Experiment of HT

3140503 – Heat Transfer
Laboratory Manual
Chemical Engineering Department

Vishwakarma Government Engineering College
Chandkheda
List of Experiments
Experiment List of Experiments Mapped COs
Nos.
-- Introduction to Heat Transfer, Briefing about list of experiments with --
objectives, Assessment policy for experiments
1 Thermal conductivity apparatus; 1
To determine the thermal conductivity of given specimen.
2 Thermal conductivity of metal rod: 1
To determine the thermal conductivity of given metal rod.
3 Thermal conductivity of insulating powder: 1
To determine the thermal conductivity of given insulating powder.
4 Heat Transfer in natural convection: 3
To determine the surface heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube
losing heat by natural convection.
5 Heat Transfer in forced convection: 3
To determine average surface heat transfer coefficient for pipe losing
heat by forced convection.
6 Extended surface equipment: 1
To study the temperature profile along with length in case of an
extended surface.
7 Parallel flow heat exchanger: 2&4
To determine overall heat transfer coefficient for parallel flow pattern
in double pipe heat exchanger and temperature distribution in parallel
flow heat exchanger.
8 Counter flow heat exchanger: 2&4
To determine overall heat transfer coefficient for counter flow pattern
in double pipe heat exchanger and temperature distribution in counter
flow heat exchanger.
9 Shell and Tube heat exchanger: 2&4
To determine overall heat transfer coefficient for the shell and tube
heat exchanger.
10 Emissivity measurement apparatus: 1
To determine emissivity of test plate.
11 Drop wise and film wise condensation apparatus: 3

To study the dropwise and filmwise condensation phenomena.
12 Virtual Lab Experiments: (1) Conduction analysis of double material 1
slab
Refer link:
http://iitg.vlab.co.in/index.php?sub=62&brch=176&sim=1152&cnt=1
(2) Conduction analysis of double material sphere
Refer link:
http://iitg.vlab.co.in/index.php?sub=62&brch=176&sim=1153&cnt=1
VGEC
Experiment No: Date:
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine the Thermal
Conductivity of given specimen.
Apparatus: Two slab guarded hot plate thermal conductivity apparatus, Specimen, Insulation
(Glass wool) Packets.
Utility: Water, Electric Supply.
Theory:
Principle of the guarded hot plate method:
A sketch of the apparatus is shown in Fig. (1). The essential parts the Hot plate, the cold plate,
the heater assembly, thermocouples and the specimen, in position, are shown in the same figure.
For measurement of the thermal conductivity K what is required is to have one dimensional heat
flow through the flat specimen, an arrangement for maintaining its faces at the constant
temperature and metering method to measure the heat flow through a known area.
To eliminate the distortion caused by the edge losses in unidirectional heat flow from the central
plate, it is surrounded by a guard ring heater separately. Temperatures are measured by calibrated
thermocouples, attached to the plates or to the specimen at the hot and the cold faces. Two
specimens are used to ensure that all the heat comes out to the specimen only.
Knowing the heat input to the central plate heater, the temperature difference across the
specimen, its thickness and the area, one can calculate the K by the following formula.
q*L
K=
2 A * (Th − Tc )
Where,
K Thermal Conductivity of the sample, W /m °C
q Heat flow rate in the specimen, W
A Area of the specimen, m2
Th Hot plate temperature, °C
Tc Cold plate temperature, °C
L Thickness of the specimen, m
If the specimen thickness are different and the respective hot and cold temperatures are
different than,
q  L1 L2 
K=  + 
2 A  Th1 - Tc1 Th2 - Tc2 
Where suffix 1 stands for upper specimen and 2 stands for lower specimen.
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Apparatus description:
The heater plate is surrounded by a guard heater for stabilising the temperature of the primary
heater and to prevent heat loss radially around the edges. The primary and guard heaters are made
of Nichrome wire packed between upper and lower mica sheets. These heaters together with
upper and lower copper plates and rings from the heater plate assembly.
Two thermocouples (1 & 2) are used to measure the hot face temperature at the upper and lower
central plate assembly copper plates. Two more thermocouples (3 & 4) are used to check balance
in both the heater inputs (see figure 1).
Specimens are held between the heater and cooling unit on each side of the apparatus.
Thermocouples (5 & 6) measure the temperature of the upper cooling plate and lower cooling
plate respectively.
The cooling chamber is a composite assembly of spiral grooved Aluminium casting and
aluminium cover with entry and exit adopters for water inlet and outlet.
Procedure:
1. The specimens are placed on either side of the heating plate assembly uniformly touching the
cooling plates.
2. The outer container is filled with loosely filled insulation such as glass wool supplied in
small packets. The cooling circuit is started.
3. Then calculated heat input is given to the central and guard heaters through separate single
phase power supply lines with dimmerstat in each line and it is adjusted to maintain the
desired temperature (For ensuring no radial heat transfer, generally outer heater input is 2.5 to
3.0 times more than the central heating input).
4. The guard heater input is adjusted in such a way that there is no radial heat flow, which is
checked from thermocouples readings are recorded accordingly.
5. The input of the central heater (current & voltage, watts) and the thermocouple readings are
recorded every 10 minutes till a reasonably steady state condition is reached.
6. The readings are recorded in the observation table. The final steady state values are taken for
calculations.
Precautions:
• Keep the dimmerstat to 0 voltage position at start.

• Increase the voltage gradually of the two heaters during initial set-up experimentation.
• Start the cooling circuit before switching on the heaters and adjust the flow rates so that
practically there is no temperature rise in the circulation fluid.
• Keep the heater plate undisturbed and adjust the cooling plates after keeping the samples with
the help of nuts gently.
• Keep the loose filled in insulation (glass wool) packets gently and remove them slowly so that
they do not disturb the thermocouples’ terminals and heater wires.
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Observation table:
Sr. Central Heater Guard Heater Cooling Plate

No.
T1(0C) T2(0C) T3(0C) T4(0C) T5(0C) T6(0C)
The difference between the temperatures of central heater and guard heaters should not be more
than 1 0C.
V (volts)
I (amp)
q(watt)
L (m) 0.019 0.019 0.019
D (m) 0.18 0.18 0.18
A (m2)
K (Watt / m oC)
Calculation:
1. Area of Heat transfer A = (Π / 4) * D2
2. Thermal Conductivity of specimen
q*L
K=
2 A(Th, av - Tc, av)
Where,
Th, av = (T1 + T2 ) / 2
Tc, av = (T5 + T6 ) / 2
L = Thickness of slab
Results:
Conclusion:
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Quiz:
1. Write the Fourier rate equation for heat transfer by conduction. Give physical significance of
each term.
2. Why there is a negative sign in the Fourier’s law of heat conduction?
3. What is meant by one-dimensional steady state heat conduction?
4. List some good conductors of heat; some poor conductors.
5. What is the function of guard heater in Two Slab Guarded Hot Plate Method?
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine the thermal
conductivity of given metal rod.
Apparatus: Thermal conductivity apparatus, metal rod.
Theory:
The thermal energy is conducted in solids by the following modes:

(i) Lattice vibration
(ii) Transport by free electrons
In good electrical conductors a large number of free electrons move about in the lattice structure
of the material. They carry thermal energy from a high temperature region to a low temperature
region. Energy may also be transmitted as vibrational energy in the lattice structure of the
material. In general, this latter mode of transfer is not as large as the electron transport. With
increase in the temperature, however the increased lattice vibration come in the way of the
transport by free electrons and for most of the pure metals the thermal conductivity decreases
with increase in temperature.
Apparatus Description:
The experimental set up consists of metal bar, one end of which is heated by an electric heater
while the other end of the bar projects inside the cooling water jacket. The middle portion of the
bar is surrounded by cylindrical shell filled with asbestos magnesia insulating powder. The
temperature of the bar is measured at different sections (figure1) from 3 to 10 while the radial
temperature distribution is measured by separate thermocouples (1,2) and (11,12) at two different
sections (40 mm and 80 mm from the center of the rod) in the insulating shell.
The heater is provided with a dimmerstat for controlling the heat input. Water under constant
heat condition is circulated through the jacket and its flow rate and temperature rise is noted.
Procedure:
1. Start the electric supply.

2. Start the cooling water supply through the jacket and adjust it about 15-250 cc/ minute.
3. Adjust the room temperature in the temperature indicator by means of rotating knob, for
compensation of the temperature equal to the room temperature (normally this is readjusted).
4. Give input to the heater by slowly rotating the dimmerstat and adjust it to voltage equal to 80
to 120 volts or to the desired watt.
5. Go on checking the temperatures at some specified time intervals say 5 minutes and continue
this till a satisfactory steady state condition (i.e No change in temperature with respect to
time) is reached.
6. Note the mass flow rate of water in kg/ min. and temperature rise in it and also note the
temperature readings from T1 to T12 using temperature indicators.
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Precautions:
1. keep the voltage regular to 0 watt position before switching on the main switch.
2. Increase the wattage gradually of the heater during initial set - up experimentation.
Observations:
1. Length of the metal bar (total) 550 mm

2. Size of the metal bar (diameter) 25 mm
3. Test length of the bar 400 mm
4. No. of thermocouples mounted on the bar 8
5. No. of thermocouple in the insulation shell 4
6. Distance between two successive thermocouples 50 mm
7. Heater coil (band Type) Nichrome heater
8. Cooling Jacket Diameter 90 mm
9. Radial distance of thermocouple in insulating shell ro = 80 mm=r2
ri = 40 mm =r1
10. Mass flow rate of water ‘m’ = ___________litre/ minute
___________kg/ minute
11 Digital temperature Indicator = (0- 200 °C with 0.1°C Acc.) with selector switch
(12 Channels)
11. Positions 3 to 10 - Thermocouple positions on metal bar.
12. Positions 1,2 & 11,12 - Thermocouple positions in the Insulating shell
13. Dimmerstat for heater coil = 0 - 240 V, 5A
Wattmeter = 1000 W and Stop clock
14. Inlet temperature of water Ti = ___________0C
15. Outlet temperature of water To= ___________0C
Observation Table:
Sr. No: V (volt ) I (amp ) W (watt )
T/C 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
No.
Temp
(0C)
Plot the graph of the temperature distribution (at steady state) along the length of the metal rod
using observed values 1 o 7 (as show in fig 2), for determining the slope at BB and CC sections,
and also at AA section.
Slope is dt / dx at various desired points on the plot of T vs. Distance. Nature of the graph will be
probably as shown in figure 3.
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Ti − To
Q=
ln(r2 / r1 )
2πkL
Heat transmitted in Radial direction by the cylinder can be calculated by following formula:
Calculations:
1. Heat transferred to cooling water = Heat passed from AA section
qw=qAA = m * Cp * (To - Ti) = -KAA * (dT / dx)AA * A
KAA = _____________ w/ m K
2. Heat passed through = Heat passed in linear + Heat passed in redial

BB section direction from AA section direction
2πkL(T10 − T11 )
q BB = qW + = −k BB * (dT / dx) BB * A
ln ro / ri
KBB = _____________w/ m K
3. Heat passed through = Heat passed in linear + Heat passed in redial

CC section direction from BB section direction
2πkL(T8 − T9 )
qCC = q BB + = −k CC * (dT / dx) CC * A
ln ro / ri
KCC = _____________w/ m K
Results:
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. Define thermal conductivity. What is the approximate range of thermal conductivity of solids,
liquids and gases?
2. State the effect of impurities on the thermal conductivity of a metal.
3. Point out and explain various factors which affect the thermal conductivity of material.
4. Explain the mechanism of thermal conduction in gases, liquids and solids. Discuss the effect
of temperature on thermal conductivity.
Marks: Signature:
VGEC

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF INSULATING POWDER
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine the thermal
conductivity of given insulating powder.
Apparatus: Conductivity Instrument consisting of two concentric spheres, Insulating Powder
Utility: 230 V Single Phase Electric Supply
The apparatus consists of two thin walled concentric copper spheres (100 mm diameter inner
sphere and 200 mm diameter for outer sphere). The inner sphere houses the heating coil. The
insulating powder (Asbestos powder-lagging material) is packed between the two shells. The
power supplied to the heating coil is varied by using a dimmerstat and is measured by a
wattmeter or voltmeter and ammeter. Iron-Constantan thermocouple is used to measure the
temperature. Thermocouple couple 1 to 4 are embedded on inner sphere and 5 to 10 are
embedded on the outer shell (Figure 1). Position 1 to 10 is as shown on change over switch of
temperature indicator. Under steady state condition the temperature 1 to 10 are noted and also
particular power input reading is recorded. These readings in turn enable to find out the thermal
conductivity of insulating powder packed between two shells. We assume the insulating powder
as an isotropic material and the value of the thermal conductivity to be constant. The apparatus
assume one-dimensional radial heat conduction across the powder layer and thermal conductivity
can be determined as above under steady state condition.
Observations:
1. Radius of the inner copper sphere (ri) = 100 mm

2. Radius of the outer copper sphere (ro) = 200 mm
3. Heater capacity = 350 watt (Approxly)
4. Thermocouples 1 to 4 embedded on inner sphere to measure Ti
5. Thermocouples 5 to 10 embedded on outer sphere to measure To
6. Insulating powder Asbestos Magnesia packed between the two spheres
7. Weight of powder filled into the assemble = 5.5 Kg
Procedure:
1. Insert male socket of control panel and connect thermocouple band on temperature indicator
and test set-up in proper position and start the main switch of control panel.
2. Increase slowly the input to heater by the dimmerstat starting from 0 volts position.
3. Adjust input equal to 40 watts maximum by voltmeter and ammeter or watt meter.
4. See that this input remains constant throughout the experiment.
5. Wait till a satisfactory steady state condition is reached. This can be checked by reading
temperatures of thermocouples 1 to 10 & note changes in their readings with time.
6. Note down the readings in the observation table as given below.
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Precautions:
1. Keep the voltage regular to zero watt position before switching on the main switch.
2. Increase the wattage gradually of the heater during initial set-up experimentation.
3. Never use the heater at full wattage for longer period of time.
Observation Table:
Voltmeter Reading: V
Ammeter Reading: amp.
Heater Input: W
Inner Sphere:
Thermocouple T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean Temp.(Ti)

