The assignment is submitted to department of Business Administration Government Murray

college Sialkot for the partially fulfillment of SOC-101 Management BS 2nd Semester

Program: BS BBA (Second Semester)

Assignment: Role of Sociology

Submitted to:

Sir Umer Maqbool

Submitted by:

Rabia Shakeel

Roll no:

13

Govt. Murray College, Sialkot.

 Sociology:
Sociology is the systematic and scientific study of human behavior in groups
and society.

Sociologists study various aspects of social life, including behavior in large

organizations and small groups, deviant behavior, and the characteristics of
political and religious institutions and social movements; sociologists study the social
psychological explanations for behavior.
Ex: A person that goes to a football game to watch the people rather than the game.

ROLE OF SOCIOLOGY:

Socrates- (469-399 B.C.)- is noted as being one of the most profound

thinkers and teachers of all time. He refused to accept the classical or traditional
explanations of religion, politics, and the rights of the individual in relation to the
state. He came up with the “Socratic Method” of teaching (questioning and
answering orally rather than written).

Plato- (427-347 B.C.)- is noted as being a student and follower of Socrates.

Plato, in Athens, developed the Academy-a school where he incorporated the
“Socratic Method.” He drilled his students endlessly of questions that became
central to philosophical and sociological inquiry.

Ibn-e-Khaldun (1332-1406), the Arab philosopher of history, statesman,

judge, historian, and sociologist is considered as the true founding Father of
modern sociology. However, there is a widespread assumption in the contemporary
intellectual production that the science of culture and society originated solely in
Europe. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to show how the classical
sociological theories, methods, and principles are rooted in the remarkable
contributions of Ibn Khaldun. Ibn-e-Khaldun's theories and thought still prove their
feasibility and applicability to current social issues. Bringing back Ibn-e-Khaldun's
thoughts into the classical social theories would acknowledge his remarkable
contributions to the establishment and development of social thought.

Friedrich Engels- was born on November 20, 1820, in Prussia, or what is

now Germany. He was the eldest son of a wealthy textile manufacturer Friedrich
Sr. and Elisabeth Engels. At an early age, Engels developed a profound sense of
cynicism toward major societal institutions like religion. He was opposed to
organized religion and capitalism, much of which was influenced by the writings
of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. Engels helped develop the
foundations of the labor theory of value and exploitation of labor prior to meeting
Karl Marx years later.

These unorthodox beliefs placed a significant strain on his relationship with his
parents. They grew concerned by his radical ideology but still expected he would
follow Friedrich Sr.'s footsteps. At 22, Engels was sent to a manufacturing center
in Manchester to become well-versed in the family business. It was here
that Engels grew more engrossed with socialism and met Karl Marx for the first
time.

Together, Marx and Engels would produce many pieces of work critiquing
capitalism and developing an alternative economic system in communism. Their
most famous pieces of work include The Condition of the Working Class in
England, The Communist Manifesto, and each volume of Das Capital. Engels
edited and published the fourth volume of capital after Marx's death in 1883. The
remainder of Engels' life was spent compiling Marx's unfinished work and putting
together thoughts of his own. Engels died of throat cancer in London at age 74.

Major Work by Friedrich Engels

Some of Engels' most famous work was collaborations with Karl Marx.
These include:

 The Holy Family: The book was a critique of the Hegelian trend making
advances in academic circles at the time.
 The Condition of the Working Class in England: A detailed exposition of the
working condition in Britain during Engels' stay in Manchester.
 The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State: Engels' first piece
after Marx's death and last publication before his own passing.
 Das Kapital: One of the earliest and most scathing critiques of modern
capitalism.

Confucianism was the official religion of China from 200 B.C.E. until it was
officially abolished when communist leadership discouraged religious practice in
1949. The religion was developed by Kung Fu-Tzu (Confucius), who lived in the
sixth and fifth centuries B.C.E. An extraordinary teacher, his lessons—which were
about self-discipline, respect for authority and tradition, and jen (the kind
treatment of every person)—were collected in a book called the Analects. Some
religious scholars do not consider Confucianism more of a social system than a
religion because it focuses on sharing wisdom about moral practices but doesn’t
involve any type of specific worship; nor does it have formal objects. In fact, its
teachings were developed in context of problems of social anarchy and a near-
complete deterioration of social cohesion. Dissatisfied with the social solutions
put forth, Kung Fu-Tzu developed his own model of religious morality to help
guide society (Smith 1991).

Auguste Comte- (1798-1857)-is honored with the title “Father of

Sociology.” Comte was somewhat an eccentric person (he claimed to practice
“Mental Hygiene” or refused to read the works of others as he felt it would
contaminate his own originality or thoughts. He is regarded as one of the most
original thinkers of all time.

It was he who coined the term “sociology” and argued, in 1838, that the methods
of science should be applied to the study of society Comte wrote Positive
Philosophy-the first systematic sociological approach to the study of society, which
offered solutions to social problems. Comte’s new approach or science emphasized
“Positivism” –the use of observation, comparison, experimentation, and the
historical method to gain necessary facts to analyze society. Comte established two
specific problems for sociological investigation: “Social Statics” and “Social
Dynamics.”

Social Statics- refers to the problem of order and stability or social structure
or the relatively stable elements found in every society.

Social Dynamics- refers to the problems of social change.

• What make society or societies change and what shapes the nature and direction
of the changes? Comte was so confident that the scientific method would unlock
the secrets of society that he came to regard sociologists as the “Priesthood of
humanity.” They were experts that would not only explain society or social events,
but would guide society in the direction of greater progress. Comte believed
sociologists could cure the social ills of society. Although later sociologists have
generally had more modest ambitions, they have continued to wrestle with the
problems of social order and social change.
Karl Max (1818-1883)- He was educated in history, economics, and
philosophy. He declared that the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and
prestige, and other limited resources were not the result of “Natural Laws” but
were caused by the exploitation of one social class by another. Marx believed the
“Bourgeoisie” or the power “elite” ruling class, possessed power not because they
were the “fittest”, but because they owned and controlled the means of production.

. Marx believed the bourgeoisie used deception, fraud, and violence to seize the
profits of the proletariat, or the working class, whose labor produced the majority
of society’s material assets.

Marx concluded that a slow, natural evolutionary process would not bring
necessary social change. The modern communist movements owe their inspiration
directly to Marx. Marxism is not the same as communism.