History of the Philippines (900–1565)

The history of the Philippines between 900 and 1565, also known
as the pre-colonial period or pre-Hispanic, begins with the creation Pre-colonial-era
of the Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) in 900 and ends with Philippines
the Spanish colonization in 1565. The LCI is the first written
document found in an ancient Philippine language. The inscription
itself identifies the date of its creation, and its deciphering in 1992
made it possible to put the end of prehistorical Philippines around
900 AD. Prior to the LCI, the earliest record of the Philippine
Islands corresponded with the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in
1521.

Magellan was a Portuguese explorer in charge of a Spanish

expedition to circumnavigate the globe. Spanish forces were
defeated by the chieftain Lapulapu at the Battle of Mactan, and the
Spanish conquest was delayed until a new expedition in 1565 during
the reign of Philip II of Spain. Prior to the Spanish conquest, the
Philippines were composed of different kingdoms, rajahnates, and
sultanates. Some were even part of a larger Empire outside of the
modern day map of what is now the Philippines. For example,
Manila was once part of the Bruneian Empire, and many parts of the
modern day Mindanao are theorized to have been part of the Horizon Philippine history
Majapahit empire with its capital being located in East Java in Geographical Southeast Asia
modern-day Indonesia. It was the Spaniards who named the range
collection of Southeast Asian islands they conquered as "Las Islas
Period c.900–1560s
Filipinas" after the aforementioned Philip II of Spain, the
geographical locations of which the modern day country of the Dates c. Before 900 AD
Philippines based its territories today. Major sites Tundun,
Seludong,
Other sources of pre-colonial history include archeological findings,
Pangasinan,
records from contact with the Song Dynasty, the Bruneian Empire,
Japan, and Muslim traders, genealogical records of Muslim rulers, Limestone tombs,
and the collected accounts which were put into writing by Spanish Idjang citadels,
chroniclers in the 17th century, as well as then-extant cultural Panay, Rajahnate
patterns which had not yet been swept away by the coming tide of of Cebu,
hispanization. The period prior to Spanish colonization made the Rajahnate of
Philippines a part of both the Indosphere and Sinosphere.[1][2][3][4] Butuan, Kota
Wato, Kota Sug,
Ma-i, Dapitan,
Contents Gold artifacts,
Singhapala,
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription and its context (c. Ifugao plutocracy
900)
Characteristics Indianized
Barangay city-states and thalassocracies
kingdoms, Hindu
Indianization and the emergence of Suyat scripts (800 and Buddhist
onwards) Nations, Islamized
Sinicization and Chinese trade (982 onwards) Indianized
Islamization and the growth of Islamic sultanates (1380 sultanates
onwards) Sinicized Nations
Attack by the Bruneian Empire (1500) Preceded by Prehistory of the
Spanish explorations (1521–1565) Philippines
Lapulapu Followed by Colonial era
From Magellan to Legazpi
Conquest under Philip II
See also
Notes
References
Further reading
External links

The Laguna Copperplate Inscription and its context (c. 900)

In January 1990, the Laguna Copperplate, then just a thin
piece of crumpled and blackened metal, was offered for
sale to and was acquired by the National Museum of the
Philippines after previous efforts to sell it to the world of
antiques had been unsuccessful. On examination, it was
found to measure about 20 cm square and to be fully
covered on one side with an inscription in ten lines of
finely written characters. Antoon Postma deciphered the
text and discovered that it identified the date of its creation
as the "Year of Sakya 822, month of Vaisakha." According Laguna Copperplate Inscription (c. 900)
to Jyotisha (Hindu astronomy), this corresponded with the
year 900. Prior to the deciphering of the LCI, Philippine
history was traditionally considered to begin at 1521, with the arrival of Magellan and his chronicler,
Antonio Pigafetta. History could not be derived from pre-colonial records because such records typically did
not survive: most of the writing was done on perishable bamboo or leaves. Because the deciphering of the
LCI made it out to be the earliest written record of the islands that would later become the Philippines, the
LCI moved the boundary between Philippine history and prehistory back 600 years.[5][6][7]

