Proceedings of ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability &
9th Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology Conference
August 7-10, 2011, Washington DC, USA
PERFORMANCE STUDY OF A BI-CELL PIEZOELECTRIC PROTON EXCHANGE
MEMBRANE FUEL CELL WITH A NOZZLE AND DIFFUSER
Hsiao-Kang Ma Jyun-Sheng Wang
Department of Mechanical Engineering
National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
Previous studies of a bi-cell piezoelectric proton exchange
membrane fuel cell with a nozzle and diffuser
(PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell) have shown that the performance of
the PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell could be 1.6 times greater than that
of the single cell when the proper aspect ratio (AR) of 11.25
and the diffuser angle of 5° are applied to the diffuser. In this
study, the novel pseudo-bipolar bi-cell module was designated
parallel with an 8 cm2 reaction area, an AR of 5.63, and a
diffuser angle 10°. The bi-cell module was operated under
various operating conditions, including different operating
temperatures, bi-cell circuit and intake module on anode, the
performance of the bi-cell and the two component cells, and to
optimize the integrated system output. The pump performance
of the PZT-PEMFC-ND may be influenced by the asymmetric
amplitude of the PZT device. The asymmetric amplitude results
in different air flow rates through the cathode chamber of the
component cells and in different current outputs for the
component cells. For the different intake modules, the power of
bi-cells at flow parallel and series will produce maximum
power as 0.283 W cm-2 and 0.263 W cm-2, respectively. The
power consumption of the PZT device should be taken into
consideration when determining the net power of the
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell. In this study, the maximum net power
of the bi-cell was found to be 0.7W.
INTRODUCTION
Air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cells (AB-
PEMFCs) have attracted attention for their potential as a power
source for portable electronic devices requiring low power.
Since AB-PEMFCs require fewer auxiliary components, such as
compressors, humidifiers, and heat exchangers, to support
PEMFC performance, they are characterized by a small
structure and a minimum balance of plant. For optimal portable
AB-PEMFC applications, the air supply device should be small,
ESFuelCell2011
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Wei-Han Su Wei-Yang Cheng
provide sufficient air flow, and require low power consumption.
Various actuating methods, such as electrostatic,
magnetostriction, shape memory alloy, thermopneumatic, and
piezoelectric actuators, have been developed to pump fluid in a
precise manner. Among these actuating methods, the
piezoelectric actuator demonstrates good reliability, energy
efficiency, and moderate volume displacement [1]. To improve
its pumping flow rate, Olsson [2], Ullmann [3], and Yang [4]
have investigated the piezoelectric valveless micropump system
in which two chambers are placed in a series or in a parallel
arrangement. The results show that the flow rate in a
piezoelectric actuator could be controlled by changing the phase
difference.
During operation of an AB-PEMFC, membrane hydration
plays an important role in proton conductivity, which
determines the efficiency of the electrochemical reaction.
Furthermore, this hydration is affected by the conditions of the
inlet gases and by the cell temperature [5, 6]. Operating
parameters that facilitated better water removal by evaporation,
such as higher temperature, and lower inlet stream humidity,
resulted in a higher net current. Yi and Nguyen [7] showed that
PEMFC performance was improved by anode humidification
and by positive differential pressure between the cathode and
anode, factors that are also proved by the Nernst equation. Ge
and Wang [8] indicated that lower cell temperature, and, hence,
higher water condensation in the anode channels, may
contribute to anode flooding. The common ways of stack are
three types [9], there are bipolar, pseudo-bipolar and monopolar
respectively. In this study, the pseudo-bipolar type is used for
the electrical parallel, and the external crossed wires are also
used for electrical cascade. Previous study [10] have pointed
out the flow in series from stack to stack can achieve higher
total reactant utilizations.
 design, which consists of two cells with two outside anodes and
Nomenclature two inside cathodes that share a common PZT vibrating device
APZT piezoelectric area (m2) used to pump air flow. This arrangement allows one PZT device
AR aspect ratio to supply air to the two cells and pump the produced water out
C conductivity coefficient of the cells, reducing power consumption.
D channel opening width
f frequency of PZT (Hz) Actuation Mechanism
L channel path In a PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell, two diffuser elements are
P pressure (N m−2) applied to induce a larger air flow rate, as shown in Figure 2. In
Pc channel pressure this study, the cathode channel path (L) is 5.63 mm and the
Pin inlet pressure channel opening (D) is 1 mm. The lumped system developed by
Pout outlet pressure Ullmann [3] was applied to analyze the characteristics of the
R gas constant (J mol−1 K−1) valveless PZT pumping system. This method neglected spatial
t time (s) variations and, instead, focused on time variations, which do
T temperature (K) not require complex CFD methods, such as Navier-Stokes
TAn anode humidifier temperature (°C) equations. The time variation method was conducted for the
Tcell cell temperature (°C) following: pump mode (Pc>Pout>Pin), supply mode (Pout > Pin >
VPZT motion equation of the piezoelectric device Pc), and transition mode (Pout > Pc > Pin) [14-16]. An
(m s−1) assumption was supposed that the inlet pressure, Pin, was
Q flow rate always smaller than the outlet pressure, Pout, due to the
QAn anode flow rate (ml min-1) nozzle/diffuser design. In the supply mode, the diaphragm
Λ amplitude moved outward and the cathode chamber volume increased,
ζ loss coefficient which caused the chamber pressure to become lower than the
θ diffuser angle atmospheric pressure. Thus, the air was sucked into the chamber.
ρ density (kg m−3) In the pump mode, the diaphragm moved inward and the
∀ volume displacement (m3) cathode chamber volume decreased. Because the pressure
inside the cell was higher than the
Previous studies [11-14] of a novel piezoelectric proton
exchange membrane fuel cell with a nozzle and diffuser
(PZT-PEMFC-ND) have shown that a PZT device could solve
these water-flooding problems and improve cell performance.
The piezoelectric device is an actuator that pumps air into the
cathode chamber, delivering a better performance and a higher
current generation. The results also showed that improved
PZT-PEMFC-ND cell performance could be obtained using an
appropriate aspect ratio (AR) of the diffuser elements. A
previous study [15] indicated that better bi-cell performance is
obtained with an AR of 5.63 and a θ of 10°. Furthermore, a
bi-cell piezoelectric proton exchange membrane fuel cell with
nozzle and diffuser (PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell) has been
developed and its performance could be 1.6 times greater than
that of a single cell. However, slight water condensation was
found in the anode flow channels of one the PZT-PEMFC-ND
component cells [16].
The objective of this study is to investigate a
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell with a novel pseudo-bipolar design
under various operating conditions, including different
operating temperatures, bi-cell circuit and intake module on
anode , to understand the performance of the bi-cell and the two
component cells, and to optimize the integrated system output.
Figure 1. Operation modes of the novel pseudo bipolar
THE NOVEL PSEUDO-BIPOLAR DESIGN OF THE design of a PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell.
AIR-BREATHING PZT-PEMFC-ND
 