No. (T1 + T2 + T3 + T4)) /
4
Temp (°C)
Outer Sphere:
Thermo- T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Mean Temp. (To)

couple No. (T5 + T6 + T7 + T8 + T9 + T10)
6
Temp (°C)
Calculations:
Heat transfer through hollow sphere can calculate by following formula

(Ti - To )
Q=
(ro − ri )
4 * π * K * ri r0
Q * (ro − ri )
⇒K= W / moc
4 * π * ro * ri (Ti - To )
Results:
Conclusion:
2140503 – Process Heat Transfer
VGEC
Quiz:
1. Which aspect makes the thermal conductivity of insulating materials lower than that of
metals?
2. State the assumptions made with reference to insulating material.
3. Write commonly used insulations for heating and cooling applications.
4. Explain why quilt is better insulator than a woollen blanket of the same thickness.
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine the surface
heat transfer coefficient for a vertical tube losing heat by natural convection.
Apparatus: Vertical brass tube with housing.
Utility: Electric Supply.
Theory:
When a hot body is kept in a still atmosphere, heat is transferred to the surrounding fluid by
natural convection.
The fluid layer in contact with the hot body gets heated, rises up due to the decrease in its density
and the cold fluid rushes in to take place. The process continues and the heat transfer takes place
due to the relative motion of hot and cold fluid particles.
The heat transfer coefficient is given by:
h = q / [ AS * ( Ts - Ta ) ]
Where,
h = Average surface heat transfer coefficient (kcal / hr.m2.0C),
AS = Area of heat transfer surface , m2
Ts = Average surface temperature , 0C
Ta = Ambient temperature of the duct . 0C
The surface heat transfer coefficient of a system transferring heat by natural convection depends
on the shape, dimensions and orientation of the fluid and the temperature difference between heat
transferring surface and the fluid. The dependence of h on all the above mentioned parameters is
generally expressed in terms of non-dimensional groups as follows:
n
hL  gL3 β * n∆T C p µ 
= A * 
k  v2 k 
Where, hL / k = Nusselt number,

g L3 β ∆T / ν2 = Grasshof number,
Cp µ / k = Prandtl number .
A and n are constants depending on the shape and orientation of the heat
transferring surface.
L = Characteristic dimension of the surface, m.
k = Thermal conductivity of the fluid , w/(m 0C)
µ = Dynamic viscosity of fluid, kg/m s .
ν = Kinematics Viscosity, m2/s
CP = Specific heat of fluid, J/kg 0C
β = Coefficient of volumetric expansion of fluid, K-1(0C-1)
g = Acceleration due to gravity , m/s2
∆T = Ts - Ta, 0C
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For gases , β = _____1_____ where Tf = Ts + Ta_

Tf + 273 2
For a vertical cylinder losing heat by natural convection, the constants A and n have
been determined and the following empirical correlation obtained ,
McAdams equation:
h L = 0.59 ( Gr * Pr ) 0.25 for 104 < Gr * Pr < 109
k
h L = 0.13 ( Gr * Pr )1/3 for 109 < Gr * Pr < 1012

k
where L = Length of the cylinder.
All the properties of fluid are determined at the mean film temperature Tf .
The apparatus consist of a brass tube fitted in a rectangular duct in a vertical fashion. The duct is
open at the top and bottom and forms an enclosure and serves the purpose of undisturbed
surroundings. One side of the duct is made up of perplex for visualisation. An electric heating
element is kept in the vertical tube which in turn heats the tube surface. The heat is lost from the
tube to the surroundings to the air by natural convection. The temperature of vertical tube is
measured by 7 thermocouple. The heat input to the tube is measured by an ammeter and
voltmeter and is varied by dimmerstat.
The vertical cylinder with the thermocouples, position are shown in Figure 1; while the possible
flow patterns and also expected variation of local heat transfer coefficient shown in figure 2. The
tube surface is polished to minimise the radiation losses.
1. Diameter of the tube (D) 38 mm
2. Length of tube (L) 500 mm
3. Duct size 20 cm * 20 cm * 0.75 m length
4. No. of thermocouples 7 and are shown as 1 to 7
Thermocouple 8 reads the ambient temperature and is kept in the duct.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the supply and adjust the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input.
2. Wait till the steady state is reached which is confirmed from temperature readings T1 to T7.
3. Measure surface temperatures at the various points at T1 to T7.
4. Note the ambient temperature T8.
5. Repeat the experiment at different heat inputs.
Precautions:
1. Adjust the temperature indicator to ambient level by using compensation screw before
starting the experiment.
2. Keep dimmerstat to zero volt position and increase it slowly.
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3. Use the proper range of ammeter and voltmeter.

4. Operate the change over switch of temperature indicator gently from one position to other,
i.e. from 1 to 8 positions.
5. Never exceed 80 watts.
Observation Table:
Input to heater
Sr. No: V ( volt ) I ( amp ) W ( watt )
Sr. T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 = Ta
No. ( 0C ) ( 0C ) ( 0C ) ( 0C ) ( 0C ) ( 0C ) ( 0C ) ( 0C )
Calculations:
Experimental Calculations:
The average surface heat transfer coefficient, neglecting end losses using the equation,
h = q / (As [Ts - Ta])
q = V I cosϕ
=______ Watt
As = Π D L
= m2
Ts = ( T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 + T6 + T7 ) / 7
= _________ 0C
Theoretical Calculations :
Compare the experimentally obtained value with the prediction of the correlation equation,
McAdams Equation:
Laminar Flow over vertical plates and cylinder:
h* L / K = 0.59 (Gr * Pr) 0.25 for 104 < Gr * Pr < 108
Turbulent Flow over vertical plates and cylinder:

h * L / K = 0.13 (Gr * Pr) 0.33 for 109 < Gr * Pr < 1012
Calculate and plot the variation of local heat transfer coefficient h along the length of the
tube L.
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Results:
Sr. No h ( Experimental ) h ( Theoretical )
( W/m2.0C ) ( W/m2.0C )
1
2
3
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. Differentiate between mechanisms of heat transfer by free and forced convection. Mention
some of the areas where these mechanisms are predominant.
2. Give a general equation for the rate of heat transfer by convection, and hence define the
coefficient of heat transfer. List the various factors on which the value of these coefficient
depends.
3. What is film temperature? How does it differ from bulk temperature?
4. Write the correlation that has been suggested for natural convection over a vertical plate or
cylinder in turbulent flow region.
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine average
surface heat transfer coefficient for pipe losing heat by forced convection.
Apparatus: Forced convection apparatus equipped with blower, manometer.
Utility: Electric Supply.
The apparatus consists of a blower unit fitted with the test pipe. The test section is surrounded by
Nichrome bend heater. 4 Thermocouples are embedded on the test section and 2 thermocouples
are placed in the air stream at the entrance and the exit of the test section to measure air
temperatures. Test pipe is connected to the delivery side of the blower along with the orifice to
measure the flow of air through the pipe. Input to the heater is given through dimmerstat and is
measured by meter. It is also noted that only a part of the total heat supplied is utilised in heating
the air. A temperature indicator with cold junction compensation is provided to measure the
temperature in pipe wall in test section. Air flow is measured with the help of an orifice meter
and the water manometer fitted on the board. Schematic diagram of the setup is shown in the
figure 1 and details of the test pipe are given in figure 2.
Procedure:
1. Start and adjust the flow by means of a valve to some desired difference in the manometer
levels.
2. Start the heating of the test section with the help of dimmerstat and adjust the desired heat
input.
3. Take the readings of all thermocouples at an interval of 10 minutes until the steady state is
reached.
4. Wait for steady state and take readings of all six thermocouples at steady state.
5. Note down the heater input with the help of ammeter and voltmeter.
Precautions:
1. Adjust the temperature indicator to ambient level by using compensation screw before
starting the experiment.
2. Keep dimmerstat to zero volt position and increase it slowly.
3. Use the proper range of ammeter and voltmeter.
4. Do not stop the blower between the testing period.
5. Do not disturb the thermocouples while testing.
6. Operate the changeover switch of temperature indicator gently from one position to other, i.e.
from 1 to 6 positions.
7. Never exceed 200 watts.
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Data:
1. Outer Diameter of the tube (D) 34 mm

2. Inner Diameter of the tube (D) 28 mm
3. Length of the test section (L) 500 mm
4. Blower motor 1 H.P.
5. Orifice Diameter 14 mm connected to water manometer
6. Coefficient of discharge 0.64
Observations:
Sr. T1A T6A T6A - Ta AV T2S T3S T4S T5S TS,,AV

No. T1A = (T1A + T6A)/2 =(T2S+ T3S+
T4S+ T5S) /4
= ∆T
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Calculations:
Pressure differences, velocities, and mass flow rate of air,

Va = Velocity of air =
V = Cd 2 * g * ∆h m / sec
Where,
Cd Coefficient of discharge = 0.64
g 9.81 m / sec2
∆h Differential pressure expressed in meters of air = (H) * (ρw,T / ρair,T)
H Manometer reading, m
ρw,T Density of water at temperature at temperature T, kg/m3
ρair,T Density of ait at temperature at temperature T, kg/m3
QA Volume of air flow, m3/ sec
Sr. H ρw,T ρair,T ∆h Va QA = A* Va m = QA *

No. (m3/ sec) ρair,T
(kg / sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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Rate of air heating and heat transfer Coefficient hT at temperature T,
Air heating rate = qA = m * Cp * ∆T , kcal / sec
Where Cp = Sp. heat of air at temperature (T1A + T6A ) / 2
Heat transfer coefficient of wall = h = qA / (Awall [Ts,AV - Ta, AV])
Sr. m Cp ∆T qA H (practical)
No. (kg / sec) (kcal / kg C) (C) kcal / sec (w/m2 0C)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Theoretical Calculation:
Reynolds Number (Re)
Re = Va * Di / νair, TAV , (νair, TAV Kinematic Viscosity of air at TAV)
Nusselt Number Nu = (ha, T * Di) / KTAV

Where ha, T =Average heat transfer coefficient of film over the length of the pipe
KTAV = Thermal conductivity of air at TAV = ( T1A + T6A) / 2
Sr. Di νair, Re ha, T KTAV Nu (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4 Nu,tur

No. TAV
1.
2.
3.
McAdams Equation:
Turbulent flow inside tube:
Nu, TUR = 0.023 * (Re)0.8 * (Pr) 0.4
Results:
Conclusion:
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Quiz:
1. Why the heat transfer coefficient for natural convection is much less than that for forced
convection?
2. Why are heat transfer rates higher in turbulent flow inside a tube? Why?
3. Write the correlation that has been suggested for forced convection over a vertical plate or
cylinder in laminar or turbulent flow region.
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
EXTENDED SURFACE EQUIPMENT
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to study the temperature
profile along with length in case of an extended surface.
Apparatus: Hot Plate with attached rod, dimmerstat, thermocouples.
Utility: Electric supply.
Theory:
When one of the two fluid streams has a much lower heat transfer coefficient than the other,
extended surface heat exchangers are used. In this exchangers , the outside area of the tube is
extended by fins, pegs, disks and other appendages and the outside area in contact with the fluid
thereby made much larger than the inside area .
Ui = ______1_______
1 + _ Ai_
hi Ao ho
This equation shows that if ho is small and hi is large , the value of Ui will be small , but
if A0 is made much larger than Ai , then Ui increases .
The temperature profile of extended surface is given by the following equation:
T - Ta = ( T0 - Ta) cos h [ m ( L : x ) ]-
cos h [ m L ]
_________
m = √(h P / KA)
Where,
T0 = Temperature of the base plate.= Ts
Ta = Temperature of the ambient air = T∞
T = Temperature at distance x from base plate ( theoretical )
h = film coefficient of air
K = thermal conductivity of extended surface
L = Height of the extended surface
P = Perimeter of the extended surface
A = Area of cross section of the extended surface
The apparatus consists of a hot plate with a M.S rod attached to the centre of the plate. A
groove is made at the centre of the plate and the M.S rod is joined to it. The temperature of the
hot plate can be varied by the dimmerstat. The temperature at various points of the rod is
measured by thermocouples. One thermocouple measures the ambient temperature of air.
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Apparatus Specifications:
Diameter of the rod , D = 25 mm.

Total length of the rod, L = 60 cm.
Distance between the thermocouple = 10 cm.
Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply and adjust the dimmerstat to obtain the required heat input.
2. Keep the hot plate temperature at 250 0C maximum.
3. Wait until the steady state is reached, which is confirmed from the consistent temperature
readings T1 to T8 .
4. Measure the surface temperature at various points of the extended surfaces, base of the hot
plate and ambient temperature of air by rotating the selector switch.
5. Repeat the experiment at different heat inputs.
Precautions:
1. Keep dimmerstat to zero volt position before switching on the supply and then increase it
slowly.
2. Use proper range of ammeter and voltmeter.
3. Operate the selector switch of the temperature gently from 1 to 8.
4. Take the readings only when steady state is reached.
Data:
Thermal conductivity of M.S rod , K = 40 W / m.0K

Heat transfer coefficient of air , h = 0.4 W/m2. 0K
Observations:
Distance from base x 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 Ambien

(cm) air
Temperature of rod T7 = T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T8 =
( 0C) T0 Ta
( base
plate )
Obs.1 ( 150V)
Obs.2 ( 200V )
Obs.3 (250V )
VGEC
Calculations:
Perimeter of the rod , P = 3.14 * D

