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Spectra
Spectrscope
In a light spectroscope,
light is focused into a thin
beam of parallel rays by a
lens, and then passed
through a prism or
diffraction grating that
separates the light into a
frequency spectrum.
Continuous Spectrum
Emission Spectra
Continuous spectrum
A Spectrum in
which all
wavelengths are
present between
certain limits.
Emission Sprectrum
Emission spectrum
Spectrum lines
• Matter has
wave
characteristics
. 2-slit expt.
Expected Result if light and
:
electrons are particles
Actual result for light and electrons
:
– demonstrates their wavelike nature
Electrons were both particles and waves
• A region in
space where the
probability of
finding an
electron of a
particular is
high
Electrons moving
Electron paths
Main levels AND THE
NUMBER OF ELECTRONS
• 1 = 2e
• 2 = 8e
• 3 = 18e
• 4 = 32e
Sub-levels
• Each main level has sub-levels
• 1has s sub-level only
• 2 has s and p sub-levels
• 3 has s,p and d sub-levels
• 4 has s,p,d and f sub-levels
• Energy of sub-levels spd
1s
2s
2p
3d
Electrons in sub-levels
• s = 2e
• p = 6e
• d = 10e
• f = 14e
Sub-levels
• 1 = s(2e)
• 2 = s(2e) + p(6e) = 8e
• 3 = s(2e) + p(6e) + d(10e) = 18e
The "p" orbital is dumb belled shaped and each
P sub level is made of three "p" orbitals (because
the P sub level can hold 6 electrons and every
orbital holds 2 electrons)
P-orbitals
P-orbitals
Electrons in orbitals
• S holds 2e
• 3 p orbitals each holds only 2e
• 5 d orbitals each holds only 2e
Pauli’s exclusion principle
• Orbital can only hold
2electrons and these
electrons must have
opposite spins
Pauli's exclusion principle
Aufbau principle
• When filling up
the orbitals in a
sublevel
electrons fill
then singly at
first.
5 electrons
6 electrons Hund’s rule
Electron Configurations
• He, 2, helium : 1s2
• Ne, 10, neon: 1s2 2s2 2p6
• Ar, 18, argon : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
• Kr, 36, krypton : 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10
4p6
Exceptions to Electron
configuration rules
• Cr
• Half-filled orbitals give greater stability
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d4 4s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
3d5 4s1
• Cu
• Full 3d sub-level gives greater stability
• 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d9 4s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
3d10 4s1
Electron Configurations (ions)
• F-, 10, Flouride: [1s2 2s2 2p6 ]-
• Cl-, 18, Chloride : [1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6]-
• Na+, 10, Sodium ion: [1s2 2s2 2p6 ]+