Coordinates: 35°59′19″N 78°54′26″W

Durham, North Carolina

Durham (/ˈdʌrəm/) is a city in and the county seat of Durham County[6] in
the U.S. state of North Carolina. Small portions of the city limits extend Durham, North Carolina
into Orange County and Wake County. The U.S. Census Bureau estimated City
the city's population to be 278,993 as of July 1, 2019, making it the 4th-
most populous city in North Carolina, and the 79th-most populous city in
the United States.[7] The city is located in the east-central part of the
Piedmont region along the Eno River. Durham is the core of the four-
county Durham-Chapel Hill Metropolitan Area, which has a population of
542,710 as of U.S. Census 2014 Population Estimates. The Office of
Management and Budget also includes Durham as a part of the Raleigh-
Durham-Chapel Hill Combined Statistical Area, commonly known as the
Research Triangle, which has a population of 2,037,430 as of U.S. Census
2014 Population Estimates.[8]

A railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in

1849, the namesake of the city. Following the American Civil War, the
community of Durham Station expanded rapidly, in part due to the tobacco
industry. The town was incorporated by act of the North Carolina General
Assembly, on April 1869. The establishment of Durham County was
ratified by the General Assembly 12 years later, in 1881. It became known
as the founding place and headquarters of the American Tobacco Company.
Textile and electric power industries also played an important role. While
these industries have declined, Durham underwent revitalization and
population growth[9] to become an educational, medical, and research
centre.[10]

Durham is home to several recognized institutions of higher education,

most notably Duke University and North Carolina Central University. Clockwise from top: Durham skyline,
North Carolina School of Science and
Durham is also a national leader in health-related activities, which are
Mathematics, Five Points, Carolina
focused on the Duke University Hospital and many private companies. Theatre, Durham Performing Arts
Duke and its Duke University Health System, in fact, are the largest Center, Duke Chapel
employers in the city. North Carolina Central University is a historically
black university that is part of the University of North Carolina system.
Together, the two universities make Durham one of the vertices of the
Research Triangle area; central to this is the Research Triangle Park[11]
south of Durham, which encompasses an area of 11 square miles and is Flag
devoted to research facilities. Nickname(s): Bull City; City of
Medicine[1]
On the Duke University campus are the neo-Gothic Duke Chapel and the
Nasher Museum of Art. Other notable sites in the city include the Museum
of Life and Science, Durham Performing Arts Center, Carolina Theatre, and
Duke Homestead and Tobacco Factory. Bennett Place commemorates the
location where Joseph E. Johnston surrendered to William T. Sherman in
the American Civil War. The city is served, along with Raleigh, by
Raleigh–Durham International Airport.

Contents
History Location in Durham County and the
state of NC
Pre-establishment
Antebellum and Civil War
 Reconstruction and the rise of Durham tobacco
Incorporation
Early growth (1900–1970)
Durham,
Civil Rights Movement North
1970s – present Carolina
Downtown revitalization
Geography
Cityscape Location in the contiguous United
States
Climate
Coordinates: 35°59′19″N 78°54′26″W
Demographics
Country United
Economy States
Culture State North
Music Carolina
County Durham, Wake
Visual arts
Incorporated April 10, 1869[2]
Sports
Named for Bartlett S.
Politics Durham
Education Government
Primary and secondary schools • Type Council-
Colleges and universities Manager
• Mayor Steve Schewel
Media • City Manager Tom Bonfield
Transportation • Deputy City W. Bowman
Managers "Bo" Ferguson,
Notable people Wanda Page,
Born in Durham Keith Chadwell
Residents of Durham • City Council Vernetta Alston,
Associated with Durham Members Javiera
Caballero,
Sister cities DeDreana
Freeman, Mark-
See also Anthony
References Middleton, Jillian
Johnson,
Further reading Charlie Reece
External links Area
• City 108.3 sq mi
(280.4 km2)
History • Land 107.4 sq mi
(278.1 km2)
• Water 0.9 sq mi
Pre-establishment (2.4 km2)
Elevation 404 ft (123 m)
The Eno and the Occoneechi, related to the Sioux and the Shakori, lived
Population (2010)
and farmed in the area which became Durham. They may have established a
village named Adshusheer on the site. The Great Indian Trading Path has • City 228,330 (US:
78th)
been traced through Durham, and Native Americans helped to mold the
• Estimate (2019)[3] 278,993
area by establishing settlements and commercial transportation routes.
• Metro 542,710 (US:
In 1701, Durham's beauty was chronicled by the English explorer John 100th)
Lawson, who called the area "the flower of the Carolinas." During the mid- • CSA 2,037,430
1700s, Scots, Irish, and English colonists settled on land granted to George Demonym(s) Durhamite
Carteret by King Charles I (for whom the Carolinas are named). Early Time zone UTC−5 (EST)
settlers built gristmills, such as West Point, and worked the land. • Summer (DST) UTC−4 (EDT)
ZIP codes 27701, 27702,
Prior to the American Revolution, frontiersmen in what is now Durham 27703, 27704,
were involved in the Regulator movement. According to legend, Loyalist 27705, 27706,
militia cut Cornwallis Road through this area in 1771 to quell the rebellion. 27707, 27708,
27709, 27710,
Later, William Johnston, a local shopkeeper and farmer, made
27711, 27712,
Revolutionaries' munitions, served in the Provincial Capital Congress in 27713, 27715,
1775, and helped underwrite Daniel Boone's westward explorations. 27717, 27722
Area code(s) 919
Large plantations, Hardscrabble, Cameron, and Leigh among them, were
established in the antebellum period. By 1860, Stagville Plantation lay at FIPS code 37-19000[4]
the center of one of the largest plantation holdings in the South. African GNIS feature ID 1020059[5]
slaves were brought to labor on these farms and plantations, and slave Primary Airport RDU
quarters became the hearth of distinctively Southern cultural traditions Website durhamnc.gov
involving crafts, social relations, life rituals, music, and dance. There were (http://durhamn
free African-Americans in the area as well, including several who fought in c.gov/)
the Revolutionary War.