Design of the Novel Pseudo-Bipolar
Various PEMFC stacks have been developed based on
different considerations of functional demands and system
designs [9]. The traditional pseudo-bipolar design contains two
cells with two inside anodes and two outside cathodes.
Typically, the PEMFC stack is constructed with the bipolar
design. However, because two piezoelectric devices are
required for a PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell, using the bipolar design
may decrease the net power output of this device. Thus, the
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell was constructed with the novel
pseudo-bipolar design to deliver increased power. As shown in Figure 2. The cathode chamber design of a
Figure 1, this innovative design differs from the traditional PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell.
pressure outside the cell, the air was pushed into the catalyst humidifier. The humidifier is a water tank with a heater that the
layer and the water that was produced was pumped out of the reactant gas to pass through at a specific temperature. Next, the
cell. Between the pump mode and the supply mode, a transition hydrogen with water vapor is delivered to the PZT-PEMFC-ND
mode occurred when the outlet pressure was higher than the bi-cell for an electrochemical reaction. The equipment on the
chamber and inlet pressures, Pout > Pc > Pin. cathode side is more complex than the equipment on the anode
To analyze the air flow rate of the PZT-PEMFC-ND side. To activate the PZT vibrating device, a function generator
system, the system’s control volume was chosen in the cathode is utilized to first deliver the sine wave signals. The signals
chamber (Figure 3). The equation of motion for the PZT device from the function generator are then sent to an amplifier to
was a sine function given by Eq. (1). magnify the signals so that the piezoelectric device vibrates
G
VPZT = d dt[− Λ × (sin (2πft ))] . (1) when it receives the signal. To measure the power consumption
of the PZT device, a power meter is connected to the output
Thus, by using the Reynolds Transport Theorem and the terminal of the amplifier.
continuity equation [9-12], the air flow rate can be written as: The PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell, shown in Figure 5, consists
∂ G
P d∀ + ρVPZT APZT .
R ∂t ∫C∀ T
Qc = 1 (2) of two anode current collectors, two anode flow field plates,
two membrane electrode assemblies (MEA), two collector
The inlet flow from the nozzle and diffuser could be found supports, one PZT device, and one cathode current collector.
by using the diffuser element theory, as follows: The reactive area of the MEA is 2 x 2 cm², the membrane is
Qin ,l = C n (Pout − PC ) for the air inflow from left (3) Nafion®212, and the ratio of the open-air and reactive areas is
34.7% in the cathode. To prevent gas leakage, the PZT material
to right, shown in Figure 3
is attached to a gasket film, made of PDMS, on the cathode
Qin,r = Cd (Pin − PC ) for the air inflow from right (4)
current collector. The flow parallel of bi-cells circuits is used in
to left, shown in Figure 3 this experiment. In the electrical cascade, the collector support,
which is made of acrylic, works as the insulation between the
Where the conductivity coefficient can be separated into two component cells and the cells can be connected with
nozzle, Cn, and diffuser, Cd. crossed-line. In the electrical parallel, the pseudo-bipolar is
Cn = A used as the common cathode collector; the collector support is
1 ξ ρ made of gold-plating cooper plate to let two component cells be
2 n (5)
conducted. Figure 6 shows current shunt with data acquisition
modules can get the voltage of two component cells in electrical
Cd = A cascade and get the current density of two component cells in
1 ξd ρ (6) electrical parallel.
2
Although the net flow rate can be calculated using this
method, the outflow rate is irrelevant to this study because the
air through the outlet reacted throughout the electrochemical
reaction.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
Figure 4 shows the test platform used to analyze
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell performance. On the anode side, Figure 3. Diagram of the control volume in a
high-pressure hydrogen from the hydrogen storage bottle flows PZT-PEMFC-ND system.
through the mass flow controller and enters the bubble allows