The inscription forgives the descendants of Namwaran from a debt of 926.4 grams of gold, and is granted by
the chief of Tondo (an area in Manila) and the authorities of Paila, Binwangan and Pulilan, which are all
locations in Luzon. The words are a mixture of mostly Sanskrit along with some Old Malay, Old Javanese
and Old Tagalog. The subject matter proves conclusively that a developed society with traders, rulers and
international trading existed in the Philippines prior to the Spanish colonization. The references to the Chief
of Medang Kingdom in Indonesia imply that there were cultural and trade links with empires and territories
in other parts of Maritime Southeast Asia, particularly Srivijaya. The copperplate indicate the presence of
writing and of written records at the time, and the earliest proof of Philippines language.[5]

Barangay city-states and thalassocracies

Since at least the 3rd century, the indigenous people were in contact with the other Southeast Asian and East
Asian nations. Fragmented ethnic groups established several polities formed by the assimilation of several
small political units known as barangay each headed by a Datu, who was then answerable to a Rajah or a
Lakan, who headed the
city state. Each barangay
consisted of about 100 Idjang
families. Some
barangays were big or
city-sized, such as Zubu
(Cebu), Maktan Samtoy Igorot
(Mactan), Butuan, Plutocracy
Ogtong (Oton)[8] and
Halaud (Araut or Halaur, Caboloan
which is Dumangas at Namayan
[9] Tondo Cainta
present) in Panay, Maynila
Mait (Ma-i), Bigan
(Vigan) and Selurong Ma-i
Ibalon
(Manila). Each of these
big barangays had a
Kedatuan of
population of more than Madja-as
2,000. The city- Chiefdom of Rajahnate of
statehood system was Taytay Cebu
Kedatuan of
also used by the Dapitan
freedom-loving Waray
Sultanate of Rajahnate of
people of Samar and Lanao Butuan
eastern Leyte, the head-
Sultanate of
hunting Ilongots of the Maguindanao
Sultanate of
Cagayan Valley (now Sulu
primarily live in Nueva
Viscaya and Nueva Ecija
after the Ilokano Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the
migrations to the Philippine archipelago
Cagayan Valley), and the
peacock-dressed
Gaddang people of the Cagayan Valley. Unlike other areas in the
country like Tondo or Cebu which had royal families, the ancient city-
states of the Warays, Ilongots and Gaddangs were headed through an
indigenous leadership system. Both civilizations developed their own
tools and craftsmanship as proven by archaeological evidence in central
Cagayan Valley and southwest Samar. The head of the Ilongot was
known as the Benganganat, while the head of the Gaddang was the
Mingal.[10][11][12]

The Ilokano people at the northwest side of Luzon, who classically

were located in what is now Ilocos Sur, was headed by the Babacnang.
The traditional name of the polity of the Ilokano was Samtoy. The
polity did not have a royal family, rather, it was headed by its own
chieftaincy. The polity had trade contacts with both China and Japan.

The people of the Cordilleras, collectively known by the Spanish as A Visayan couple of the nobility
caste, dressed in embroidered
Igorot, were headed by the Apo. These civilizations were highland
silk and with various gold
plutocracies with their very own distinct cultures, where most were
jewellery, depicted in the 16th-
headhunters. According to literature, some Igorot people were always
century Boxer Codex
at war with the lowlanders from the west, the Ilokanos.[13][14]
The Subanons of Zamboanga Peninsula also had their own statehood during this period. They were free
from colonization, until they were overcame by the Islamic subjugations of the Sultanate of Sulu in the 13th
century. They were ruled by the Timuay. The Sama-Bajau peoples of the Sulu Archipelago, who were not
Muslims and thus not affiliated with the Sultanate of Sulu, were also a free statehood and was headed by the
Nakurah until the Islamic colonization of the archipelago. The Lumad (autochthonous groups of inland
Mindanao) were known to have been headed by the Datu.

By the 14th century, these polities were organized in strict social classes: The Datu or ruling class, the
Maharlika or noblemen, the Timawa or freemen, and the dependent class which is divided into two, the
Aliping Namamahay (Serfs) and Aliping Saguiguilid (Slaves).