Antebellum and Civil War

Prior to the arrival of the railroad, the area now known as Durham was the eastern part of present-day Orange County
and was almost entirely agricultural, with a few businesses catering to travelers (particularly livestock drivers) along the
Hillsborough Road. This road, eventually followed by US Route 70, was the major east–west route in North Carolina
from colonial times until the construction of interstate highways. Steady population growth and an intersection with the
road connecting Roxboro and Fayetteville made the area near this site suitable for a US Post Office, which was
established in 1827. (Roxboro, Fayetteville and Hillsborough Roads remain major thoroughfares in Durham, although
they no longer exactly follow their early 19th century rights-of-way.)

Durham's location is a result of the needs of the 19th century railroad industry. The wood-burning steam locomotives of
the time had to stop frequently for wood and water and the new North Carolina Railroad needed a depot between the
settled towns of Raleigh and Hillsborough. The residents of what is now downtown Durham thought their businesses
catering to livestock drivers had a better future than a new-fangled nonsense like a railroad and refused to sell or lease
land for a depot. Eventually a railway depot was established on land donated by Bartlett S. Durham in 1849.[12]

Durham Station, as it was known for its first 20 years, was just another depot for the occasional passenger or express
package until early April 1865 when the Federal Army commanded by Major General William T. Sherman occupied the
nearby state capital of Raleigh during the American Civil War. The last formidable Confederate Army in the South,
commanded by General Joseph E. Johnston, was headquartered in Greensboro 50 miles (80 km) to the west. After the
surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by Gen. Robert E. Lee at Appomattox, Virginia on April 9, 1865, Gen.
Johnston sought surrender terms, which were negotiated on April 17, 18 and 26 at Bennett Place, the small farm of
James and Nancy Bennett, located halfway between the army's lines about 3 miles (4.8 km) west of Durham Station.

As both armies passed through Durham, Hillsborough, and surrounding Piedmont communities, they enjoyed the mild
flavor of the area's Brightleaf Tobacco, which was considered more pleasant to smoke or chew than was available back
home after the war. So they started sending letters to Durham to get more.[13]

Reconstruction and the rise of Durham tobacco

The community of Durham Station grew slowly before the Civil War, but expanded rapidly following the war. Much of
this growth attributed to the establishment of a thriving tobacco industry. Veterans returned home after the war, with an
interest in acquiring more of the great tobacco they had sampled in North Carolina. Numerous orders were mailed to
John Ruffin Green's tobacco company requesting more of the Durham tobacco. W.T. Blackwell partnered with Green
and renamed the company as the "Bull Durham Tobacco Factory". The name "Bull Durham" is said to have been taken
from the bull on the British Colman's Mustard, which Mr. Blackwell (mistakenly) believed was manufactured in
Durham, England. Mustard, known as Durham Mustard, was originally produced in Durham, England, by Mrs Clements
and later by Ainsley during the eighteenth century. However, production of the original Durham Mustard has now been
passed into the hands of Colman's of Norwich, England.
 Incorporation

As Durham Station's population rapidly

increased, the station became a town and was
incorporated by act of the North Carolina
General Assembly, on April 10, 1869. It was
named for the man who provided the land on
which the station was built, Dr. Bartlett Durham.
At the time of its incorporation by the General Early view of first Duke tobacco
Assembly, Durham was located in Orange factory and family home, Durham,
County. The increase in business activity, land 1883
transfers etc., made the day long trip back and
forth to the county seat in Hillsborough
untenable, so twelve years later, on April 17,
The statue of the bull in the 1881, a bill for the establishment of Durham
city center County was ratified by the General Assembly,
having been introduced by Caleb B.Green,
creating Durham County from the eastern
portion of Orange County and the western portion of Wake County. In 1911,
parts of Cedar Fork Township of Wake County was transferred to Durham
County and became Carr Township.[2]
Separate "white" and "colored"
entrances to a cafe in Durham, North
Early growth (1900–1970) Carolina, 1940

The rapid growth and prosperity of the Bull Durham Tobacco Company, and
Washington Duke's W. Duke & Sons Tobacco Company, resulted in the rapid
growth of the city of Durham. Washington Duke was a good businessman, but
his sons were brilliant and established what amounted to a monopoly of the
smoking and chewing tobacco business in the United States by 1900. In the
early 1910s, the Federal Government forced a breakup of the Duke's business
under the antitrust laws. The Dukes retained what became known as American
Tobacco, a major corporation in its own right, with manufacturing based in
Durham. American Tobacco's ubiquitous advertisements on radio shows
beginning in the 1930s and television shows up to 1970 was the nation's image Overlooking the newly renovated
of Durham until Duke University supplanted it in the late 20th century. American Tobacco Campus

Prevented from further investment in the tobacco industry, the Dukes turned to
the then new industry of electric power generation, which they had been
investing in since the early 1890s. Duke Power (now Duke Energy) brought in
electricity from hydroelectric dams in the western mountains of North Carolina
through the newly invented technology of high voltage power lines. At this time
(1910–1920), the few towns and cities in North Carolina that had electricity
depended on local "powerhouses". These were large, noisy, and smoky coal-
fired plants located next to the railroad tracks. Duke Power quickly took over the
electricity franchises in these towns and then electrified all the other towns of
central and western North Carolina, making even more money than they ever
made from tobacco. Duke Power also had a significant business in local Looking west along Parrish Street,
home of what was then known as
franchises for public transit (buses and trolleys) before local government took
Black Wall Street
over this responsibility in the mid- to late 20th century. Duke Power ran
Durham's public bus system (now the Durham Area Transit Authority) until
1991.

The success of the tobacco industry in the late 19th and early 20th century encouraged the then-growing textile industry
to locate just outside Durham. The early electrification of Durham was also a large incentive. Drawing a labor force
from the economic demise of single family farms in the region at the time, these textile mills doubled the population of
Durham. These areas were known as East Durham and West Durham until they were eventually annexed by the City of
Durham.
Much of the early city architecture, both commercial and residential, dates from
the period of 1890–1930. Durham recorded its worst fire in history on March 23,
1914. The multimillion-dollar blaze destroyed a large portion of the downtown
business district. The fire department's water source failed during the blaze,
prompting voters to establish a city-owned water system in place of the private
systems that had served the city since 1887.[14]

Durham quickly developed a vibrant Black community, the center of which was Early advertisements of Tobacco
an area known as Hayti, (pronounced HAY-tie), just south of the center of town, products made in Durham
where some of the most prominent and successful black-owned businesses in the
country during the early 20th century were established. These businesses — the
best known of which are North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance Company and Mechanics & Farmers Bank — were
centered on Parrish St., which would come to be known as "Black Wall Street." In 1910, Dr. James E. Shepard founded
North Carolina Central University, the nation's first publicly supported liberal arts college for African-Americans.

