Index

N.B. footnote material has been indexed sparingly.

Abeygunawardena, Sumanadasa, ancestors, 29, 35, 37–39, 42, 52, 77,

227 85, 97, 121, 123–124, 160,
Abu’l-Fazl, 215 229–230, 242–243, 251–252,
Achebe, Chinua, 108, 239 260, 293, 298
Adomnán of Iona, 274 royal, 128, 172, 180, 185, 187, 191,
Æthelbert, King of Kent, 294, 195, 282, 289
303 Ando, Clifford, 137
Aethelfrith, King of Bernicia, Angkor, 73, 177, 180
264 Anglo-Saxons, 273, 294, 300
Afonso I, King of Kongo, 190, 300, Angola, 58, 229
313 aniconism, 49–50
Agaja, King of Dahomey, 128, animism, 30, 34
237 perspectivism, 30
Agbangla, King of Wydah, 289 Anonymous of York, 207
Aggañña Sutta, The, 203 Apollo, 268, 270
Agincourt, 206 Apollo-Helios, 161
Akbar, Mughal Emperor, 146, 167, Appadurai, Arjun, 157
214, 215 Aquinas, Thomas, 141
Akhenaten, Pharoah, 82, 133 Asante, 225
Aksum, 271 asceticism, 57, 93, 102, 237, 295
Akutagawa Ryūnosuke, 255 Asch, Ronald G., 216
Akwapim, The, 185, 194 Ashur, 133
Alaric II, King of the Visigoths, Askia Muhammad, 315
273 Aśoka, Emperor, 25, 139
Alaric, King of the Visigoths, Assmann, Jan, 20, 32, 46, 63, 65, 82, 84
254 Assyria, 121, 133
alchemy, 88 astrology, 88, 123, 212, 215, 227
Aleamotu’a, High Chief of Tonga, 276, Astuti, Rita, 160
284, 297, 300 Atahualpa, 266
Alexander the Great, 22, 156, 161, Aten, 133
165 Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, 100, 202,
Alfred, King of Wessex, 206 254
Allada, 246, 289 Augustus, Emperor of Rome, 181
Amaterasu, 177 Aurelian, Roman Emperor, 269
Amun, 156 Austin, J. L., 220
anattā (no-self ), 61, 95 Avignon, 162

380

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 Index 381

Awujale, King of Ijebu, 307 and orthodoxy, 72

Axial Age, The, xii, 7, 17, 19–26, 31, and the subordination of
48, 53, 60–62, 65, 82, 84, 134, metapersons, 76, 92, 135, 204,
200–201, 217 239, 319
Ayutthaya, 16, 86, 169, 177, 180, Bodhisattvas, 87, 93, 96, 136, 162,
184, 188, 190, 209, 257, See 204, 214
Siam Buddha as metaperson, 6, 92, 95
Palace Law of, The, 180 Five Precepts of, The, 54
sacking of, 169 Four Noble Truths of, The, 23
Aztecs, 40, 52, 65, 126, 129, 179, 184, in Burma, 103
192, 194, 236, 241 in China, 71, 214
in Japan, 77, 87, 136, 147, 151, 291
Babylon, 133 Ikko Ikki, 147, 150
Balandier, Georges, 191 Kamakura, 103, 147, 152
Bali, 172 Taiho Code, The, 79
Bantu, 237 in Sri Lanka, 12, 69, 77, 152, 197
Barreira, Baltasar, 35 Jōdo Shinshū, 97, 103, 146
Basel, 244 Mahayana, 16, 74, 76, 93, 95, 104,
Bastar, 157 152
Battell, Andrew, 172 Mara, 77
Baum, Robert, 229 nibbānnic, 52
Baumann, Brian, 197 Pali canon, 48, 60, 64, 69, 74, 78, 92,
Bede, 264, 273, 285 102
belief, the concept of, 45, 62, 160, 292 reform in, 102–103
Bellah, Robert, 20, 31, 84, 201 relics, 93
Benin, 40, 184, 186, 307, 309 Siddhartha, 57–58
Berend, Nora, 298 Tantric, 94
Bingham, Hiram, 57, 283, 303 Theravada, xi, xii, 5, 16, 52, 71,
Bissau, 193, 307 73–74, 85, 92, 94, 102, 145, 147
Bondarenko, Dmitri, 200 True Pure Land Sect, 112, 147,
Boniface, St, 236 See also Jōdo Shinshū
Boris, King of the Bulgars, 19, 197, 240, Zen, 94
275, 290, 302, 305, 314 Buganda, 307
Borneo, 224 Bunong, The, 56
Borobudur, 50 Burridge, Kenelm, 252
Boromma Trailokanat, King of Byrhtferth of Ramsey, 206
Ayutthaya, 180 Byron, Lord George Gordon, 126
Botswana, 221 Byzantium, 216, 236, 275
Brahmajāla Sutta, The, 79
Brazil, 27, 56, 291 Cadamosto, Alvise, 237
Briggs, Robin, 98, 210 Cadwallon, King of Wessex, 274
Briggs, Vincent, 245 Cagawalu, 279
British Empire, 152 Cairo, 315
Buddhism, 1, 5, 7, 21, 24, 47–48, 50, Cajamarca, Battle of, 266
53–54, 57, 60, 63, 69, 71–74, cakkavatti, the, 136, 158, 169
76–79, 86, 89–90, 131, 135, Cakobau, King of Fiji, 10, 256, 276,
137, 140, 153, 196, 203–204, 279–280, 284, 288, 297, 305,
217, 314, 319 312
and conversion, 73 Calvin, John, 15
and immanentism, 92–97 Cambodia, 56