= m.
Area of cross-section of rod , A = (3.14 * D2 ) / 4

= m 2.
_________
m = √(h P / KA)
= m-1
T - Ta = ( T0 - Ta) cos h [ m ( L - x ) ]
cos h [ m L ]
Where
T0 = Temperature of the base plate.
Ta = Temperature of the ambient air
T = Temperature at distance x from base plate ( theoretical )
Distance Temperature Temperature % Error

from base ( experimental ) 0C ( Theoretical ) 0C (TExp – TTheo)/(TExp)
plate
x cm
Obs.1 Obs.2 Obs.3 Obs.1 Obs.2 Obs.3 Obs.1 Obs.2 Obs.3
10
20
30
40
50
60
Graphs:
(1) Temperature vs Distance (experimental)

(2) Temperature vs Distance (theoretical)
Results:
Conclusion:
VGEC
Quiz:
1. Give a few practical and specific examples of use of fin in heat transfer.
2. How does a fins enhance heat transfer at a surface?
3. Mention the most common types of fins and sketch them.
4. Enumerate the various assumptions made in the formation of energy equation for one-
dimensional heat dissipation from an extended surface.
5. Fins are generally made of aluminium? Why?
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
PARALLEL FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine overall heat
transfer coefficient for parallel flow pattern in double pipe heat exchanger and temperature
distribution in parallel flow heat exchanger.
Apparatus: Double pipe heat exchanger assembly, Geyser, Thermometers.
The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type (concentric) heat exchanger with effective heat
transfer length of 1.5 m. The hot fluid (hot water) obtained from an electric geyser flows through
inner tube while the cold fluid (cold water) flowing through the annulus between mild steel outer
tube and copper inner tube.
The direction of hot water flow can not be altered while the direction of cold water can be altered
Parallel/co-current flow using valves provided, so as to make the heat exchanger to function as
parallel or counter flow heat exchanger s shown in Figure 1.If valve no.1 and 3 are open while
valve no. 2 and 4 are closed the unit operates as counter current flow double pipe heat exchanger
and if valve no. 2 and 4 are open while valve no. 1 and 3 are closed teh unit operates as co-
current/parallel double pipe heat exchanger.
The experiment is conducted by keeping the identical flow rates while running the unit as a
parallel flow and/or counter flow exchanger.
The temperatures are measured by mercury in glass thermometers and flow rates by graduated
measuring flasks and stop clock. The readings are recorded when the steady state is reached. The
outer tube is provided with adequate thermocol insulation to minimise the heat losses.
Procedure:
1. Place thermometers in the positions and note down their readings when they are at room
temperature and no water is flowing at either side this is required to correct the temperature.
2. Start the flow on hot water side using rotameter.
3. After ascertaining constant flow of water from exit end, switch on the geyser.
4. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side, between the rate of 1.5-4.0 litre/ min.
5. Start and adjust the flow on cold water side between range of 3.0-8.0 litres/ min. By operating
the valves 1,2,3 and 4 as instructed to make the unit operates as either concurrent or counter
current heat exchanger.
6. Keeping the flowrate same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.
7. Record the flowrates and temperatures on hot water and cold water side (at all four places)
accurately.
8. Repeat the above experiment with a counter flow under different flowartes and temperature
conditions.
VGEC
Observations:
Inner Tube :
Material of construction : SS 304
1. Inner Tube Material: SS 304 I.D. (di) :16 mm O.D. (do ) : 18 mm
2. Outer Tube Material: SS 304 I.D. (Di) : 38 mm O.D. (Do ) : 42 mm
3. Effective Length of the heat exchanger (L) : 3000 mm (3 m)
4. Thermal conductivity of copper (k) 30 kcal/h m 0C
5. Thermometers: 0- 50 0C 2 Nos. (for cold water side)
0-100 0C 2 Nos. (for hot water side)

Observation Table:
PARALLEL FLOW RUN:
Hot Water Side Cold Water Side

Sr. No: Flow Rate Thi Tho Flow Rate Tci Tco
mh (kg/ h) ( 0C) ( 0C) mc (kg/ h) ( 0C ) ( 0C)
1
2
3
Calculations:
Heat Transfer Rate, is calculated as,
qh = Heat transfer rate from hot water = mh× Cph× (Thi - Tho)
qc = Heat transfer rate to the cold water = mc× Cpc× (Tco - Tci)
q = (qh + qc)/2 W
(Assume Cph = Cpc= 1 kcal/kg °C)
LMTD - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. The temperature distribution in the two
runs is plotted. LMTD can be calculated as
∆Ti − ∆To
LMTD = ∆Tm =
ln (∆Ti / ∆To )
Overall Heat transfer coefficient can be calculated using,
q= U*A*∆Tm
VGEC
U = q/ (A * ∆Tm)
Calculated Ur i based on Ai = Π * di * L
Uro based on Ao = Π * do * L
Compare the values of ∆Tm and q in the parallel and counter flow runs.
Note that if experiment is conducted very carefully then the superiority of counter flow
arrangement in terms of higher value of ∆Tm and excess value of q for same flow rates conditions
can be revealed. The value of overall heat transfer coefficient U is more or less same for both the
runs.
The overall heat transfer coefficient value can be predicted by using the force convention heat
transfer correlations for flow through the tube and annulus and can be compared with the
experimentally determined values.
1 / UO = 1 / ho + ( ro × ln (ro / rI )/ k ) + ( (ro / ri) × (1 / hi) )

Where,
hi heat transfer coefficient for inner tube
ho heat transfer coefficient for outer tube
k thermal conductivity of material (for copper pipe) 30 kcal / hr m C
hi is calculated by using the correlation NuDi = 0.023 (ReDi)0.8 (Pr)0.3

Evaluate properties of water at average bulk mean temperature (Thi + Tho) / 2
ho is calculated by using the correlation Nu (Di - do) = 0.023 (Re (Di - do))0.8 (Pr)0.4
Evaluate Di - do properties at average bulk mean temperatures (Tci + Tco) / 2 for cold water.
Results:
Sr. No. Parallel Flow run