In 1924, James Buchanan Duke established a philanthropic foundation in honor of his father Washington Duke to
support Trinity College in Durham. The college changed its name to Duke University and built a large campus and
hospital a mile west of Trinity College (the original site of Trinity College is now known as the Duke East Campus).[15]

Durham's manufacturing fortunes declined during the mid-20th century. Textile mills began to close during the 1930s.
Competition from other tobacco companies (as well as a decrease in smoking after the 1960s) reduced revenues from
Durham's tobacco industry.

In a far-sighted move in the late 1950s, Duke University, along with the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill and
North Carolina State University in Raleigh, persuaded the North Carolina Legislature to purchase a large tract of
sparsely settled land in southern Durham County and create the nation's first "science park" for industry. Cheap land and
a steady supply of trained workers from the local universities made the Research Triangle Park an enormous success
which, along with the expansion resulting from the clinical and scientific advances of Duke Medical Center and Duke
University, more than made up for the decline of Durham's tobacco and textile industries.

Civil Rights Movement

As a result of its substantial African-American community, including many

courageous activists, a prominent civil rights movement developed in Durham.
Multiple sit-ins were held, and Martin Luther King, Jr., visited the city during
the struggle for equal rights. The Durham Committee on Negro Affairs,
organized in 1935 by C.C. Spaulding, Louis Austin, Conrad Pearson, and James
E. Shepard, has been cited nationally for its role in fighting for Black voting
rights. The committee also has used its voting strength to pursue social and
economic rights for African-Americans and other ethnic groups. In 1957,
The Carolina Theatre was the first
Douglas E. Moore, minister of Durham's Asbury Temple Methodist Church,
theater in Durham to admit African-
along with other religious and community leaders, pioneered sit-ins throughout
Americans.[16]
North Carolina to protest discrimination at lunch counters that served only
whites.

Widely credited as the first sit-in of the Civil Rights Movement in North Carolina, on June 23, 1957, Moore and six
others assembled at the church to plan the protest. The young African Americans moved over to the segregated Royal
Ice Cream Parlor and took up whites-only booths. When they refused to budge, the manager called the police who
charged them with trespassing. Unlike the Greensboro Four, three years later, the Royal Seven were arrested and
ultimately found guilty of trespassing.[17][18][19]

The six-month-long sit-in at a Woolworth's counter in Greensboro, NC, captured the nation's attention. Within a week,
students from North Carolina College at Durham and Duke University staged a sit-in in Durham. About a week later,
Martin Luther King Jr. met Moore in Durham, where King coined his famous rallying cry "Fill up the jails," during a
speech at White Rock Baptist Church. Advocating non-violent confrontation with segregation laws for the first time,
King said, "Let us not fear going to jail. If the officials threaten to arrest us for standing up for our rights, we must
answer by saying that we are willing and prepared to fill up the jails of the South."
 This community was not enough to
prevent the demolition of portions of the
Hayti district for the construction of the
Durham Freeway during the late
1960s.[20] The freeway construction
resulted in losses to other historic
neighborhoods, including Morehead
Hills, West End, and West Durham.
Combined with large-scale demolition
Historic "Black Wall Street" in
using Urban Renewal funds, Durham North Carolina Mutual Life Insurance
Durham suffered significant losses to its historic Company Headquarters, which in
architectural base. 1965 became the tallest office
building owned by African-Americans
in the United States
1970s – present

In 1970, the Census Bureau reported city's population as 38.8% black and 60.8%
white.[21] Durham's growth began to rekindle during the 1970s and 1980s, with
the construction of multiple housing developments in the southern part of the
city, nearest Research Triangle Park, and the beginnings of downtown
revitalization. In 1975, the St. Joseph's Historical Foundation at the Hayti
Heritage Center was incorporated to "preserve the heritage of the old Hayti
community, and to promote the understanding of and appreciation for the
African American experience and African Americans' contributions to world
culture."[22] A new downtown baseball stadium was constructed for the Durham The renovations of former tobacco
Bulls in 1994. The Durham Performing Arts Center now ranks in the top ten in buildings are central to the
theater ticket sales in the US according to Pollstar magazine. Many famous revitalization efforts in downtown
people have performed there including B.B. King and Willie Nelson. After the Durham
departure of the tobacco industry, large-scale renovations of the historic factories
into offices, condominiums, and restaurants began to reshape downtown.[23]
While these efforts continue, the large majority of Durham's residential and retail growth since 1990 has been along the
I-40 corridor in southern Durham County.

Major employers in Durham are Duke University and Duke Medical Center (39,000 employees, 14,000 students), about
2 miles (3.2 km) west of the original downtown area, and companies in the Research Triangle Park (49,000 employees),
about 10 miles (16 km) southeast. These centers are connected by the Durham Freeway (NC 147).

Downtown revitalization

In recent years the city of Durham has stepped up revitalization of its downtown
and undergone an economic and cultural renaissance of sorts. Partnering with
developers from around the world, the city continues to promote the
redevelopment of many of its former tobacco districts, projects supplemented by
the earlier construction of the Durham Performing Arts Center and new Durham
Bulls Athletic Park.[24] The American Tobacco Historic District, adjacent to
both the athletic park and performing arts center, is one such project, having
successfully lured a number of restaurants, entertainment venues, and office Durham skyline seen from above the
[25] Durham Freeway
space geared toward hi-tech entrepreneurs, investors, and startups. Many
other companies have purchased and renovated historic buildings, such as
Measurement Incorporated and Capitol Broadcasting Company. The American
Underground section of the American Tobacco Campus, home to successful small software firms including Red Hat,
was selected by Google to host its launch of the Google Glass Road show in October 2013.[26] The district is also slated
for expansion featuring 158,000 square feet of offices, retail, residential or hotel space[27] The Durham County Justice
Center, a major addition to downtown Durham, was completed in early 2013.
Many of the historic tobacco buildings elsewhere in the city have been
converted into loft-style apartment complexes. The downtown corridor along
West Main St. has seen significant redevelopment including bars, entertainment
venues, art studios,[28] and co-working spaces,[29] in addition to shopping and
dining in nearby Brightleaf Square, another former tobacco warehouse in the
Bright Leaf Historic District. Other current and future projects include
expansion of the open-space surrounding the American Tobacco Trail, new
hotels and apartment complexes, a $6.35-million facelift of Durham City Hall,
and ongoing redevelopment of the Duke University Central Campus.
A brewery and restaurant in
In 2013, 21c Museum Hotels announced plans to fully renovate the Hill
Downtown Durham with Hill Building
Building. The renovations added a contemporary art museum and upscale
in the background
restaurant to the historic building. Additionally, a boutique hotel was built in this
major renovation effort in downtown Durham. Skanska Construction is
responsible for managing this project.[30][31]