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 382 Index

cannibalism, 56 Anabaptist, 233

cargo cults, 9, 251–253 Lutheranism, 101, 103
Carrasco, David, 127 Pentecostalism, 102, 233
Castiglione, Baldesar, 195 Puritanism, 88
Castro, Eduardo Viveiros de, 27, 43 as scholarly perspective, 14
Cavazzi, Giovanni, 229 Reformation, The, 14, 60, 84, 102,
charisma, 166–167, 181–182, 191, 145, 151, 208, 210
212, 214, 217, 246, 252, 267, sacramentals, 98
310, 315, 317, 321 sacraments, 98
Charles II, King of England, 211 saints, 87, 94, 97, 99–100, 212, 221,
China, 66, 84, 86, 130, 164, 214 295
Ancient China, 22, 42 relics, 87, 97, 232, 244
Daoguang Emperor, 164 Ten Commandments, The, 54
First Emperor, 129, 139, 168 Chukchi of Kamchatka, 34
Ming Dynasty, 157 Chulalongkorn, King of Siam, 182,
Wu, Emperor, Han dynasty, 129, 205
133, 168 Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 85
Wu, Emperor, Liang dynasty, 214 Clendinnen, Inga, 191
Chinggis Khan, 125, 133, 213 clerisy, 8, 25, 64, 67, 80, 90, 140, 142,
Chirino, Pedro, 248 196–197, 213–214, 218, 299,
Christ, 56 302, 314, 321
Christianity, xii, 1, 7, 24, 47, 49–50, and the accumulation of wealth,
53, 55, 57, 61, 65, 69, 75–76, 145
78, 82–83, 85, 89–90, 115, 131, and antagonistic symbiosis, 143
134–135, 137, 140, 153, 159, anti-clericism, 146, 151
190, 202, 206, 225, 229, 231, as established, 140
237, 247, 254, 257, 276, and ethical arbitration, 142–143
281–282, 293, 298, 301, 304, and schism, 151, 316
310–311, 319 Clotilde, Queen, 273
and the appeal of literacy, 140, 302 Clovis, King of the Franks, 273, 303
Byzantine, 49, 144 Cnut, King of Denmark, England and
caesaropapism, 144 Norway, 202
Catholicism, 88, 90, 97, 100, 145, cognitive science, 4–5, 18, 27–28, 69,
209, 312, 314 85
Papacy, The, 71, 144, 209 agency detection, 29
Counter-Reformation, The, 101 Coifi, 285
Early Church, The, 49 Collins, Steven, 20
Eucharist, The, 56 Colombo, 1
God as immanent, 89 communitas, 266
God as transcendent, 49, 206 conceptual control, 69, 226–229,
and immanentism, 97–100, 231, 239, 243, 245, 254,
104–106 261, 265, 289, 293, 295,
Jesus Christ as man-god, 89, 206 320
martyrdom, 53, 295 Confucianism, xii, 21, 25, 50, 66, 71,
mendicants, 94 217
Nicene Creed, The, 300 Neo-Confucianism, 47, 89
Papal Revolution, 142, 216 consolidation, 8, 128, 130, 153, 213,
Protestantism, 15, 49, 87, 101–102, 259, 298–300, 304, 308, 316,
106, 211, 233, 244, 246, 278, 320
303, 314 defined, 124

