANGER SIGNS

A. For external use, pressure sensitive danger signs shall be used. Dimensions shall be as

approved by the Engineer. The signs shall be heavy duty vinyl with a self-adhesive backing

which can be applied to curved or irregular surfaces. Danger signs shall be weather-resistant

and shall not discolor or deteriorate with age.

B. Danger signs shall be inscribed with the equipment voltage level along with an internationally

recognized danger sign.

C. Warning/Danger signs made of red plastic (vinyl) with white letters at least 25 mm high

reading "DANGER High Voltage" shall be fixed to the entrance doors of all 11 kV switchgear

and transformer rooms.

D. Warning/Danger signs made of red plastic (vinyl) with white letters at least 15 mm high

reading "DANGER 380V"or “DANGER 220V” as appropriate, shall be fixed to the lids,

covers or doors of any equipment which contains terminals or conductors connected to more

than one phase of a low voltage supply.

E. All signs shall be in English and Arabic.

LANGUAGE

A. The Arabic and English languages shall be used for all labeling and charts.

PART 3 EXECUTION

PREPARATION

A. De-grease and clean surfaces to receive nameplates and labels.

INSTALLATION

A. Install warning and descriptive labels as follows :

1. Metallic surfaces using stainless steel or chromium plated bolts and/or self tapping screws.

2. Concrete surfaces or masonry walls using and brass wood screws.

3. Timber surfaces using minimum 6 mm countersunk brass screws.

4. All insulated enclosures using an approved plastic welding adhesive.

 B. The danger sign and identification number shall be affixed to the front or access doors of all

transformers and switches. For equipment with two doors the danger sign shall be mounted on

the left door with the identification number mounted on the right door. Both the danger sign

and the identification number shall be centered 300 mm below the top edge of the doors and on

the vertical centerline of each door.

C. On equipment with only one access door, the danger sign and the identification number shall

be centered on the vertical centerline of the door, with the horizontal centreline of the danger

sign 300 mm below the top edge of the door and the horizontal centreline of the identification

number 250 mm below the danger sign centerline.

D. Locate cable markers at every point where cable(s) enter a building, sub-station,

distribution/feeder pillar; at each joint, change of direction, road/pathway crossing, etc. Cable

markers shall also be provided along the straight runs (route) of the cable(s) at the interval not

exceeding 30 m.

RACEWAYS

PART 1 - GENERAL

GENERAL

A. Raceways shall include all bus ducts, cable ladders, trays and cable trunking with all associated

accessories, supports and fixings used for the distribution of electric power in the buildings.
B. Raceways shall be of galvanized steel unless specifically indicated otherwise as per

Specifications of local authorities : Non-Metallic Cable Trunking

C. In general, the raceways shall conform to the following specifications : local authorities: Steel

Cable Trunking local authorities: Cable Trays & Racks

RELATED WORKS SPECIFIED ELSEWHERE

A. Section 16200 Cables & Wires B. Section 16300 Supporting Devices

SIZE SELECTION

The size of the raceways shall be selected according to local authorities regulations taking into

consideration required "2D" spacing between cables ( Where D is the cable diameter of the

larger cable or the space factor as applicable in case of cable trunking.

PART 2 - PRODUCTS

CABLE TRAYS

A. Cable trays shall be heavy duty, return flange, of 2mm gauge perforated type formed from

sheet steel to B.S. 1449 - Part 1 and hot-dip galvanized after manufacture in accordance with

B.S. 729.
B. Cable trays shall have a minimum thickness of 1.6mm for trays upto 300mm and 2mm for

wider trays.

C. Cable trays shall be assembled complete with couplers, bends, tees, risers, reducers and all

other accessories as required and these accessories shall be of the same material, thickness and

finish as the trays. Manufacturer's standard accessories shall be used and site fabrication shall

only be allowed where special sections are required subject to the approval of the Engineer.

D. Mushroom head steel roofing bolts and nuts to B.S. 1494 - Part 1 shall be used to fix adjacent

sections of cable trays and/or accessories. Holes cut in trays for passage of cables shall be

provided with grommets and cable tray finished to G.D.C.D. standard 23rd March 1979. Cable

trays shall be cut only along a line of plain metal and not through perforations. All cut edges

of trays shall be prepared with burrs and sharp edges removed prior to installation and any

cutting and/or damage made good with rust proofing agent and zinc rich epoxy paint.

E. Cables shall be installed on trays in a single layer except where specified otherwise, leaving

25% of the tray width space for future use.

CABLE TRAY SUPPORTS AND RACKS

A. Cable trays shall be fixed by support channels and hanger rods or by cantilever brackets fixed

to walls or columns. Fixings shall be disposed at regular intervals not exceeding 1.0m. Joints

shall be positioned as close as practicable to the tray fixing or support. Mid-span joints shall

be avoided. All screw bolts and nuts used for fixing shall be zinc plated to B.S. 1706 - Class B
 coatings. All the supporting angles, brackets, anchors, etc. shall be of hot dip galvanized. A

minimum clear space of 25mm shall remain at the wall side.

B. Weld gun stud fixing will be allowed subject to the approval in writing of the Engineer.

Drilling of building structural steelwork shall not be allowed except in special circumstances

and then only with prior permission in writing by the Engineer.