Pract. U (W/m C) 20
Theo. U (W/m2 0C)
1
2
3
4
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. Discuss the importance of heat exchangers for industrial use.
2. What do you mean by overall heat transfer coefficient? What is the significance of overall
heat transfer coefficient?
VGEC
3. State the condition when the logarithmic temperature difference approximately equals the
arithmetic mean temperature difference.
4. What are the requirement of good heat exchangers?
Marks: Signature:
.
2140503 - Heat Transfer Operations
VGEC
COUNTER FLOW HEAT EXCHANGER
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine overall heat
transfer coefficient for counter flow pattern in double pipe heat exchanger and temperature
distribution in counter flow heat exchanger.
Apparatus: Double pipe heat exchanger assembly, Geyser, Thermometers.
The apparatus consists of a tube in tube type (concentric) heat exchanger with effective heat
transfer length of 1.5 m. The hot fluid (hot water) obtained from an electric geyser flows through
inner tube while the cold fluid (cold water) flowing through the annulus between mild steel outer
tube and copper inner tube.
The direction of hot water flow can not be altered while the direction of cold water can be altered
Parallel/co-current flow using valves provided, so as to make the heat exchanger to function as
parallel or counter flow heat exchanger s shown in Figure 1.If valve no.1 and 3 are open while
valve no. 2 and 4 are closed the unit operates as counter current flow double pipe heat exchanger
and if valve no. 2 and 4 are open while valve no. 1 and 3 are closed teh unit operates as co-
current/parallel double pipe heat exchanger.
The experiment is conducted by keeping the identical flow rates while running the unit as a
parallel flow and/or counter flow exchanger.
The temperatures are measured by mercury in glass thermometers and flow rates by graduated
measuring flasks and stop clock. The readings are recorded when the steady state is reached. The
outer tube is provided with adequate thermocol insulation to minimise the heat losses.
Procedure:
1. Place thermometers in the positions and note down their readings when they are at room
temperature and no water is flowing at either side this is required to correct the temperature.
2. Start the flow on hot water side using rotameter.
3. After ascertaining constant flow of water from exit end, switch on the geyser.
4. Adjust the flow rate on hot water side, between the rate of 1.5-4.0 litre/ min.
5. Start and adjust the flow on cold water side between range of 3.0-8.0 litres/ min. By operating
the valves 1,2,3 and 4 as instructed to make the unit operates as either concurrent or counter
current heat exchanger.
6. Keeping the flowrate same, wait till the steady state conditions are reached.
7. Record the flowrates and temperatures on hot water and cold water side (at all four places)
accurately.
8. Repeat the above experiment with different flowartes and temperature conditions.
VGEC
Observations:
Inner Tube :
Material of construction : SS 304
4. Inner Tube Material: SS 304 I.D. (di) :16 mm O.D. (do ) : 18 mm
5. Outer Tube Material: SS 304 I.D. (Di) : 38 mm O.D. (Do ) : 42 mm
6. Effective Length of the heat exchanger (L) : 3000 mm (3 m)
4. Thermal conductivity of copper (k) 30 kcal/h m 0C
5. Thermometers: 0- 50 0C 2 Nos. (for cold water side)
0-100 0C 2 Nos. (for hot water side)
PARALLEL FLOW RUN:

mh (kg/ h) ( 0C) ( 0C) mc (kg/ h) ( 0C ) ( 0C)
1
2
3
COUNTER FLOW RUN:

mh (kg/ h) (0C) (0C) mc (kg/ h) (0C) (0C)
1
2
3
Calculations:
Heat Transfer Rate, is calculated as,
qh = Heat transfer rate from hot water = mh× Cph× (Thi - Tho)
qc = Heat transfer rate to the cold water = mc× Cpc× (Tco - Tci)
q = (qh + qc)/2 W
(Assume Cph = Cpc= 1 kcal/kg °C)
VGEC
LMTD - Logarithmic Mean Temperature Difference. The temperature distribution in the two
runs is plotted. LMTD can be calculated as
∆Ti − ∆To
LMTD = ∆Tm =
ln (∆Ti / ∆To )
Overall Heat transfer coefficient can be calculated using,
q= U*A*∆Tm
U = q/ (A * ∆Tm)
Calculated Ur i based on Ai = Π * di * L
Uro based on Ao = Π * do * L
Compare the values of ∆Tm and q in the parallel and counter flow runs.
Note that if experiment is conducted very carefully then the superiority of counter flow
arrangement in terms of higher value of ∆Tm and excess value of q for same flow rates conditions
can be revealed. The value of overall heat transfer coefficient U is more or less same for both the
runs.
The overall heat transfer coefficient value can be predicted by using the force convention heat
transfer correlations for flow through the tube and annulus and can be compared with the
experimentally determined values.
1 / UO = 1 / ho + ( ro × ln (ro / rI )/ k ) + ( (ro / ri) × (1 / hi) )

Where,
hi heat transfer coefficient for inner tube
ho heat transfer coefficient for outer tube
k thermal conductivity of material (for copper pipe) 30 kcal / hr m C
hi is calculated by using the correlation NuDi = 0.023 (ReDi)0.8 (Pr)0.3

Evaluate properties of water at average bulk mean temperature (Thi + Tho) / 2
ho is calculated by using the correlation Nu (Di - do) = 0.023 (Re (Di - do))0.8 (Pr)0.4
Evaluate Di - do properties at average bulk mean temperatures (Tci + Tco) / 2 for cold water
Results:
Sr. No. Counter Flow run

Pract. U (W/m C) 20
Theo. U (W/m2 0C)
1
2
3
4
Conclusion:
VGEC
Quiz:
1. Compare parallel flow and counter flow heat exchanger.
2. What is meant by fouling factor? How does it affect the performance of a heat exchanger?
3. What are the selection criteria of heat exchangers?
Marks: Signature:
VGEC

SHELL AND TUBE EXCHANGER
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine Overall Heat
Transfer Coefficient for the shell and tube heat exchanger.
Apparatus: 1-2 pass Shell and Tube heat exchanger, Thermometer
Shell
Material M.S.
Inner Diameter. Di 208 mm
Thickness 6 mm
Length 500 mm
25% cut baffle plates at 100 mm apart – 4 numbers
Tubes
Material Copper
Inner Diameter. Di 13 mm
Outer Diameter. D0 16 mm
Length L 500 mm
No. of Tubes N 32
Fluid Water
Hot water from the geysers enters the heat exchanger at the bottom into the header. The header
has a partition at the centre. The hot water flows through the bottom bank of tubes and comes to
the other end, changes direction and passes through the top bank of tubes and leaves the chamber
at top. The cooled water enters at the bottom of shell and after passing through the five
compartments made by four baffle plates leaves the shell at top.
Procedure:
Adjust the flow rate such that there is applicable temperature difference between the outlet and
inlet temps. of two fluid. Put on the geyser and set up pre determined hot water temp. After
steady state read four thermometer readings and measure the hot and cold flow rates.
Observation:
1. Heat transfer area of tubes and baffle plates = 1m2

2. Correction factor for heat exchanger (F) = ____
3. Inlet temperature of hot water (thi) = ____ °C
4. Cold water flow rate for 1 Lit. = ____ Kg/s
5. Inlet temperature for cold water = ____°C
VGEC
6. Outlet temperature for cold water(tco) = ____°C

7. Hot water flow rate for 1 Lit. = ____ Kg/s
8. Outlet temperature for hot water (tho) = ____°C
Observation Table:

Sr. Flow Rate Thi Tho Flow Rate tci tco
No: mh (kg/ hr) ( 0C) (0C) mc (kg/ hr) ( 0C) ( 0C)
1
2
3
Sample Calculations:
For Shell and Tube heat exchanger,

(LMTD) 1-2 pass shell & tube = F *(LMTD) Counter Flow
where, LMTD = Log mean temperature difference
F correction factor (From LMTD correction factor chart)
*(LMTD) Counter Flow = [ ( Thi – tco ) – ( Tho – t ci ) ] / ln [ ( Thi – tco ) / ( Tho – t ci ) ]