In the earliest times, the items which were prized by the people included jars, which were a symbol of
wealth throughout South Asia, and later metal, salt and tobacco. In exchange, the people would trade
feathers, rhino horn, hornbill beaks, beeswax, bird's-nests, resin, and rattan.

Indianization and the emergence of Suyat scripts (800 onwards)

The script used in writing down the LCI is Kawi, which
originated in Java, and was used across much of Maritime
Southeast Asia. But by at least the 13th century or 14th century,
its descendant known in Tagalog as Baybayin was in regular
use. The term baybayin literally means syllables, and the
writing system itself is a member of the Brahmic family.[15]
One example of the use of Baybayin from that time period was
found on an earthenware burial jar found in Batangas. Though a Baybayin, one of the many suyat scripts
common perception is that Baybayin replaced Kawi, many formed in the Philippines
historians believe that they were used alongside each other.
Baybayin was noted by the Spanish to be known by everyone,
and was generally used for personal and trivial writings. Kawi most likely continued to be used for official
documents and writings by the ruling class.[16] Baybayin was simpler and easier to learn, but Kawi was
more advanced and better suited for concise writing.

Although Kawi came to be replaced by the Latin script, Baybayin continued to be used during the Spanish
colonization of the Philippines up until the late 19th century. Closely related scripts still in use among
indigenous peoples today include Hanunóo, Buhid and Tagbanwa.[17]

The indigenous scripts of the Philippines like Baybayin have been abandoned in exchange of the Roman
alphabet and the complete absence of pre-Hispanic specimens of usage of the Baybayin script has led to a
common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must have burned or destroyed massive amounts of
native documents.[18] One of the scholars who proposed this theory is the anthropologist and historian H.
Otley Beyer who wrote in "The Philippines before Magellan" (1921) that, "one Spanish priest in Southern
Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character".
Historians have searched for the source of Beyer's claim and no one has verified the name of the said
priest.[19] There is no direct documentary evidence of substantial destruction of native pre-Hispanic
documents by Spanish missionaries and modern scholars such as Paul Morrow[20] and Hector Santos[21]
accordingly rejected Beyer's suggestions. In particular, the scholar Hector Santos suggested that only the
occasional short documents of incantations, curses and spells that were deemed evil were possibly burned by
the Spanish friars, and that the early missionaries only carried out the destruction of Christian manuscripts
that were not acceptable to the Church, but Hector Santos rejected the idea that ancient pre-Hispanic
manuscripts were systematically burned.[22] The scholar Paul Morrow also noted that there are no recorded
instance of ancient Filipinos writing on scrolls, and that the most likely reason why no pre-Hispanic
documents survived is because they wrote on perishable materials such as leaves and bamboo.[23] He also
added that it is also arguable that Spanish friars actually helped to preserve Baybayin by documenting and
continuing its use even after it had been abandoned by most Filipinos.[24]

The scholar Isaac Donoso stated that the documents written in the native language and in the native script
(particularly Baybayin) played a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colony and that many
colonial-era documents written in Baybayin are still present in some repositories, including the library of the
University of Santo Tomas.[25] He also noted that the early Spanish missionaries did not suppress the usage
of the Baybayin script but instead they may have even promoted the Baybayin script as a measure to stop
Islamization, since the Tagalog language was moving from Baybayin to Jawi, the Arabized script of
Islamized Southeast Asian societies.[26]

Sinicization and Chinese trade (982 onwards)

The earliest date suggested for direct Chinese contact with the Philippines was 982. At the time, merchants
from "Ma-i" (now thought to be either Bay, Laguna on the shores of Laguna de Bay,[27] or a site on the
island of Mindoro[28][29]) brought their wares to Guangzhou and Quanzhou. This was noted in the Sung
Shih (History of the Sung) by Ma Tuan-lin, who compiled it with other historical records in the Wen-hsien
T'ung-K'ao somewhere between the transition from the Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty.[28]