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 Index 383

Constantine the Great, Roman Descola, Philippe, 39

Emperor, 2, 19, 25, 134, 201, Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta, The,
206–207, 254, 256, 262, 76
267–271, 300–301, 307–308 Dhammapada, The, 59
Oration to the Assembly of the Dibble, Sheldon, 105, 125
Saints, 302 Dipanagara, Prince, 149
Constantius I, 269 Djoula, 229
context-dependent thinking, 160 Dneiper, 287
conversion, xii, 11, 225–226, 242, 248, Donelha, André, 106
250, 257, 302, 316 Duara, Prasenjit, 20, 71, 143
and Buddhism, 76 dukkha, 23
conceptualised, 73, 257–260, 311 Dumézil, Bruno, 272, 302
intellectual debate, 257 Dumézil, Georges, 139
ruler conversion, 10, 56, 154, 208, Dumont, Louis, 137
238, 242, 244, 255–296, 320, Durkheim, Emile, 6, 196, See also
See The supernatural in healing, Durkheimian
See The supernatual in battle Durkheimian, 47, 60, 86, 220, 224,
and fertility, 273 226, 259, 287, 296, 302
inter-schismatic, 10
pushback, 244, 277, 288–291, 297 Eanfrith, King of Bernicia, 274
source criticism, 261–264, 267, East India Company, The, 265
276–277, 285, 292 East Saxons, The, 290
tripartite model of, 257, 298 economy of ritual efficacy, 89, 98,
and selective atheism, 240, 243 223–229, 238, 266, 280, 289,
Cook, Captain, 35 293, 320
Coppi, Padre, 283 defined, 225
Corney, Peter, 115 Edwin, King of Northumbria, 273, 285
Crone, Patricia, 20 Egypt
Cross, William, 280 Ancient Egypt, 65, 156, 193
Crossley, Pamela Kyle, 214 kingship, 171
cultural glamour, xi, 257 Eisenstadt, Shmuel, 19, 84, 200
Cuzco, 126 Elagabal, 269
Elema, The, 252
Dahomey, 128, 132, 237 Ellis, William, 36, 89, 172
Daniel, Bishop of Winchester, 236 emic
Daoism, 7, 21, 67 defined, 6
Dapper, Olfert, 192 versus etic, 12–13
David, King, 295 empiricism, religious, 43–44, 67–69,
Davies, John, 36, 108 88, 98, 121, 149, 166,
de Anchieta, José, 232 219–255, 260–261, 269, 271,
de Betanzos, Juan, 181 280, 288, 291, 293, 295, 297,
de Bourges, Jacques, 203 325
de Coulanges, Fustel, 201 England, 58, 202, 299
de la Loubère, Simon, 58, 86, 92, Enlightenment, The, 15, 19, 21, 66
160 Enryakuji, monastery of, 147
de Martino, Ernesto, 223 essentialism, 12
deconstructionism, 3, 14–15 Ethiopia, 271
Delhi, 203 ethnogenesis, 302, 313
Delphi, oracle of, 227 etic
Derveni papyrus, 83 defined, 6

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 384 Index

Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, 134, 207, Gunawardana, R. A. L. H., 143