0
= _______ C
Now q is given by:
q = mc Cp (tco - tci ) for cold water.
where Cp =Specific heat of water =4.1868 kJ/kg-k
Now for Overall Heat Transfer coefficient ‘U’
q = U*A*F (LMTD) Counter Flow.
U = q / A* F *(LMTD)Counter flow
= ______ KW/m2 °C
Results:
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. Sketch a shell and tube type heat exchanger.
2. Why baffles are used in shell and tube type heat exchanger
3. Sketch a two shell pass, four tube pass, reversed current heat exchanger. Label the different
part.
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
EMISSIVITY MEASUREMENT APPARATUS
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to determine emissivity of
test plate.
Apparatus: Black plate, Test plate (aluminium)
Theory:
All the bodies emit and absorb the thermal radiation to and from surroundings. The rate of
thermal radiation depends upon the temperature of body. Thermal radiation is electromagnetic
wave and does not require any material medium for propagation.
When thermal radiation strikes a body, part of it is reflected, part of it is absorbed and part of it is
transmitted through body.
The fraction of incident energy, reflected by the surface is called reflectivity (ρ).
The fraction of incident energy, absorbed by the surface is called absorptivity (α).
The fraction of incident energy transmitted through body is called transmissivity ( τ ).
The surface which absorbs all the incident radiation is called a black surface.
FOR A BLACK SURFACE (α=1)
The radiant flux, emitted from the surface is called emissive power (e).
The emissivity of a surface is ratio of emissive power of a surface to that of black surface at the
same temperature.
Construction of apparatus:
The apparatus uses comparator method for determining the emissivity of test plate. It consists of
two aluminium plates, of equal physical dimensions. Mica heaters are provided inside the plates.
The plates are mounted in an enclosure to provide undisturbed surroundings.
One of the plates is blackened outside for use as a compurgator because black surface has ε=1.
Another plate is having natural surface finish. Input to heaters can be controlled by separate
dimmerstats. Heater input is measured on common ammeter and voltmeter. One thermocouple is
fitted on surface of each plate to measure the surface temperature with digital temperature
indicator. By adjusting input to the heaters, both the plates are brought to the same temperature,
so that conduction and convection losses from both the plates are equal and difference in input is
due to different emissivity.
Holes are provided at backside bottom and at the top of enclosure for natural circulation of air
over the plates.
VGEC
The plate enclosure is provided with Perspex acrylic sheet at the front. Thus, ε =e/eb
Procedure:
1. Ensure both dimerstat are at zero position before switching ON the equipment.
2. Blacken one of the plates with the help of lamp black (normally this is blackened at the
works, but if blacking is wiped out, then blackening is necessary)
3. Keep both the dimmer Knobs at ZERO position.
4. Insert the supply pin-top in the socket (which is properly earthen) and switch ON the main
supply.
5. Switch ON the main switch (MCB) provided on the control panel.
6. Switch the meter selector switch (toggle switch) in downward position.
7. Adjust dimmer of black plate, so that around 110-120 volts are supplied to black plate.
8. Now, switch the meter selector switch in upward position.
9. Adjust test plate voltage slightly less (65% of black plate) than that of black plate (says 100-
110 volts)
10. Check the temperature at regular interval of time (after, say 10 minutes) and adjust the power
input of the test plate so that temperature of both the plates are equal and steady. Normally,
very minor adjustments are required for this.
11. Note down all the three temperature readings after the plate temperatures have reached steady
state and equal value.
Precautions:
1. Black plate should be perfectly blackened
2. Never put your hand or papers over the holes provided at the top of enclosure.
3. Keep at least 200 mm distance between the back side of unit and wall
Operate all the switches sand
Observations:
Diameter of the Plates (D) : 160 mm
Thickness of the Plate (t) : 12 mm
Enclosure temp (Ambient temperature) T3 =__________ °K
Test plate Black plate

Input V*I (W)
Surface T1 T2
temperature (°K)
Calculation:
1. Enclosure temp.
TD = TE= ----------- C
=( T3 + 273.15 ) °K
2. Flate surface temp.

T1 = T2 = C
Ts=T3 = (T1 + 273.15) K
VGEC
3. Heat input to black plate

WB = V * I watts
4. Heat input to test plate

WT = V * I watts
5. Surface area of plates

A = 2* ∏/4{D2 + (∏.D.t)}
=0.0447 m2
Where,
D= dia. of plates=0.16 m; t= thickness of plates = 0.012 m
6. For black plate

WB = WCVB+WCDB+WRB -------------------(I)
Where,
WCVB = Convection losses
WCDB= Conduction losses
WRB = Radiation losses
Similarly, for test plate,
WT=WCVT+WCDB+WRT ----------------(ii)
As both plates are of same physical dimensions, same material and at same temperature.
WCVB = WCVT and WCDB = WCDT
Subtracting equation (ii) from (i), we get
WB - WT = WRB - WRT
= [σ A εB(TS4 - TD4)]- [σ A εT(TS4 - TD4)]
= σ A (TS4 - TD4)( εB-εT)
As emissivity of black plate is 1.
WB-WT =σ A (TS4 - TD4) (1-εT)
Where,
εT =Emissivity of test plate;
σ = Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.667*10-8 W/m2 K4
Results:
The emissivity of test plate was found to be ___________at the temperature of _________ °K
Conclusion:
VGEC
Quiz:
1. Explain the mechanism of radiation heat transfer
2. Differentiate between the radiation heat transfer and conduction / convection heat transfer
combined.
3. Define a black body. Give examples of some surfaces which do not appear black but have
high value of absorptivities.
4. Two pieces of wood are placed in sunlight; one piece is painted white and the other black.
Which piece will absorb more heat?
Marks: Signature:
VGEC
DROP WISE AND FILM WISE CONDENSATION APPARATUS
Objective: After this experiment student will able to understand how to study the dropwise and
filmwise condensation phenomena.
Apparatus: Condensers, main unit, heating elements, temperature indicator, rota meter, pressure
gauge
Condensers:
One chromium plated for dropwise condensation and one natural finish for filmwise
condensation otherwise identical in construction.
Dimensions: 15 cm dia.*12 cm length
Surface area: cm2
Fabricated from copper with reverse flow in concentric tubes Fitted with thermocouple for
surface temp. Measurements
Main unit:
M.S. fabricated construction comprising test section and steam generation section. Test section
provided with glass converse on front and rear sides of test section for visualisation of the
process.
Heating elements:
1.5KW water heater operated through 30 amps D.P.switch
Procedure:
1. Fill up the water in the main unit through bottom valve upto the sight glass fitted on the unit.
2. After filling the water close the valve. Start the water flow rate through one of the condensers
which is to be tested and note water flow rate in the rotameter. Ensure that during
measurement water is flowing only through the condenser under test and second valve is
closed.
3. Connect supply socket to the mains and switch on the heater.
4. Slowly steam generation will start in the bottom portion of the unit and as the steam rises to
test section and get condensed on the tube and fells back in the trough.
5. Depending upon the type of condenser under test dropwise or filmwise condensation can be
visualised.
6. If water flow rate is low than steam pressure in chamber will rise and pressure gauge will
read the pressure.
7. If the water flow rate is matched than condensation will occur at more or less at atmospheric
pressure.
8. Process of dropwise and filmwise condensation can be easily viewed through the front glass
window of main unit.
VGEC
9. Observation like temperatures, water flow rates, pressures are noted down in the observation
table at the end of the each set.
Observation Table:
Filmwise Condensation:
Sr. Steam Water Temperature