Present-day Siquijor also had its fair share of royalties during this period. The island kingdom was called
'Katugasan', from tugas, the molave trees that cover the hills, which abounded the island along with fireflies.
During this time, the people of the kingdom were already in contact with Chinese traders, as seen through
archaeological evidence such as Chinese ceramics and other Chinese objects. The art of traditional healing
and traditional witchcraft belief systems also developed within this period.[30] During the arrival of the
Spanish, the ruler of the island was King Kihod, as recorded by de Legazpi's chronicles. Out of natural
hospitality, the Spaniards were greeted by King Kihod, who presented himself with the words 'si Kihod' (I
am Kihod). The Spaniards mistakenly thinking that he was talking about the island, adopted the name
Sikihod, which later changed to Siquijor as it was easier to pronounce.[31][32]

Islamization and the growth of Islamic sultanates (1380 onwards)

In 1380, Makhdum Karim, the first Islamic missionary to the Philippines brought Islam to the Archipelago.
Subsequent visits of Arab, Malay and Javanese missionaries helped strengthen the Islamic faith of the
Filipinos, most of whom (except for those in the north) would later become Christian under the Spanish
colonization. The Sultanate of Sulu, the largest Islamic kingdom in the islands, encompassed parts of
Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. The royal house of the Sultanate claim descent from Muhammad.

Around 1405, the year that the war over succession ended in the Majapahit Empire, Muslim traders
introduced Islam into the Hindu-Malayan empires and for about the next century the southern half of Luzon
and the islands south of it were subject to the various Muslim sultanates of Borneo. During this period, the
Japanese established a trading post at Aparri and maintained a loose sway over northern Luzon.

Attack by the Bruneian Empire (1500)

Around the year 1500, the Sultanate of Brunei under Sultan Bolkiah attacked the Kingdom of Tondo and
established a city with the Malay name of Selurong (later to become the city of Maynila)[1][17] on the
opposite bank of Pasig River. The traditional Rajahes of Tondo, the Lakandula, retained their titles and
property but the real political power came to reside in the House of Soliman, the Rajahs of Manila.[33]
Spanish explorations (1521–1565)

Lapulapu

Although the Portuguese reached the Maluku Islands in 1511,

the earliest documented European expedition to the Philippines
was the one led by Ferdinand Magellan, in the service of the
King of Spain, in 1521.

Magellan's expedition sighted the mountains of Cebu at dawn

on the 17th March 1521, making landfall the following day at
the small, uninhabited island of Homonhon at the mouth of the
Leyte Gulf.[34] On Easter Sunday, 31 March 1521, at Mazaua
(today believed to be Limasawa island in Southern Leyte) as is
stated in Antonio Pigafetta's Relazione del potragues viaggio
intorno al mondo (First Voyage Around the World), Magellan
solemnly planted a cross on the summit of a hill overlooking the
sea and claimed for the King of Spain possession of the islands
Muslim Tagalog women in tudong
he had seen, naming them Archipelago of Saint Lazarus.[35] (headscarves) from Manila in the mid-
1500s), Boxer Codex
Magellan conquered and sought alliances among indigenous
Filipinos beginning with Datu Zula, the chieftain of Sugbu (now
Cebu), and took special pride in converting them to Christianity
in form of Catholicism. Magellan's expedition became involved in
the political rivalries between the Cebuano natives and took part in a
battle against Lapulapu, chieftain of Mactan Island and a mortal
enemy of Datu Zula. At dawn on 27 April 1521, the Battle of
Mactan occurred. Magellan with 60 armed men and 1,000 Cebuano
warriors had great difficulty landing on the rocky shore of Mactan
By the 16th century, the Sultanate of
where Lapulapu had an army of 1,500 waiting on land. Magellan
Brunei controlled the western shores
waded ashore with his soldiers and attacked Lapulapu's forces,
of the Philippines
ordering Datu Zula and his warriors to remain on the ships and
watch. Magellan seriously underestimated Lapulapu and his men,
and grossly outnumbered, Magellan and 14 of his soldiers were
killed. The rest managed to reboard the ships.