216, 268–269, 271 Güyüg Qa’an, 133
Evans-Pritchard, E. E., 172, 174, 176
exorcism, 76, 233, 243, 246, 319 Hachiman, 87
Ezana, King of Aksum, 271 Hausa, The, 233
Hawaii, xii, 35, 40, 57, 65, 89, 105,
Fei Pei, The battle of, 277 109, 115, 119, 125, 129,
Fiji, 40, 179, 238, 284, 297, 308–309, 171–172, 176, 179, 184, 188,
312 195, 214, 234, 264, 276, 288,
Fletcher, Joseph, 125 300, 303
Fletcher, Richard, 298, 303 Heaven, East and Central Asian, 133,
Foucault, Michel, 114 196
Francis of Assisi, St, 100 Heesterman, Jan, 20
Frazer, James, 120, 164, 193, 220–221 Hefner, Robert, 68, 137, 258
functionalism, 29, 112, 116, 296 Helms, Mary W., 234
henotheism, 133–134
Gauchet, Marcel, 20, 23 Henry IV, King of England, 183
Geertz, Clifford, 68, 113, 172, 220 Henry IV, King of France, 162, 211
Gelasius I, Pope, 216 Henry V, King of England, 183, 199
Gell, Alfred, 28, 34, 106 Heracles, 156, 162, 307
Gellner, Ernest, 20, 62, 112, 118 Hervé, Archbishop of Reims, 301
genealogical fallacy, The, 13, 30, 34, Hewahewa, 283
73, 87 Higham, Nick, 274
Genghis Khan. See Chinggis Khan Hikayat Raja-Raja Pasai, The, 142
George I, King of England, 128, 237 Hinduism, xi, 1, 7, 21, 25, 47, 55, 71,
George III, King of England, 278 135, 157, 205
George Tupou I, King of Tonga. See and kingship, 180
Taufaʿahau Hobbes, Thomas, 87, 107, 231
Germanic peoples, 272 Leviathan, 163
Germany, 152 Hocart, A. M., 37, 54, 87, 120, 123, 133,
Gesick, Lorraine, 175 135, 139, 174, 182, 187, 238
Ghana, 185 Hodgson, Marshall, 20
Gibbon, Edward, 70, 141, 223 Hong Kong, 42
Gibson, Thomas, 315 Hong Xiuquan, 150
gift exchange, 194 honji-suijaku, 92, 136
Gilbert, Michelle, 185 Hooper, Steven, 175
Gilgamesh, 178 Horton, Robin, 46
Godmunddingaham, 285 Huarochirí manuscript, 127
Golden Light Sutra, The, 195, 205 Huascar, 265
Gombrich, Richard, 5 Huayna Cupac, 128
Gornall, Alastair, 102 Huitzilopochtli, 127, 179, 241
Gose, Peter, 182 human sacrifice, 40, 55, 111, 126–127,
Gouveia, Francisco de, 58 129, 173, 190, 192–195, 198,
Graeber, David, 20, 189 226, 268, 274, 284
Greece Christ as, 55, 89
Ancient Greece, 22, 33, 66, 83, 156 humanism, 161
Gregory I, Pope, 294 Hume, David, 28, 81, 95, 110, 113
Gregory VII, Pope, 216 Humphrey, Caroline, 219
Gregory, Bishop of Tours, 273 Humphreys, S. C., 20
Guatemala, 247 Hung Zhen, 50