CABLE LADDERS

A. Cable ladders shall be H-type made from 2mm mild steel with 3mm coupling plates. Side

channels shall be strengthened by reinforcing inserts or other means to increase torsional

rigidity. Rungs shall be slotted type. Cable ladders shall be hot-dip galvanized and shall be

complete with coupling pieces, bends, tees, reducers, risers, drop-outs, intersections and all

other accessories as required and these shall be of the same material, thickness and finish as the

ladders.

CABLE TRUNKING

A. Cable trunking shall comply with British Standard 4678 and consists of butting sections

generally not less than 2000mm long manufactured from sheet steel with stove enamel finish.

The lids shall be made from the same material and shall be removable over the whole length of

the trunking and secured at centers not greater than 500mm with cadmium plated cup-headed

brass screws. These screws shall locate into tapped holes in the trunking. The trunking shall

be provided with lips on its opening side to form a tray and clips shall be inserted at centers not
 greater than 500mm to retain the cables in position when the lid is on the side of the trunking.

The minimum thickness of metal employed in the construction of this trunking shall be 1.2mm

and of the following thickness for various sizes :- 1.2mm thick - upto and including 100mm x

100mm 1.6mm thick - upto and including 150mm x 150mm 2.0mm thick - upto and including

230mm x 230mm Adjoining sections of trunking shall butt tightly and shall be jointed by

means of an internal fishplate connector attached by not less than eight cadmium plated steel

cup-headed bolts and hexagon nuts, passing through clearance holes. Two pairs of bolts on

either side of the joint shall be connected by tinned copper braids with split soldering washers

under the nuts to provide electrical continuity across the joints. The trunking shall be

mechanically and electrically continuous throughout. Where trunking is used to carry various

services it shall be sub-divided into three separate compartments for power, telephones and

auxiliary services.

OUTDOOR CABLE TRAYS

A. Responsibility of supply and installation shall be as indicated on Drawings.

B. Assemble cable trays sunshaded cable trays for outdoor complete with couplers, bends, tees,

risers, reducers and all other accessories and of the same material, thickness and finish as the

trays. Use manufacturer's standard accessories. Site fabrication will be allowed only where

special sections are required and subject to the approval of the Engineer.

C. Use mushroom head steel roofing bolts and nuts to B.S. 1494 part 1 to fix adjacent sections

and cable trays and/or accessories. Holes cut in trays for passage of cables shall be provided

with grommets to B.S. 1767, otherwise they shall be bushed or lined. Cut cable trays only
 along a line of plain metal and not through perforations. Prepare all cut edges of trays an and

remove all burrs and sharp edges prior to installation and treat with zinc rich epoxy paint.

CABLE TRUNKING

A. Cable trunking shall comply with British Standard 4678 and consists of butting sections

generally not less than 2000mm long manufactured from sheet steel with stove enamel finish.

The lids shall be made from the same material and shall be removable over the whole length of

the trunking and secured at centers not greater than 500mm with cadmium plated cup-headed

brass screws. These screws shall locate into tapped holes in the trunking. The trunking shall

be provided with lips on its opening side to form a tray and clips shall be inserted at centers not

greater than 500mm to retain the cables in position when the lid is on the side of the trunking.

The minimum thickness of metal employed in the construction of this trunking shall be 1.2mm

and of the following thickness for various sizes :- 1.2mm thick - upto and including 100mm x

100mm 1.6mm thick - upto and including 150mm x 150mm 2.0mm thick - upto and including

230mm x 230mm Adjoining sections of trunking shall butt tightly and shall be jointed by

means of an internal fishplate connector attached by not less than eight cadmium plated steel

cup-headed bolts and hexagon nuts, passing through clearance holes. Two pairs of bolts on

either side of the joint shall be connected by tinned copper braids with split soldering washers

under the nuts to provide electrical continuity across the joints. The trunking shall be

mechanically and electrically continuous throughout. Where trunking is used to carry various

services it shall be sub-divided into three separate compartments for power, telephones and

auxiliary services.
OUTDOOR CABLE TRAYS

A. Responsibility of supply and installation shall be as indicated on Drawings.

B. Assemble cable trays sunshaded cable trays for outdoor complete with couplers, bends, tees,

risers, reducers and all other accessories and of the same material, thickness and finish as the

trays. Use manufacturer's standard accessories. Site fabrication will be allowed only where

special sections are required and subject to the approval of the Engineer.

C. Use mushroom head steel roofing bolts and nuts to B.S. 1494 part 1 to fix adjacent sections

and cable trays and/or accessories. Holes cut in trays for passage of cables shall be provided

with grommets to B.S. 1767, otherwise they shall be bushed or lined. Cut cable trays only

along a line of plain metal and not through perforations. Prepare all cut edges of trays an and

remove all burrs and sharp edges prior to installation and treat with zinc rich epoxy paint.

SEALING (FIRE BARRIRES)

Fire resisting caulking compound for sealing trays, trunking, conduits, cables, Ducts, pipes and

sleeves shall be of a putty like consistency workable with hands. All materials for caulking and

sealing shall be approved by Civil Defense wherever applicable.

RETAINERS

Cable retaining straps or cable ties shall be used as applicable to the raceways and shall generally

be spaced 100cms.
References

(n.d.). Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/PC/Downloads/Electrical%20Specification.pdf

(n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.mcanamibia.org/files/files/7cb_Electrical_Building_Project_Specifications.p

df

Guidelines for Preparation of Plans, Specifications, and Estimates. (2012, September 17).

Retrieved from Federal Highway Administration: https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/about/