The battle left the expedition with too few crewmen to man three ships, so they abandoned the
"Concepción". The remaining ships - "Trinidad" and "Victoria" – sailed to the Spice Islands in present-day
Indonesia. From there, the expedition split into two groups. The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo Gómez
de Espinoza tried to sail eastward across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck
disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice
Islands, where the Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by
Juan Sebastián Elcano, and managed to return to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain in 1522.

From Magellan to Legazpi

Legazpi was responsible for establishing the first Spanish settlements, the Captaincy General of the
Philippines, and the Spanish East Indies. Between Magellan's voyage and Legazpi's conquest, four
expeditions were dispatched to the islands: that of García Jofre de Loaísa in 1525, of Sebastian Cabot in
1526, of Álvaro de Saavedra Cerón in 1527, of Ruy López de Villalobos in 1542.[36]. As the historian
Ambeth Ocampo noted, although Magellan's arrival in 1521 marked
the first documented arrival of European colonizers to this country, it
was not until the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi in 1565 that the
Europeans had any marked impact on the lifestyle of the residents of
the Philippine Archipelago.[37]

Historic expeditions reaching the Philippines

When Who Ship(s) Where
Visayas
(Eastern
/ Trinidad, San Antonio,
Samar,
1521 Ferdinand Concepcion, Santiago and
Homonhon,
Magellan Victoria
Limasawa,
Cebu)
Santa María de la Victoria,
Surigao,
Espiritu Santo, Anunciada,
García Islands of Ferdinand Magellan arrived in the
1525 San Gabriel, Jayson Ponce,
Jofre de Visayas and Philippines on March 16, 1521.
Santa María del Parral, San
Loaísa Mindanao
Lesmes and Santiago

1527 Álvaro de 3 unknown ships Mindanao

Saavedra
Cerón
Visayas
Ruy Santiago, Jorge, San (Eastern
1542 López de Antonio, San Cristóbal, San Samar, Leyte),
Villalobos Martín, and San Juan Mindanao
(Saranggani)
first landed on
Eastern Samar,
Miguel San Pedro, San Pablo, San established
1564
López de Juan and San Lucas colony as part
Legazpi of Spanish
Empire

Conquest under Philip II

In 1543, Ruy López de Villalobos had named the islands of Leyte and Samar Las Islas Filipinas in honor of
Philip of Spain, at the time Prince of Asturias.[38] Philip became Philip II of Spain on January 16, 1556,
when his father, Charles I of Spain (who also reigned as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor), abdicated the
Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of
European politics and wars in northern Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an
expedition mounted to the Spice Islands, stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the
west".[39] In reality its task was to conquer the Philippines for Spain.[40]

On November 19 or 20, 1564 a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi
departed Barra de Navidad, New Spain, arriving off Cebu on February 13, 1565, conquering it despite
Cebuano opposition.[41]:77 (https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v8ET4QYC&pg=PA77) The Legazpi expedition
was successful as it established the first colony in the Philippines and resulted in the discovery of the
tornaviaje route on the return trip to Mexico across the Pacific by Andrés de Urdaneta.[42] This discovery
started the Manila galleon trade, which lasted for two and a half centuries.
See also
Antonio de Morga
Anito
Antonio Pigafetta
Babaylan
Barangay (pre-colonial)
Baybayin
Boxer Codex
Cainta (historical polity)
Huangdom of Pangasinan
Dambana
Datu
Enrique of Malacca
Ferdinand Magellan
First Mass in the Philippines
Kingdom of Tondo
Lakan
Lacandola Documents
Lapulapu
List of sovereign state leaders in the Philippines
Luções
Ma-i
Madja-as
Maginoo
Maharlika
Pintados
Rajah Humabon
Rajahnate of Butuan
Rajahnate of Cebu
Sultanates in Lanao
Rajahnate of Maynila
Sultanate of Maguindanao
Sultanate of Sulu
Suyat
Timawa
Warfare in pre-colonial Philippines
Thimuay
Subanon people
Rajah
Tawalisi
History of the Philippines
Prehistory of the Philippines
History of the Philippines (Spanish Era 1521–1898)
History of the Philippines (American Era 1898–1946)
 History of the Philippines (Third Republic 1946–65)
History of the Philippines (Marcos Era 1965–86)
History of the Philippines (Contemporary Era 1986–present)