Figure 4. Schematic of the PZT-PEMFC testing system

 anode side was supplied by hydrogen storage and controlled by
the mass flow controller. Next, two flow meters were prepared
to monitor the flow rate into the different component cells. The
DC electronic load simulated the electronic loading of voltage
and current. In this study, a constant voltage mode was chosen
and the polarization curves were obtained by decreasing the
open current voltage from 0.1 V to 0.2 V every 10-min, using
LabVIEW software. Furthermore, to measure the currents
through each of the cells, two current shunts were prepared.

Results and Discussion

In this study, the influence of operating temperature,
bi-cell circuits and intake module on anode, at diffuser angle
10° and a aspect ratio 5.63, were investigated to determine the
performance for the PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell. The design
increases the diffuser angle, and decreases the aspect ratio. In
this way, this design shrinks the cell volume, so the total cell
volume is decreased by this design The bi-cell performance was
then considered, with regard to the power consumption of a
PZT device, in order to estimate the net power of the
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell.
Figure 5. An exploded drawing of the PZT-PEMFC bi-cell.
Influence of the Operating Temperature
A previous study [17] has shown that the proper operation
temperature of an AB-PEMFC with a traditional pseudo-bipolar
design would range from 20 °C to 40 °C and the hydrogen flow
rate would not have an apparent effect on the device’s
performance. Moreover, the performance of an AB-PEMFC
with a traditional pseudo-bipolar design was affected by the
humidity in the surrounding environment and by the operational
temperature. Previous studies [6, 18] also indicated that an
appropriate increase in cell temperature is an effective
parameter for ensuring high cell performance.