In 2014, it was announced that downtown Durham would be the site of a brand
new 27 story high building, tentatively named "City Center Tower", titled "One
City Center" as of 2018. Along with other new buildings in downtown Durham,
it was under construction in 2018.[32] Construction has already started, and the
building will be at the corner of Main St. and Corcoran St. It will be directly
across from Durham's current tallest building, but once completed, will be the
new tallest building in downtown Durham and the 4th largest building in the
Triangle. Originally scheduled for a 2016 opening, the building was then
Downtown Durham
expected to open in May 2018.[33] This is an ambitious, $80 million
project.[34][35]

In October 2014, a major new development, the Durham Innovation District,

was announced. The development will span 15 acres and comprise over 1.7
million square feet of office, residential, and retail space.[36][32]

On April 10, 2019, a gas explosion rocked Kaffeinate, a coffee shop in Bright
Leaf Historic District. The blast destroyed a city block and killed Kong Lee, the
owner as well as injuring 25 others.

Geography University Tower is the tallest building

in Durham located outside of the
Durham is located in the east-central part of the Piedmont region at 35°59′19″N downtown area.
78°54′26″W (35.988644, −78.907167).[37] Like much of the region, its
topography is generally flat with some rolling hills.

The city has a total area of 108.3 square miles (280.4 km2), of which 107.4 square miles (278.1 km2) is land and 0.93
square miles (2.4 km2), or 0.84%, is water.[38]

The soil is predominantly clay, making it poor for agriculture. The Eno River, a tributary of the Neuse River, passes
through the northern part of Durham, along with several other small creeks. The center of Durham is on a ridge that
forms the divide between the Neuse River watershed, flowing east to Pamlico Sound, and the Cape Fear River
watershed, flowing south to the Atlantic near Wilmington. A small portion of the city is in Wake County.

Cityscape

Climate

Durham is classified as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) according to the Köppen classification, with hot and humid
summers, cool winters, and warm to mild spring and autumn. Durham receives abundant precipitation, with
thunderstorms common in the summer and temperatures from 80 to 100 degrees F. The region sees an average of 6.8
inches (170 mm) of snow per year, which usually melts within a few days.

Climate data for Durham, North Carolina

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high 80 84 94 95 99 104 105 105 104 98 88 81 105

°F (°C) (27) (29) (34) (35) (37) (40) (41) (41) (40) (37) (31) (27) (41)

Average 49.2 53.4 62.1 71.3 78.6 85.0 88.6 86.8 81.0 71.4 62.0 52.7 70.2
high °F (°C) (9.6) (11.9) (16.7) (21.8) (25.9) (29.4) (31.4) (30.4) (27.2) (21.9) (16.7) (11.5) (21.2)

Average low 27.8 29.5 37.0 45.8 55.6 65.4 70.1 67.9 60.3 46.6 37.4 30.4 47.8
°F (°C) (−2.3) (−1.4) (2.8) (7.7) (13.1) (18.6) (21.2) (19.9) (15.7) (8.1) (3.0) (−0.9) (8.8)

Record low −9 −2 11 23 29 38 48 46 37 19 11 0 −9
°F (°C) (−23) (−19) (−12) (−5) (−2) (3) (9) (8) (3) (−7) (−12) (−18) (−23)

Average
4.44 3.70 4.68 3.41 4.59 4.01 3.95 4.38 4.36 3.71 3.38 3.43 48.04
precipitation
(113) (94) (119) (87) (117) (102) (100) (111) (111) (94) (86) (87) (1,220)
inches (mm)

Average
1.8 2.6 1.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .6 6.8
snowfall trace
(4.6) (6.6) (4.3) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0) (0.25) (1.5) (17)
inches (cm)

Average
precipitation
11.2 9.6 11.2 8.9 10.6 8.9 9.6 9.1 7.7 6.9 8.0 10.0 111.7
days
(≥ 0.01 in)

Average
.7 .8 .5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .1 .2 2.3
snowy days

Source 1: NOAA[39]

Source 2: The Weather Channel (extreme temps)[40]

Demographics
As of the 2010 census,[4] there were 228,330 people, 93,441 households, and Historical population
52,409 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,406.0 people per Census Pop. %±
square mile (928.9/km²). There were 103,221 housing units at an average density
1880 2,041 —
of 1,087.7 per square mile (419.9/km²). The racial composition of the city was:
42.45% White, 40.96% Black or African American, 5.07% Asian American, 1890 5,485 168.7%
0.51% Native American, 0.07% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, 8.28% 1900 6,679 21.8%
some other race, and 2.66% two or more races; 14.22% were Hispanic or Latino of 1910 18,241 173.1%
any race. Non-Hispanic White comprised 37.9% of the population. 1920 21,719 19.1%
1930 52,037 139.6%
Durham's population, as of July 1, 2014 and according to the 2014 US census data 1940 60,195 15.7%
estimate, had grown to 251,893,[42] making it the 46th fastest growing city in the 1950 71,311 18.5%
US, and the 2nd fastest growing city in North Carolina, behind Cary but ahead of
1960 78,302 9.8%
Charlotte, Raleigh and Greensboro.[42]
1970 95,438 21.9%
There were 93,441 households out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 1980 101,149 6.0%
18 living with them, 36.2% were married couples living together, 15.5% had a 1990 136,611 35.1%
female householder with no husband present, and 43.9% were non-families. 33.7% 2000 187,035 36.9%
of all households were made up of individuals and 7.0% had someone living alone 2010 228,330 22.1%
who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34, and the Est. 2019 278,993 [3] 22.2%
average family size was 3.04. U.S. Decennial Census[41]

In the city, the population was spread out with 22.7% under the age of 18, 14.1%
from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 21.8% from 45 to 64, and 8.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
was 32.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.9
males.
The median income for a household in the city was $47,394, and the median income for a family was $60,157. Males
had a median income of $35,202 versus $30,359 for females. The per capita income for the city was $27,156. About
13.1% of families and 18.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 24.3% of those under age 18 and
10.1% of those age 65 or over.