Notes

References
1. *Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society.
Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN 971-550-135-4.
2. "Philippines | The Ancient Web" (http://theancientweb.com/explore/asia/philippines/).
theancientweb.com. Retrieved 2016-03-04.
3. Scott, William Henry (1992), Looking for the Prehispanic Filipino. New Day Publishers, Quezon
City. 172pp. ISBN 9711005247.
4. Patricia Herbert; Anthony Crothers Milner (1989). South-East Asia: Languages and
Literatures : a Select Guide (https://books.google.com/books?id=-EqbeRzdDrsC&pg=PA153).
University of Hawaii Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
5. Laguna Copperplate Inscription (http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm) Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm) 2008-02-05 at
the Wayback Machine
6. The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/lci/lci.htm#lci_graphics)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141121194304/http://bibingka.com/dahon/lci/lci.htm)
2014-11-21 at the Wayback Machine Accessed September 04, 2008.
7. Postma, Antoon (June 27, 2008). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and
Commentary" (http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/1033/1018).
Philippine Studies. Ateneo de Manila University. 40 (2): 182–203.
8. http://ovcrd.upd.edu.ph/asp/article/view/5493/4927 Victor Estella, The Death of Gold in Early
Visayan Societies: Ethnohistoric Accounts and Archaeological Evidences.
9.

"También fundó convento el Padre Fray Martin de Rada en Araut – que ahora se
llama el convento de Dumangas – con la advocación de nuestro Padre San
Agustín...Está fundado este pueblo casi a los fines del río de Halaur, que naciendo
en unos altos montes en el centro de esta isla (Panay)...Es el pueblo muy
hermoso, ameno y muy lleno de palmares de cocos. Antiguamente era el emporio
y corte de la más lucida nobleza de toda aquella isla."

de SAN AGUSTIN OSA (1650–1724), Fr Gaspár; DIAZ OSA, Fr Casimiro (1698). Conquistas
de las Islas Philipinas. Parte primera : la temporal, por las armas del señor don Phelipe
Segundo el Prudente, y la espiritual, por los religiosos del Orden de Nuestro Padre San
Augustin; fundacion y progreso de su Provincia del Santissimo Nombre de Jesus (in Spanish).
Madrid: Imprenta de Manuel Ruiz de Murga. ISBN 978-8400040727. OCLC 79696350. "The
second part of the work, compiled by Casimiro Díaz Toledano from the manuscript left by
Gaspár de San Agustín, was not published until 1890 under the title: Conquistas de las Islas
Filipinas, Parte segunda", pp. 374-376.