(a)electrical cascade (b)electrical parallel

Figure 6. Experimental setup of the bi-cell circuit module.

Figure 7 shows the experimental setup of the PZT-PEMFC-ZD

electrical parallel of bi-cell in flow parallel. Thus, two hydrogen
supply lines and two thermocouples are needed to measure the Figure 7. Experimental setup of the PZT-PEMFC-ND
cell temperature. Furthermore, the anode humidifier electrical parallel of bi-cell in flow parallel.
temperature, TAn, is also monitored by a temperature controller.  
Moreover, the signal from the amplifier was transmitted
through the signal wires in the middle of the module. Figure 8
shows intake modules on anode of bi-cell in electrical parallel.
In the flow series, one component cell is initial input with 60 ml
min-1 hydrogen flow, then, the reacted gas and un-reacted
hydrogen will flow into the other component cell. In the flow
parallel, both two component cells are input 30 ml min-1
hydrogen flow respectively.
The PZT device of the PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell was driven
by a sine wave signal generated by a function generator. The
amplifier was required to magnify voltage to the designated dB.
The vibration frequency of the PZT device was set at 60 Hz;
thus, the PZT device controlled the air flow on the cathode side.
The amplitude of the PZT device was measured by means of a
laser displacement measurement sensor (AR200-6M, Acuity). (a)flow parallel (b)flow series
In the anode side, the humidified hydrogen flowed into the
anode channel at a temperature of 30 °C. The hydrogen in the Figure 8. Experimental setup of the intake modules on
anode of bi-cell.
 the amplitude towards MEA-X and the negative amplitude is
the amplitude towards MEA-Z Obviously, the negative
amplitude is closer to MEA-Z and causes a smaller cathode
chamber volume of MEA-Z
Figure 13 shows that the amplitude varies, ranging from
0.10 mm to -0.14 mm. Furthermore, the amplitude is not the
same for the supply mode and pump mode in each component
cell. Eqs. (1) to (4), show that the inlet flow rate is decided by
the amplitude. Since the negative amplitude is larger than the
positive amplitude, the supply mode in MEA-X may suck more
air and generate more current than the supply mode in MEA-Z.
Therefore, asymmetric amplitude might influence the
performance of the component cells in the bi-cell.
Figure 9. The I-V curves under different operating
                                temperatures.
 
Figure 9 shows the I-V curves under different operating
temperatures, ranging from 30 °C to 60 °C, at TAn=30 °C,
QAn=60 ml min-1, electrical parallel, flow parallel, and f=60 Hz.
As the temperature increases from 30 °C to 50 °C, the current
output and cell performance increases because a high cell
temperature improves the chemical reaction rate Thus, more
water is generated to hydrate the membrane thereby decreasing
the ohmic loss. However, the current density and cell
performance decrease as the temperature increases from 50 °C
to 60 °C because a larger activation loss was induced at the
Figure 10. The I-V curve in electrical parallel.
higher temperature due to the lower relative humidity.

Influence of the Bi-cell Circuit Module

In this study, the component cell currents are monitored
simultaneously using two current shunts to analyze
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell performance. Figure 10 shows the I-V
curves of the bi-cell and the component cells in electrical
parallel, flow parallel, TAn=30 °C, QAn=60 ml min-1, and f=60
Hz. The major different performance of MEA-Z and MEA-X
has been observed after voltage dropped to 0.7V in electrical
parallel. In Figure 10, MEA-Z will produce a better current
density 0.2902A cm-2 at 0.2V and the MEA-X will produce a
better current density 0.4706A cm-2 at 0.2V. This difference of
current density between MEA-Z and MEA-X is increasing to Figure 11.The I-V curve in electrical cascade.
0.1804 A cm-2 at 0.2V.
Figure 11 shows the I-V curves of the bi-cell and the
component cells in electrical cascade. The electrical cascade of
bi-cell can be further described into three regions. In the first
region of 1.8V to 1.4V, three I-V curves have a normal
phenomenon in electrical cascade. In the second region of 1.4V
to 0.6V, the I-V curve of the bi-cell shows a big voltage drop.
This is because in electrical cascade, the current is constant for
both component cells. However, the voltage of MEA-Z rapidly
drops to zero, when the current density increases to 0.25 A cm-2
due to a concentration loss.Proceeding to the third region of Figure 12.The measurement coordinates for the PZT
0.6V to 0.2V, MEA-Z will deliver no voltage due to the severe
device vibration.（gravity field downwards
concentration loss. The measured current density is generated
by MEA-X only. Thus, in the third region, MEA-X will through paper）
dominate the performance of bi-cell in electrical cascade.