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 Index 385

Ibn al-‘Arabī, 103 Ismail I, Shah, 70

iconoclasm, 9, 123, 230, 239, 242–243, Itzcoatl, 127
247, 260, 278, 281, 283–285,
287, 289, 293, 319 Jade Emperor, The, 158
auto-iconoclasm, 135, 240, 250, 286 Jagannath, 187
in Europe, 244, 287 Jainism, 1, 7, 21, 47, 50, 94
righteous iconoclasm, 241 James I, King of England, 158, 211, 216
warrior iconoclasm, 240 James II, King of England, 211
Iddin-Dagan, King of Isin, 178 Japan, xi, 71, 84, 92, 94–96, 112, 115,
idolatry, 104 136, 146–147, 167, 175, 181,
Ifa cult, The, 83, 282 187, 215, 246, 255, 257, 265,
Imbangala, The, 170, 230, 311 291, 293, 297, 301, 306
immanentism, 5, 7, 9–10, 15, 18, 21, emperor, 167, 177
27–47, 57, 60, 64–65, 191, 196, Fujiwara Regency, 187
217, 222, See amoral kami, 77, 92, 96, 103, 136, 177
metapersons, See morality, Jaspers, Karl, 19, 22
immanentist Java, 50
and modernity, 67, 85, 88, 182, 249 Jayamanne, Father, 246
as mutable, 44, 130, 224, 282 Jayavarman VIII, King of Khmer, 73
and nature of priesthood, 131, 311 Jesuits, The, 35, 58, 103, 214, 232,
and secrecy, 41, 95, 122–123, 308 235, 246–248, 291, 293,
and state formation, 117, 131 301
defined, 4 Jinakālamālipakaranam, The, 74
immanentisation, 81, 149, 208–213, _
João III, King of Portugal, 143
232, 246, 255, 312, See John X, Pope, 301
Christianity, See Buddhism Judaism, xiii, 1, 7, 23–24, 47, 49, 60,
general principles of, 84–92 65, 83, 201, 231, 254
nature of priesthood, 120, 124, afterlife, 21
281–285 Julius Caesar, 167, 173, 181
portability, 46 Jupiter, 319
translatability, 46, 130, 132 Jurupary, 283
Inanna, 178
Incas, 42, 99, 126, 129–130, 176, 178, Ka’ahumanu, Queen of Hawaii, 276,
181, 184, 227, 243, 265 283, 288, 300, 310, 313
neo-Inca, 248 Kaba, 279
India, 148 battle of, 280, 284
Indra, 162 Kalaikuahulu, 283
Innocent IV, Pope, 133 Kalinga, 139
intellectualist approach to ritual, 220 Kāmadeva, 162
intellectualisation, 64–70, 151, 320 Kamehameha I, King of Hawaii, 126,
Inti, 133 214, 310
Islam, xii, 1, 7, 24, 47, 49, 55, 70, 78, Kanajeji, King of Kano, 291
80, 83, 87, 102–103, 134, Kandy, 205
138, 142, 152, 159, 203, 207, Kanem, 308
212, 215, 235, 262, 291, 308, Kano chronicle, The, 122, 127, 291
314 Kantorowicz, Ernst, 143, 176
Koran, The, 70, 79, 85 Kassanje, 230
Muhammad, 2, 80, 138, 142 Kealakekua, 126
reform in, 102 Kentung Lahu, The, 245
Sufis, 87, 94, 147, 150, 212, 215 Keopulani, 172

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 386 Index

Kevat ta Sutta, The, 79 Kulke, Hermann, 180, 187

_ _ Charles F., 69
Keyes, Kuvera, 162
Kilauea, 89 Kyoto, 146
kingship
as absolute or nested, 135 Lactantius, 270
and death, 172, 176, 312 Laidlaw, James, 219
diarchy, 186–189, 209, 309, 316 Lambek, Michael, 84
as disruption of kinship, 112, 138, Lan Na, 74
190, 195, 297 Lan Sang, 116
divinised, 2, 9, 11, 19, 146, 155–156, Landes, Richard, 253
159, 161–195, 197, 204–217, laukika, 48, 79
252, 306–308, 311, 313, Lawson, E. Thomas, 226
315–316, 321, See ancestors, Le Blanc, Marcel, 291
royal, See also ancestors, royal le Compte, Louis, 42
cosmic, 9, 155, 164, 167–173, legitimation, 8, 19, 86, 109, 111, 138,
205, 222, 307, 309, 314 147, 153, 197–198, 207, 217,
defined, 164 222, 258, 261, 267, 269, 274,
heroic, 9, 155, 164–169, 252, 307, 281, 288, 306, 308, 315
310, 312, 315 and the ‘beyond’, 131, 196, 320
as isolation, 182–189, 309 legitimacy crisis, 256, 281–282, 285,
king as priest, 121, 125, 174 289, 298, 320
and transgressive symbolism, 138, legitimation theory defended,
195 111–113
European, 208–212 secular discourses of, 113
and gender, 310, 316 Licinius I, Roman Emperor, 270
grammar of, 160 Liholiho, King of Hawaii, 276, 283,
magical, 170 288, 310
and metaphorical representation, Lisbon, 299
164, 171 Livingstone, David, 221
non-euphemised, 189, 198 Llocllay Huancupa, 127
righteous, 9, 19, 155, 196–197, 217, Loango, 172, 192, 307
305, 314–315 lokkottaravāda, The, 93
as disenchantment, 199–204, 313 lokottara, 48
as ethicisation, 199 London Missionary Society, The, 253
sacred, 8, 18, 110, 155–156, Lono, 126, 171
159–160, 198, 210, 276, 309 López Austin, Alfredo, 33
and state construction, 109, 120, Lorraine, 98–99
297 Louis XIV, King of France, 16, 161,
stranger kingship, 234 209, 211
Kinmei, Emperor of Japan, 291 Louisiade Archipelago, The, 252
Kitiarsa, Pattana, 94, 205 Lundu, 119
Kököchü, 125 Lystra, 319
Kondadeniya Hamaduruwo, The, xii
Kongo, xii, 109, 119, 172, 181, 186, Macedonia, 156
190, 234–235, 283, 300 MacGaffey, Wyatt, 119, 191, 286
Korotayev, Andrey, 200 Machiavelli, Niccolò, 110, 114, 116,
Kotzebue, Otto von, 276 141
Kraft, Charles H., 233, 238 Madagascar, 160, 171, 234
Ku, 179, 283 Madakada Āranya, 1
Kudagama, 246 Madhya Pradesh, 157