10. "The Islands of Leyte and Samar - National Commission for Culture and the Arts" (http://ncca.g
ov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-communities-and-traditional-arts-sccta/cent
ral-cultural-communities/the-islands-of-leyte-and-samar/).
11. "ILONGOT - National Commission for Culture and the Arts" (http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-a
nd-arts/culture-profile/ilongot/).
12. "GLIMPSES: Peoples of the Philippines" (http://ncca.gov.ph/about-culture-and-arts/culture-prof
ile/glimpses-peoples-of-the-philippines/).
13. "Politico-Diplomatic History of the Philippines - National Commission for Culture and the Arts"
(http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/historical-researc
h/politico-diplomatic-history-of-the-philippines/).
14. "Biag ni Lam-ang: Summary / Buod ng Biag ni Lam-ang" (http://tagaloglang.com/biag-ni-lam-a
ng-buod/). 28 August 2017.
15. Baybayin, the Ancient Philippine script (http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm) Archived
(https://www.webcitation.org/5rpLR9aNS?url=http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/bayeng1.htm)
2010-08-08 at WebCite. Accessed September 04, 2008.
16. Hector Santos. Kavi, a borrowed Philippine script (http://www.bibingka.com/dahon/lci/kavi.htm).
bibingka.com. Accessed April 35, 2010.
17. del Mundo, Clodualdo (September 20, 1999). "Ako'y Si Ragam (I am Ragam)" (https://www.we
bcitation.org/5kn6dUsTi?url=http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Coast/7446/Ragam.htm).
Diwang Kayumanggi. Archived from the original (http://www.geocities.com/TheTropics/Coast/7
446/Ragam.htm) on October 25, 2009. Retrieved 2008-09-30.
18. Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin, The Ancient Script of the Philippines" (http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.
htm). paulmorrow.ca. "The complete absence of truly pre-Hispanic specimens of the baybayin
script is puzzling and it has led to a common misconception that fanatical Spanish priests must
have burned or otherwise destroyed massive amounts of native documents as they did so
ruthlessly in Central America."
19. Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin, The Ancient Script of the Philippines" (http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.
htm). paulmorrow.ca. "Even the prominent Dr. H. Otley Beyer wrote in The Philippines before
Magellan (1921) that, “one Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed
more than three hundred scrolls written in the native character.” B19 Historians have searched
for the source of Beyer's claim, but until now none have even learned the name of that zealous
priest."
20. Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin, The Ancient Script of the Philippines" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0190915163105/http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm). paulmorrow.ca. Archived from the original
(http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm) on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
"Historians have searched for the source of Beyer's claim, but until now none have even
learned the name of that zealous priest."
21. Santos, Hector. "Extinction of a Philippine Script" (http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/ext
inct/extinct.htm). www.bibingka.baybayin.com. "However, when I started looking for documents
that could confirm it, I couldn't find any. I pored over historians' accounts of burnings
(especially Beyer) looking for footnotes that may provide leads as to where their information
came from. Sadly, their sources, if they had any, were not documented."
22. Santos, Hector. "Extinction of a Philippine Script" (https://web.archive.org/web/2019091516342
5/http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm). www.bibingka.baybayin.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.bibingka.baybayin.com/dahon/extinct/extinct.htm) on 15
September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019. "But if any burnings happened as a result of
this order to Fr. Chirino, they would have resulted in destruction of Christian manuscripts that
were not acceptable to the Church and not of ancient manuscripts that did not exist in the first
place. Short documents burned? Yes. Ancient manuscripts? No."
23. Morrow, Paul (15 September 2019). "Baybayin, The Ancient Script of the Philippines" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20190915163105/http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm). Archived from the
original (http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm) on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September
2019. "Furthermore, there has never been a recorded instance of ancient Filipinos writing on
scrolls. The fact that they wrote on such perishable materials as leaves and bamboo is
probably the reason why no pre-Hispanic documents have survived."
24. Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin, The Ancient Script of the Philippines" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0190915163105/http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm). paulmorrow.ca. Archived from the original
(http://paulmorrow.ca/bayeng1.htm) on 15 September 2019. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
"Although many Spaniards didn't hide their disdain for Filipino culture, the only documents they
burned were probably the occasional curse or incantation that offended their beliefs. There
simply were no “dangerous” documents to burn because the pre-Hispanic Filipinos did not