Influence of the PZT Amplitude

In this study, the test results reveal that these two MEAs
perform differently under the same operating temperature, the
same hydrogen flow rate, and the same anode inlet temperature.
Why is this so? Since the air flow to the cathode is driven by
the PZT vibrations, the amplitude of the PZT device is the key
to affect the performance, from Eq.(2). The PZT material is
attached to one side of the film made of PDMS. The origin of
vibration is set at the tip of the PZT material and the positions Figure 13.The PZT device amplitude.
of the MEAs are shown in Figure 12. The positive amplitude is

Figure 14. The I-V curves under different intake modules
on anode of bi-cell.
Figure 15. The I-V curves under different intake modules
on anode of component cells.
Influence of Intake Module on Anode
Figure 14 shows the I-V curves of the bi-cell at different
intake modules. The performances of the bi-cell at flow series
and flow parallel has slightly difference in concentration and
ohmic loss. Figure 15 further indicates the performances of
MEA-Z and MEA-X, respectively. In flow parallel, the
concentration loss are obvious in MEA-X. However, MEA-Z
will have a better performance in the ohmic polarization zone.
In flow series, the larger input hydrogen flow in MEA-X may
expel water product efficiently into MEA-Z, it may cause the
flooding phenomena in the MEA-Z anode channel. For the
different intake modules, the power of bi-cell at flow parallel
and series will produce maximum power as 0.283 W cm-2 and
0.263 W cm-2, respectively.
Net Power of Bi-cell
The novel pseudo-bipolar design of the PZT-PEMFC-ND
bi-cell requires only one PZT device to supply a sufficient air
flow rate into the component cells. The PZT device is a
power-consuming device and the required power is 0.21W
measured by an AC power meter. In this study, the optimal
performance of the PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell is 0.91W with an
operating temperature of 50 °C, an anode flow rate of 60 ml
min-1, and a PZT vibration frequency of 60 Hz. Considering the
power consumption of the PZT device, the maximum net power
0.7W of the bi-cell is obtained under TAn=30°C, Tcell=40°C, and
f=60Hz.
CONCLUSION
An innovative pseudo-bipolar design for the
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell has been successfully developed and
its performance was investigated under different operating
conditions. The major findings are as follows:
(1). The operating temperature is an important operating
parameter for increasing the performance of the
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell. Optimal bi-cell performance is
obtained with temperature of 40 °C.
(2). The major different performance of MEA-Z and MEA-X
has been observed after voltage dropped to 0.7V in electrical
parallel.
(3). In the region of 1.4V to 0.6V, the I-V curve of bi-cell
shows a big voltage drop in electrical cascade. In the region of
0.6V to 0.2V, MEA-Z will be found in failure when the current
density of bi-cell exceeds 0.3 A cm-2. MEA-X will dominate the
performance of bi-cell in electrical cascade.
(4). The pump performance of the PZT-PEMFC-ND may be
influenced by the asymmetric amplitude of the PZT device. The
asymmetric amplitude results in different air flow rates through
the cathode chamber of the component cells and in different
current outputs for the component cells.
(5). For the different intake modules, the power of bi-cells at
flow parallel and series will produce maximum power as 0.283
W cm-2 and 0.263 W cm-2, respectively.
(6). The power consumption of the PZT device should be
taken into consideration when determining the net power of the
PZT-PEMFC-ND bi-cell. In this study, the maximum net power
of the bi-cell was found to be 0.7W.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This research was funded by the National Science Council of
the Republic of China (NSC 99-2221-E-002-126-MY2 and
NSC 99-2622-E-002-029-CC3).
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