Economy
Duke University and Duke University Health System are Durham's largest
employers. Below is a list of Durham's largest employers.[43]

Employer No. of employees

Duke University & Duke Univ. Health System 34,863
IBM 10,000
Durham Public Schools 4,600
GlaxoSmithKline 3,700
Blue Cross & Blue Shield of NC 3,200
City of Durham 2,437
Fidelity Investments 2,400
IQVIA 2,400
RTI International 2,300 Duke Clinical Research Institute in
Durham VA Medical Center 2,162 Downtown Durham

Cree 2,125
AW North Carolina 2,000

Culture
Durham is the venue for the annual Bull Durham Blues Festival and the OUTsouth Queer Film Festival, the 2nd largest
LGBTQ+ film festival in the Southeast [3] (https://indyweek.com/culture/screen/nc-gay-lesbian-film-festival-outsouth-2
019/).[44] Other events include jazz festivals, plays, symphony concerts, art exhibitions, and a multitude of cultural
expositions, including the American Dance Festival, Tobacco Road Dance, and the Full Frame Documentary Film
Festival. A center of Durham's culture is its Carolina Theatre, which presents concerts, comedy and arts in historic
Fletcher Hall and Independent and repertory film in its cinemas. Notable dining establishments are primarily
concentrated in the Ninth Street, Brightleaf, and University Drive areas. There is a resurgence of restaurants in and
around the downtown area, including several new restaurants in the American Tobacco District. The Nasher Museum of
Art opened in October 2005 and has produced nationally recognized traveling exhibitions of global, contemporary art.

Durham also boasts an outstanding history museum, the Museum of Durham History. In 2019, the museum hosted
several exhibits, including one on journalist and civil rights activist Louis Austin, and in conjunction with the 150th
anniversary of the city of Durham, an exhibit titled, "150 Faces of Durham," which highlighted many of the women and
men who influenced the history of Durham.

The Durham Association for Downtown Arts (DADA) is a non-profit arts organization located in the downtown area. It
was founded in 1998 and then incorporated in 2000. The organization's mission is a commitment to the development,
presentation and fiscal sponsorship of original art and performance in Durham. DADA strives to support local artists
working in a diversity of artistic media. Emphasizing community, DADA helps local residents gain access to these
artists by providing free or low-cost venue admission.

Movies such as Bull Durham (1988) and The Handmaid's Tale (1989) have been shot in Durham.[45]

Music
Durham has an active and diverse local music culture. Artists' styles range from jazz, hip-hop, soul, folk, Americana,
blues, bluegrass, punk, metal and rock. Popular bands and musicians include Branford Marsalis, Iron & Wine, Carolina
Chocolate Drops, The Mountain Goats, John Dee Holeman, 9th Wonder, Red Clay Ramblers, The Old Ceremony,
Megafaun, Curtis Eller, Mount Moriah, Hiss Golden Messenger, Sylvan Esso, Mel Melton, Hammer No More the
Fingers, Yahzarah, G Yamazawa, and Jim Mills. Members of The Butchies, Superchunk, Chatham County Line, Alice
Donut, and the Avett Brothers live in Durham.

Merge Records, a successful independent record label, has its headquarters in downtown Durham.[46] Other independent
record labels include Jamla, 307 Knox, Churchkey Records, and Paradise of Bachelors. Roots label Sugar Hill Records
was founded in Durham, by Barry Lyle Poss,[47] before it moved to Nashville in 1998. In 1996, the feminist / queer
record label Mr. Lady Records was founded and operated in Durham until its demise in 2004.[48]

Duke University's radio station WXDU is an active participant in the community.

Durham has a rich history of African American rhythm and blues, soul, and funk music. In the 1960s and 1970s, more
than 40 R&B, soul, and funk groups—including The Modulations, The Black Experience Band, The Communicators,
and Duralcha—recorded over 30 singles and three full-length albums. Durham was also home to ten recording labels
that released soul music, though most of them only released one or two records apiece. A few successful local soul
groups from Durham also recorded on national labels like United Artists or on regional labels in the mid-Atlantic and
Northeast.[49]

Visual arts

Durham is home to the nationally known Scrap Exchange, the largest nonprofit creative reuse arts center in the country,
and the Nasher Museum of Art as well as a plethora of smaller visual arts galleries and studios. As a testament to the
arts, downtown Durham sponsors an organically grown celebration of culture and arts on display every third Friday of
the month, year round. The event has come to be known as 3rd Friday.

A selection of locally renowned galleries remain in business throughout the city. Galleries include but are not limited to
local spots such as the Pleiades Gallery, the Carrack Modern Art, and Golden Belt Studios. Supporting a variety of local,
nationwide, and worldwide talent, these galleries often host weekly events and art shows. The Durham Art Walk is
another annual arts festival hosted in May each year in downtown Durham. The Durham Art Walk features a variety of
artists that come together each year for a large showcase of work in the streets of Durham. A secondary magnet school,
Durham School of the Arts, is also located in downtown Durham. It focuses on providing education in various forms of
art ranging from visual to the performing arts.[50]

Sports
Collegiate athletics are a primary focus in Durham. Duke University's men's
basketball team draws a large following, selling out every home game at
Cameron Indoor Stadium in 2009.[51] The fans are known as the Cameron
Crazies and are known nationwide for their chants and rowdiness. The team has
won the NCAA Division I championship three times since 2001 and five times
overall.[52] Duke competes in a total of 26 sports in the Atlantic Coast
Conference.