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 Index 387

Madrid, 299 millenarianism, 9, 112, 148–150, 208,

Madurai, 205 212, 215, 219, 248–254, See
Maffie, James, 65 also supernatural utopianism
magic, 78, 84, 87–88, 91, 94, 123, 213, Milvian Bridge, Battle of, 134, 262, 268
228, 231, 236, 261, 276, 286, miracles, 78, 85, 89, 211–212, 215,
293, 315 231, 233–234, 245, 261, 263
Buddhist deprecation of, 79 Mitchell, Clyde, 123
defined, 78 Mo’orea, 277
Mahāparinibbāna Sutta, The, 158 Moin, Azfar, 113, 187, 212
Mahāsammata, _The, 203 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 20
Mahasen, King of Anuradhapura, 182 Mongkut, King of Siam, 103
Mahāvamsa, The, 55, 204 Mongolia, 224
Mahāvihāra, The, 74, 102, 152 Mongols, 2, 147, 196, 213, 215
Maheśvara, 162 Ilkhanid, 133
Mahrem, 272 monism, 21, 31
Makahiki rites, 126, 171 as philosophical development, 103
Malaita, 264 Monmu, Emperor of Japan, 177
Maldives, 143 monotheism, 5, 16, 132, 137, 149, 240,
Male, 143 259, 294
Mali, 315 and monopolisation of
Malietoa Vainu‘upo, 276, 278, 287 metapersonhood, 71, 75, 101
Malo, David, 119 Montesarchio, Girolamo de, 235
mana, 37, 90, 109, 112, 166, 175, 195, moral communities, 64, 70, 154
210, 213, 217, 226, 235, 238, defined, 54, 138
304, 312 morality
Manes, The, 106 absolutist, 54
Manichaeism, 7 amoral metapersons, 38–39, 41, 66,
Maori, The, 224 92, 99, 191, 241, 246, 287
Marduk, 171 and big brother surveillance, 37, 69,
Marx, Karl, 17 114
Maui, 172 ethicisation, 41, 53–56, 61, 82, 199,
Mawu, 129, 132 294, 303
Maximian, Roman Emperor, 307 Golden Rule, The, 24, 53
Mbona cult, The, 119 immanentist, 37–38, 41, 189, 191,
McCauley, Robert N., 226 235
meditation, 60 Mount Hagen, 38, 43, 121, 227, 251,
Melanesia, 251 253
Merina, The, 171 Mount Hiei, 147
Merolla da Sorrento, Girolamo, Mount Merapi, 149
115 Mughals, The, 113
metapersons, 4–5, 30–31, 37, 40, Mutapa, 235, 283
46–47, 49, 55, 58, 74, 88, 98,
126, 193, 201, 222, 247, 287, Naguji, Sarki of Kano, 122
293, 313, 319 Nahua, The, 33
continuum with persons, 34, 175, Nanjing, 150
204 Narai, King of Ayutthaya, 16, 169
as government, 107 Naram-Sin, King of Akkad, 168, 178
as preferable term, 31 Naresuan, King of Ayutthaya, 169
transactional relations with, 41 naturalism, 24, 33, 233, 240, 251
Mexico, 115 Naumann, Nelly, 187