write at length about such things as their own beliefs, mythology, or history. These were the
subjects of their oral record, which, indeed, the Spanish priests tried to eradicate through
relentless indoctrination. But, in regard to writing, it can be argued that the Spanish friars
actually helped to preserve the baybayin by continuing to use it and write about it even after it
fell out of use among most Filipinos."
25. Donoso, Isaac (14 June 2019). "LETRA DE MECA: JAWI SCRIPT IN THE TAGALOG
REGION DURING THE 16TH CENTURY" (https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/vi
ew/16534). Journal of Al-Tamaddun. 14 (1). doi:10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8 (https://doi.org/10.22
452%2FJAT.vol14no1.8). ISSN 2289-2672 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2289-2672). "What is
important to us is the relevant activity during these centuries to study, write and even print in
Baybayin. And this task is not strange in other regions of the Spanish Empire. In fact
indigenous documents placed a significant role in the judicial and legal life of the colonies.
Documents in other language than Spanish were legally considered, and Pedro de Castro
says that “I have seen in the archives of Lipa and Batangas many documents with these
characters”. Nowadays we can find Baybayin documents in some repositories, including the
oldest library in the country, the University of Santo Tomás."
26. Donoso, Isaac (14 June 2019). "LETRA DE MECA: JAWI SCRIPT IN THE TAGALOG
REGION DURING THE 16TH CENTURY" (https://ejournal.um.edu.my/index.php/JAT/article/vi
ew/16534). Journal of Al-Tamaddun. 14 (1): 92. doi:10.22452/JAT.vol14no1.8 (https://doi.org/1
0.22452%2FJAT.vol14no1.8). ISSN 2289-2672 (https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2289-2672).
Retrieved 15 September 2019. "Secondly, if Baybayin was not deleted but promoted and we
know that Manila was becoming an important Islamic entrepôt, it is feasible to think that
Baybayin was in a mutable phase in Manila area at the Spanish advent. This is to say, like in
other areas of the Malay world, Jawi script and Islam were replacing Baybayin and Hindu-
Buddhist culture. Namely Spaniards might have promoted Baybayin as a way to stop
Islamization since the Tagalog language was moving from Baybayin to Jawi script."
27. Go, Bon Juan (2005). "Ma'l in Chinese Records - Mindoro or Bai? An Examination of a
Historical Puzzle" (http://www.philippinestudies.net/ojs/index.php/ps/article/download/216/223).
Philippine Studies. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University. 53 (1): 119–138. Retrieved
2012-10-16.
28. Patanne, E. P. (1996). The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries. San Juan: LSA Press.
ISBN 971-91666-0-6.
29. Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source
Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 70.
ISBN 971-10-0226-4.
30. "Siquijor History" (https://www.dumagueteinfo.com/other-destinations/siquijor-island/siquijor-his
tory/). 5 October 2014.
31. "History of Siquijor" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170811220744/http://www.marineconservat
ionphilippines.org/siquijor/historyofsiquijor). Archived from the original (http://www.marineconse
rvationphilippines.org/siquijor/historyofsiquijor) on 2017-08-11. Retrieved 2017-03-27.
32. "The Mystical Island of Siquijor - Philippines Tour Guide" (http://www.phtourguide.com/the-myst
ical-island-of-siquijor/). www.phtourguide.com.
33. Santiago, Luciano P.R., The Houses of Lakandula, Matanda, and Soliman [1571-1898]:
Genealogy and Group Identity, Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society 18 [1990]
34. Zaide 2006, p. 78
35. Zaide 2006, pp. 80–81
36. Zaide 2006, pp. 86–87.
37. Ocampo, Ambeth (January 22, 2009). "Legaspi's wish list" (https://web.archive.org/web/20111
223162359/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20090122-184997/Legaspi
s-wish-list). Looking Back: Legaspi’s wish list. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the
original (http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20090122-184997/Legaspis-wi
sh-list) on December 23, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2009.

"Contrary to popular belief, the so-called “Spanish period” in Philippine history does
not begin with Magellan’s arrival in Cebu and his well-deserved death in the Battle
of Mactan in 1521. Magellan may have planted a cross and left the Santo Niño with
the wife of Humabon, but that is not a real “conquista” [conquest]. The Spanish
dominion over the islands to be known as “Filipinas” began only in 1565, with the
arrival of Legazpi."

38. Scott 1985, p. 51.

39. Williams 2009, p. 14 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA14&dq=%22t
o+discover+the+islands+of+the+west%22)
40. Williams 2009, pp. 13–33 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8r8eIuAJpTAC&pg=PA13).
41. M.c. Halili (2004). Philippine History' 2004 Ed.-halili (https://books.google.com/books?id=gUt5v
8ET4QYC). Rex Bookstore, Inc. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
42. Zaide 1939, p. 113

Further reading
Scott, William Henry. (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History
(Revised Edition). New Day Publishers, Quezon City. ISBN 9711002264.

External links
Pre-colonial Manila (http://malacanang.gov.ph/75832-pre-colonial-manila/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Philippines_(900–1565)&oldid=954984530"

This page was last edited on 5 May 2020, at 09:48 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this
site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.