No Pressure Rate
Plated Plain Steam Water Water Water Water
Conden. Conden. in out in out
plated plated plain plain
Dropwise Condensation:
Sr. Steam Water Temperature

No Pressure Rate
Plated Plain Steam Water Water Water Water
in out in out
plated plated plain plain
Calculations:
Normally steam will not be pressurised, but the pressure gauge reads some pressure than
properties of steam should be taken at that pressure or otherwise atmospheric pressure will be
taken. First calculate the heat transfer coefficient inside the condenser under test. For this
properties of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of water i.e. (Twi + Two ) / 2.
Following properties are required:
Density of water ρ1 kg / m3
Kinematics Viscosity ν1 m2/ sec
Thermal Conductivity K1 kcal / hr m C
Prandtl Number Pr
Reynolds Number ReD = 4 * mw / D1

where D1 Inner Diameter of Condenser = 2.5 cm
If this value of ReD > 2100 then flow is turbulent, below this value flow is laminar.
Normally flow will be turbulent in the tube.
VGEC
Nusselt Number NuD = 0.023 (ReD)0.4 (Pr)0.4
hi = NuD * K / D1 kcal / hr m2 C Inside heat transfer coefficient
Calculate heat transfer coefficient on outer surface of the condenser ho.
For this properties of water are taken at bulk mean temperature of condensate (Ts + Tw ) / 2.
Where, Ts Temperature of steam, Tw Temperature of condenser wall
Density of water ρ2 kg / m3
Kinemtic Viscosity ν2 m2/ sec
Thermal Conductivity K2 kcal / hr m C
Heat of evaporation ho kcal / kg
ho = 0.725 * 2 * g * K23 / ( Ts - Tw) * Do , Do Outside diameter of condenser = 2.75 cm
From these values overall heat transfer coefficient (U) can be calculated,
1/ U = 1 / hi + (Di / Do) (1 / ho) kcal / hr m2 C
same procedure can be repeated for next condenser.
Except for some exceptional cases overall heat transfer coefficient for dropwise condensation
will be higher than that of filmwise condensation. Results may vary from theory to some degree
due to unavoidable heat losses from front and rear glass windows and through walls.
Precautions:
Do not start heater supply unless water is filled in the test unit.
Operate gently the selector switch of temperature indicator to read various temperatures.
Results:
Conclusion:
Quiz:
1. What is condensation and when does it occur?
2. The rate of heat transfer in drop-wise condensation is many times larger than that in film
condensation. Why?
3. How does film-wise condensation differ from drop wise condensation? Which type has a
higher heat transfer coefficient and point out the reason thereof?
4. In the design of condensers, which of the two types of condensation is usually selected and
why?
Marks: Signature:

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3140503 – Heat Transfer

Chemical Engineering Department

11 Drop wise and film wise condensation apparatus: 3

Experiment No: Date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY APPARATUS

Utility: Water, Electric Supply.

Principle of the guarded hot plate method:

• Keep the dimmerstat to 0 voltage position at start.

Sr. Central Heater Guard Heater Cooling Plate

1. Area of Heat transfer A = (Π / 4) * D2

2. Thermal Conductivity of specimen

Experiment No: Date:

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF METAL ROD

Apparatus: Thermal conductivity apparatus, metal rod.

Utility: Water, Electric Supply.

The thermal energy is conducted in solids by the following modes:

1. Start the electric supply.

1. Length of the metal bar (total) 550 mm

Sr. No: V (volt ) I (amp ) W (watt )

1. Heat transferred to cooling water = Heat passed from AA section

qw=qAA = m * Cp * (To - Ti) = -KAA * (dT / dx)AA * A

2. Heat passed through = Heat passed in linear + Heat passed in redial

3. Heat passed through = Heat passed in linear + Heat passed in redial

Experiment No: Date:

Apparatus: Conductivity Instrument consisting of two concentric spheres, Insulating Powder

Utility: 230 V Single Phase Electric Supply

1. Radius of the inner copper sphere (ri) = 100 mm

Thermocouple T1 T2 T3 T4 Mean Temp.(Ti)

Thermo- T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 Mean Temp. (To)

Heat transfer through hollow sphere can calculate by following formula

Experiment No: Date:

HEAT TRANSFER IN NATURAL CONVECTION

Apparatus: Vertical brass tube with housing.

Utility: Electric Supply.

Where, hL / k = Nusselt number,

For gases , β = _____1_____ where Tf = Ts + Ta_

h L = 0.13 ( Gr * Pr )1/3 for 109 < Gr * Pr < 1012

3. Use the proper range of ammeter and voltmeter.

Sr. No: V ( volt ) I ( amp ) W ( watt )

Turbulent Flow over vertical plates and cylinder:

Experiment No: Date:

HEAT TRANSFER IN FORCED CONVECTION

Apparatus: Forced convection apparatus equipped with blower, manometer.

Utility: Electric Supply.

1. Outer Diameter of the tube (D) 34 mm

Sr. T1A T6A T6A - Ta AV T2S T3S T4S T5S TS,,AV

Pressure differences, velocities, and mass flow rate of air,

Sr. H ρw,T ρair,T ∆h Va QA = A* Va m = QA *

Rate of air heating and heat transfer Coefficient hT at temperature T,

Air heating rate = qA = m * Cp * ∆T , kcal / sec

Where Cp = Sp. heat of air at temperature (T1A + T6A ) / 2

Heat transfer coefficient of wall = h = qA / (Awall [Ts,AV - Ta, AV])

Reynolds Number (Re)

Re = Va * Di / νair, TAV , (νair, TAV Kinematic Viscosity of air at TAV)

Nusselt Number Nu = (ha, T * Di) / KTAV

Sr. Di νair, Re ha, T KTAV Nu (Re)0.8 (Pr)0.4 Nu,tur

Turbulent flow inside tube:

Nu, TUR = 0.023 * (Re)0.8 * (Pr) 0.4

Experiment No: Date:

EXTENDED SURFACE EQUIPMENT

Apparatus: Hot Plate with attached rod, dimmerstat, thermocouples.

Utility: Electric supply.

Diameter of the rod , D = 25 mm.

Thermal conductivity of M.S rod , K = 40 W / m.0K

For gases , β = _1_ where Tf = Ts + Ta_

q = UAF (LMTD) Counter Flow.