Durham's professional sports team is the Durham Bulls International League A Duke basketball game at Cameron
baseball team. A movie involving an earlier Carolina League team of that name, Indoor Stadium
Bull Durham, was produced in 1988. Today's Bulls play in the Durham Bulls
Athletic Park, on the southern end of downtown, constructed in 1994. One of the
more successful teams in the minor leagues, the Bulls usually generate an annual attendance of around 500,000.
Previously the Durham Athletic Park, located on the northern end of downtown, had served as the Bull's homebase.
Historically, many players for the current and former Durham Bulls teams have transferred to the big leagues after
several years in the minor leagues. The DAP has been preserved for the use of other teams as well as for concerts
sponsored by the City of Durham and other events. The Durham Dragons, a women's fast pitch softball team, played in
the Durham Athletic Park from 1998–2000. The DAP recently went through a $5 million renovation.
Politics
The area is predominantly Democratic, and has voted for the Democratic Party's
presidential candidate in every election since the city's founding in 1869.
Durham County is the most liberal county in North Carolina, measured by the
percentage of voters aligning with the Democratic party in the last several
presidential elections 2008 United States presidential election in North
Carolina#By county. The shifting alliances of the area's political action
committees since the 1980s has led to a very active local political scene. Notable
groups include the Durham Committee on the Affairs of Black People (https://w
ww.dcabp.org), the Durham People's Alliance, and the Friends of Durham (http Old Durham County Courthouse
s://www.friendsofdurham.com/). The first two groups tend to be affiliated with
Democratic party progressive activists, while the third group tends to attract
Republican activists. Compared to other similarly sized Southern cities, Durham has a larger than average population of
middle class African-Americans and white liberals. Working together in coalition, these two groups have dominated city
and county politics since the early 1980s.

Durham operates under a council-manager government. The mayor, since 2017, is Steve Schewel, who was elected with
59.45% of the vote.[53] The seven-member City Council is the primary budgetary and lawmaking authority.[54]

Key political issues have been the redevelopment of Downtown Durham and
revival of other historic neighborhoods and commercial districts, ending cash
bail, ending mandatory sentencing minimums, decriminalization of marijuana,
raising minimum wage for city employees to $15, the fluoridation of public
drinking water, a 45% reduction of crime, a 10-year plan to end homelessness,
initiatives to reduce truancy, issues related to growth and development.
Naturally, a merger of Durham City Schools (several inner city neighborhoods)
and Durham County Schools in the early 1990s has not been without
controversy. More recently, the Durham City Council's 2018 statement opposing
militarized policing that mentioned Israel has drawn its third lawsuit [4] (https://
Durham City Hall
www.newsobserver.com/news/local/article228418349.html). In 2018, Durham
appointed its first Latinx council member Javiera Caballero (https://durhamnc.go
v/3286/Javiera-Caballero). Durham has had majority female county boards since the 1980s, and in 2020, Durham
elected, for the first time, an all female Durham County Board of Commissioners and the first Muslim-American
woman to win elected office in the history of North Carolina [5] (https://www.newsobserver.com/news/politics-governm
ent/election/article240880111.html).

Federally, Durham is split between North Carolina's 1st congressional district and North Carolina's 4th congressional
district. The 1st district is represented by Democrat G.K. Butterfield, elected in 2004. The 4th district is represented by
Democrat David Price, elected in 1996.

Since 2003 the city has had a policy to prohibit police from inquiring into the
citizenship status of persons unless they have otherwise been arrested or charged
with a crime. A city council resolution mandates that police officers "...may not
request specific documents for the sole purpose of determining a person's civil
immigration status, and may not initiate police action based solely on a person's
civil immigration status ..."[55] Since 2010, the Durham police have accepted the
Mexican Consular Identification Card as a valid form of identification.[56]

In 2006, racial and community tensions stirred[57] following allegations of a

sexual assault by three white members of the Duke University lacrosse team in
Durham County Justice Center
what is now known as the 2006 Duke University lacrosse case. The allegations
were made by Crystal Gail Mangum a young, female African-American student
and mother of two young children. She and another young woman had been hired to dance at a party that the team held
in an off-campus house. In 2007, all charges in the case were dropped and the players were declared innocent. Durham
County District Attorney Mike Nifong was dismissed from his job and disbarred from legal practice for his criminal
misconduct handling of the case including withholding of exculpatory evidence. There have been several other results
from the case, including lawsuits against both city and Duke University officials.
The new Durham County Justice Center was completed in early 2013.

Education

Primary and secondary schools

Public schools in Durham are run by Durham Public Schools, the eighth largest school
district in North Carolina. The district runs 46 public schools, consisting of 30
elementary, 10 middle, 2 secondary, and 12 high schools. Several magnet high schools
focus on distinct subject areas, such as the Durham School of the Arts and the City of
Medicine Academy.[58] Public schools in Durham were partially segregated until 1970.

The North Carolina School for Science and Mathematics is a high school operated by
the University of North Carolina in central Durham. The residential school accepts
rising juniors living in North Carolina with a focus on science, mathematics, and
technology. Duke Chapel in West
Durham
There are several charter school options as well, including Research Triangle High
School (a STEM school in Research Triangle Park), Voyager Academy (K-12), Kestrel
Heights School (K-12), Maureen Joy Charter School (K-8), and most recently Excelsior Classical Academy (K-8).

Several private schools operate in Durham,[59] such as Durham Academy, Carolina Friends School, and the Duke
School. There are also religious schools, including Trinity School of Durham and Chapel Hill.[60]

In December 2007, Forbes.com ranked Durham as one of the "Top 20 Places to Educate Your Child;" Durham was the
only MSA from North Carolina to make the list.[61][62]

Colleges and universities

Duke University has approximately 14,000 students, split evenly between graduates and undergraduates.[63] Duke's
8600 acre campus and Medical Center are located in western Durham, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from downtown. Duke
forms one of the three vertices of the Research Triangle along with the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and
North Carolina State University. The university's research, medical, and teaching efforts are all among the highest-
ranked in both the United States and the world.[64]

North Carolina Central University is a public, historically black university located in southeastern Durham. It was
ranked the number 1 Public HBCU in the nation by U.S. News & World Report in 2010 and 2011. It was ranked the 10th
best HBCU overall. The university was founded by James E. Shepard in 1910 as the National Religious Training School
and Chautauqua to address the needs of the region's black population, and now grants baccalaureate, master's,
professional and doctoral degrees. NCCU became a university in 1969 and joined the University of North Carolina
system in 1972.

Durham Technical Community College is a two-year public institution that grants associate degrees.

Media
The major daily newspaper in Durham is The Herald-Sun, which began publication in 1893. The Durham-based
Independent Weekly, noted for its progressive/liberal perspective, provides political and entertainment news for the
greater Research Triangle; it began publication in 1983. Duke's independent student newspaper, The Chronicle (Duke
University), also provides local coverage.

Durham is part of the Raleigh-Durham-Fayetteville designated market area, the 24th largest broadcast television market
in the United States. ABC owned and operated WTVD is licensed to and based in Durham, while the studios for
statewide public television service UNC-TV are based in Research Triangle Park. All major U.S. television networks
have affiliates serving the region.
The city is part of the Raleigh-Durham Arbitron radio market, ranked #43 nationally. National Public Radio affiliate
WUNC, based in Chapel Hill, has significant operations in Durham.

Transportation
Most travel in Durham is by private motor vehicle on its network of public
streets and highways. Important arteries for traffic include NC 147, which
connects Duke University, downtown, and Research Triangle Park, U.S. 15-501
between Durham and Chapel Hill, I-85, connecting Durham to Virginia and
western North Carolina cities, and I-40 running across southern Durham County
between the Research Triangle Park and Chapel Hill. The I-40 corridor has been
the main site of commercial and residential development in Durham since its
opening in the early 1990s. Over 95% of commuters use a car to get to work,
Durham's Amtrak station
with 14% of those people in carpools.[65]

Durham maintains an extensive network of bicycle routes and trails and has
been recognized with a Bicycle Friendly Community Award.[66] The American
Tobacco Trail begins in downtown and continues south through Research
Triangle Park and ends in Wake County. The city is also considering furthering
the progress on the Triangle Greenway System.

Air travel is serviced by Raleigh-Durham International Airport, 12 miles

southeast of Durham, which enplanes about 4.5 million passengers per year.[67]
Frequent service (five flights a day or more) is available to Philadelphia,
Downtown Durham Station used by Atlanta, New York LaGuardia, New York Kennedy, Newark, Washington
GoDurham and GoTriangle Reagan, Washington Dulles, Chicago O'Hare, Dallas, Houston, Miami, and
Charlotte. Non-stop daily service is provided to approximately 30 destinations in
the United States and daily international service is also available to London
Heathrow, Toronto-Pearson and Paris Charles de Gaulle.

Amtrak operates a daily train between Charlotte and New York City (the Carolinian) which stops in downtown Durham.
The State of North Carolina, in cooperation with Amtrak, operates three additional daily trains between Raleigh and
Charlotte which also stop in Durham. A new Amtrak station was built in 2011 in a former tobacco warehouse. Some of
the downtown streets cross the tracks at grade level, while other intersections have grade separation. One downtown
railroad underpass has attracted national media coverage, because it provides only 11 feet-8 inches of clearance, and has
damaged the roofs of many trucks.[68] As of October 26, 2019, the underpass was closed down to both automotive and
train traffic in preparation for raising it to 12 feet and 4 inches, so as to provide clearance underneath to reduce large
vehicle damage.[69]

National bus service is provided by Greyhound and Megabus at the Durham Transit Station in downtown Durham,
which opened in 2009. GoDurham provides municipal bus service.

GoTriangle offers scheduled, fixed-route regional and commuter bus service

between Raleigh and the region's other principal cities of Durham, Cary and
Chapel Hill, as well as to and from the Raleigh-Durham International Airport,
Research Triangle Park and several of the region's larger suburban communities.
GoTriangle also coordinates an extensive vanpool and rideshare program that
serves the region's larger employers and commute destinations.

From 1995, the cornerstone of GoTriangle's long-term plan was a 28-mile

(45 km) rail corridor from northeast Raleigh, through downtown Raleigh, Cary,
and Research Triangle Park, to Durham using DMU technology. There were Durham Station Transportation
proposals to extend this corridor 7 miles (11 km) to Chapel Hill with light rail Center
technology. However, in 2006 Triangle Transit deferred implementation
indefinitely when the Federal Transit Administration declined to fund the
program. Government agencies throughout the Raleigh-Durham metropolitan area have struggled with determining the
best means of providing fixed-rail transit service for the region.
The region's two metropolitan planning organizations appointed a group of local citizens in 2007 to reexamine options
for future transit development in light of Triangle Transit's problems. The Special Transit Advisory Commission
(STAC) retained many of the provisions of Triangle Transit's original plan, but recommended adding new bus services
and raising additional revenues by adding a new local half-cent sales tax to fund the project.[70]

Duke University also maintains its own transit system, Duke Transit operates more than 30 buses with routes throughout
the campus and health system. Duke campus buses and vans have alternate schedules or do not operate during breaks
and holidays.

In an effort to create safer roadways for vehicles, bicyclists, and pedestrians, drivers can enroll in Durham's Pace Car
Program and agree to drive the speed limit, stop at all stop signs, stop at all red lights, and stop to let pedestrians cross
the street.[71]

Notable people

Born in Durham
Ernie Barnes, artist/painter[72]
Kara Medoff Barnett, theatre producer, arts director
Betty Davis, funk and soul singer
Ben Brantley, The New York Times theater critic
Michael Brooks, NFL player
Kelly Bruno, world-record holding amputee runner and athlete; contestant on
reality TV show Survivor: Nicaragua
Shirley Caesar, pastor and gospel recording artist
Roger Lee Craig,[73] Major League Baseball pitcher and manager
James Buchanan Duke, industrialist, founder of The Duke Endowment and
Duke University
The Duffer Brothers, creators of the Netflix series Stranger Things
Rick Ferrell, Hall of Fame baseball player[74]
John Wesley Fletcher, pastor Josh Whitesell
Tate Fogleman, NASCAR driver
Penny Fuller, award-winning actress in numerous Broadway, film, and television productions
David Garrard, NFL (2002–2013) quarterback
David Gergen, advisor to presidents Ford, Reagan, and Clinton
John H. Hager, former Virginia lieutenant governor (1998–2002) and the father-in-law of former First
Daughter Jenna Bush Hager
Brandon Hargest, singer for Jump5
Brittany Hargest, singer for Jump5
Biff Henderson, Late Show with David Letterman comedian and television personality
Wilbur Hobby, labor leader and former president of the North Carolina AFL-CIO
Alexander Isley, designer and educator
John P. Kee, pastor and gospel recording artist
Caitlin Linney, singer/songwriter
Little Brother, hip-hop group
John D. Loudermilk, songwriter ("Tobacco Road", "Then You Can Tell Me Goodbye")
John Lucas II, NBA player and coach
Crystal Mangum, accuser in the 2006 Duke lacrosse case,[75] who was later found guilty of fatally
stabbing her boyfriend[76]
Pigmeat Markham, comic actor and novelty musician
Frank Matthews, drug trafficker during the late 1960s and early 1970s
Clyde McPhatter, singer/songwriter, founding member of The Drifters
 LeRoi Moore of the Dave Matthews Band, contemporary jazz musician
Anita Morris, actress (Ruthless People, The Hotel New Hampshire, nominated for a Tony for her work in
Nine)
David Noel, NBA player for the Milwaukee Bucks[77]
Ike Opara, Major League Soccer defender for Sporting Kansas City
Bull City Red, blues musician
Brian Roberts, Major League Baseball player, second baseman for the Baltimore Orioles[78]
Rodney Rogers,[79] NBA (1993–2005) power forward
Ben Ruffin, civil rights activist, educator, and businessman
Don Schlitz, songwriter (Kenny Rogers's "The Gambler")
Robert K. Steel, former Undersecretary of the Treasury
Andre Leon Talley, Vogue editor, fashion luminary, and current judge of America's Next Top Model
Grady Tate, American musician and singer
Emilie Townes, dean of Vanderbilt Divinity School, former president of the American Academy of
Religion[80]
Dewayne Washington, NFL (1994–2005) cornerback
Seth Wescott,[81] Olympic champion snowboarder
Josh Whitesell, Major League Baseball first baseman of the Arizona Diamondbacks[82]
T.J. Warren, NBA player for the Indiana Pacers
Walter Lee Williams, one of the FBI Ten Most Wanted Fugitives[83]
Morgan Wootten, head basketball coach at DeMatha Catholic High School and member of the Basketball
Hall of Fame

Residents of Durham
Louis Austin (1898–1971), journalist, civil rights leader
Samuel Beam, singer/songwriter from Iron & Wine, current resident
Dan Bryk, singer, rock star
Crystal Cox, track and field athlete; member of national team for the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics;
contestant on reality TV show Survivor: Gabon
John Darnielle, musician and novelist best known as the primary (and often solitary) member of the
American band the Mountain Goats, for which he is the writer, composer, guitarist, pianist, and vocalist[84]
Victor Dzau, scientist and academic
Pura Fé, Native American singer
Nnenna Freelon, jazz singer/composer
Philip Freelon (1953–2019), architect, designer of the National Museum of African American History and
Culture
Heather Gordon (born 1967), artist
Michael Hardt, philosopher and theorist of globalization, politics and culture
Fredric Jameson, literary critic and Marxist political theorist
Big Daddy Kane, hip-hop artist and actor[85]
Mike Krzyzewski, head coach of the Duke men's basketball team and former head coach of Team USA
Mur Lafferty, podcaster and writer
John Malachi, jazz pianist[86]
Branford Marsalis, resident of Durham for several years. The Branford Marsalis Quartet's 2006 album
Braggtown was titled after Braggtown Baptist Church, located in northeastern Durham, just north of
Highways 70/85.[87]
The Mountain Goats, indie rock band
Pauli Murray (1910–1985), civil rights and women's activist, attorney, author, poet and priest, lived here
as a child with grandparents; in 1977 was the first black woman to be ordained as an Episcopal priest; in
2012 was named as an Episcopal saint (one of its "Holy Women, Holy Men")
 Mike Nifong, Durham County district attorney disbarred in 2006 for actions in Duke University lacrosse
case that year[88]
Rapsody, grammy-nominated female rapper [6] (https://www.wral.com/rapsody-grammy-rapper-durham-n
c-grammys/17297361/%3fversion=amp)
Leah Roberts, former North Carolina State University student who abruptly left Durham in March 2000
and has remained missing ever since
James E. Shepard (1875–1947), educator, founder and president of North Carolina College for Negroes
(now North Carolina Central University)
Jamie Stewart, art-pop musician best known as the frontman of Xiu Xiu[89]
Sylvan Esso, grammy-nominated dance and electronic music duo
Justin Tornow, dancer and choreographer
LeRoy T. Walker (1918–2012), former United States Olympic president; former chancellor of North
Carolina Central University (NCCU)[90]
Wye Oak, musical duo composed of Jenn Wasner and Andy Stack
James B. Wyngaarden, American physician, researcher and academic administrator.[91]

Associated with Durham

Andrew Britton, novelist
Grayson Allen, attended Duke (2014–18), NCAA champion, NBA player
Carolina Chocolate Drops, folk band who cite their hometown as Durham
Reverend Gary Davis, musician
Whitey Durham, coach in the hit CW network drama One Tree Hill, set in the fictional Tree Hill, North
Carolina; named after Durham
Blind Boy Fuller (Fulton Allen), musician
Grant Hill, attended Duke University (1990–1994), two-time NCAA champion, NBA player
Mary Katharine Ham, Conservative journalist; grew up in Durham[92]
Heather Havrilesky, author, essayist, and humorist raised in Durham[93]
Kyrie Irving, attended Duke (2010–11), NBA champion, NBA player
Christian Laettner, attended Duke University (1988–1992), two-time NCAA champion, NBA player
David Lynch, film and TV director; lived in Durham as a child; parents met at Duke University[94]
Doug Marlette, Pulitzer Prize-winning cartoonist; lived in Durham as a child[95]
Tracy McGrady, attended Mount Zion Christian Academy his senior year, NBA player
Freekey Zekey (Ezekiel Giles), rapper; spent almost three years in jail at Durham Correctional Center on
drug charges before being released on November 20, 2006[96][97]

Sister cities
Durham has six sister cities:[98]

Arusha, Arusha Region, Tanzania

Durham, County Durham, England, United Kingdom
Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast, Russia
Toyama, Toyama Prefecture, Japan
Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
Kavala, Eastern Macedonia and Thrace, Greece[99]

See also
Duke University String School
Interstate 85
 Triangle J Council of Governments

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Further reading
Turner & Co.'s Durham directory for the years 1889 and 1890, Danville, Va: E.F. Turner, 1889,
OL 13511643M (https://openlibrary.org/books/OL13511643M)
Ramsey's Durham directory, for the year 1892, Durham, N.C: N.A. Ramsey, 1892, OL 13511644M (http
s://openlibrary.org/books/OL13511644M)

External links
Geographic data related to Durham, North Carolina (https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/179868)
at OpenStreetMap
Official website (http://durhamnc.gov/)
 Durham Convention and Visitors Bureau (https://web.archive.org/web/20090116044720/http://www.durha
m-nc.com/)
Greater Durham Chamber of Commerce (http://www.durhamchamber.org/)

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