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 388 Index

Naxos, 86 parinibbāna, 48, 93

Ndongo, 125, 170 Parry, Jonathon, 196
Ndongo-Matamba, 312 Pati’i, 284
Nepal, 188, 265 Paulinus, Bishop of York, 273
Newman, John Henry, 59 Peasants’ War, The, 152
Ngaju Dyaks, The, 224 Peel, J. D. Y., 34, 124, 224, 307
Ngola Mbande, 282 Pele, 90
nibbāna. See nirvana Penda, King of Mercia, 274, 295
Nicholas I, Pope, 240, 314 Perkins, William, 61, 88
Nietzsche, Friedrich, 57, 266 Persia, 148, 207
Twilight of the Idols, 57 personhood, 29, 50
Nigeria, 233 Perun, 287
nirvana, 48, 90, 95 Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, 214
Niue, 44 Philippines, The, 248, 290–291
Njinga, Queen of Ndongo, 282, Phimeanakas, 177
311–312 Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople,
Normans, The, 301 197, 302, 305
Nott, Henry, 277, 303 Picts, The, 295
Nyikang, 172 Piggott, Joan R., 177
Pita Vi, 278
Oakley, Francis, 208 Pizarro, Francisco, 265
Obeyesekere, Gananath, 20, 55, 58, 205 Plato, 22, 66, 83
Oda Nobunaga, 167, 215 Poirer, Silvie, 224
offensiveness, 62, 68, 70, 74, 125 Pollock, Sheldon, 180
Ongka, 44 Polynesia, 112, 119, 121, 241, 251, 276
ontological turn, The, 6, 13 Pomare II, King of Tahiti, 10, 191, 238,
orientalism, 78 256, 276–277, 284, 288, 297,
Orissa, 187 301, 304, 310
‘Oro cult, The, 46, 110–111, 225, 277, Portuguese, The, xii, 71, 106, 125, 143,
310 169, 193, 234, 236–237, 254,
Orsmond, J. M., 304 283, 294
Ortiz, Diego, 248 Potter, David, 271
Oswald, King of Northumbria, 212, Prasat Thong, King of Ayutthaya, 169
274, 295 pre-modernity, defined, 19
Oswiu, 275 prophets, 23, 62, 83, 86, 118–119, 126,
Otto of Bamberg, 242 142, 148, 234, 248–254, 281,
283, 300, 313
Pacha Kamaq, 127 providence, 102, 202, 206, 211, 217,
pacification, 132, 139–140, 143, 291, 293
304–305 Puett, Michael, 42, 129, 168
Paiela, The, 121, 249 Pūjāvaliya, The, 197
Pamiers, 99 Puquiura, 243
Papua New Guinea, xii, 35, 38, 43, 61, Pythagorus, 83
121, 150, 225, 227, 229,
248–249, 251, 283 Qaraniqio of Rewa, 280
Female Spirit cult, 121 Queirós, Fernão de, 294
Parākramabāhu I, King of Quetzalcoatl, 127, 179
Polonnaruwa, 73–74, 146, 162
Parākramabāhu VI, King of Kotte, 197 Raiatea, 225, 278, 310
Paredes, Oona, 250, 253 Raivavae, 305

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 Index 389

Rajapaksa, Mahinda, 227 Sahlins, Marshall, 4, 31, 33, 37, 107,

Rājasimha I, King of Sītāvaka, 169 179, 222, 234, 238, 300, 311
Ramírez,_ Susan E., 265 Saint Paul the Apostole, 60
Ranger, Terence, 281 salvation, 50–53, 240, 253, 293, See
Rashīd al-Dīn, 212–213 soteriology
rationalisation, 64–70, 104 Salvatore, Armando, 113
Red Box money cult, The, 44, 248, Samoa, 34, 276, 278, 287
253 Samudragupta, Gupta Emperor, 180
Reff, Daniel T., 247 Samudra-Pasai, 142
relativism, 53, 57, 59–60, 66, 114, 221 Santidade movement, The, 254
defined, 23 Sapa Inca, 178, 184
as meaninglessness, 23, 47 scepticism, 21, 43, 239, 244, 308
religion Scheer, Catherine, 245
defined, 4, 6 Schonthal, Benjamin, 72
doctrinalist religiosity, 68, 97 Schwarz, Benjamin. I., 20
as etic concept only, 45, 73, 259 second-order thinking, 21, 44, 60, 66
imagistic religiosity, 68, 85, 266 secularisation, 6, 18, 37, 66, 200, 202,
missionary understanding of, 105 321
popular religion, 87, 92, 96, 319 Selim I, Ottoman Emperor, 70
religious diplomacy, 257, 280 Sennacherib, King of Assyria, 133
religious identity, 45, 70, 137, 152, Shakespeare, William, 155, 163, 183,
249, 258, 281, 291, 294, 320 202
in Buddhism, 71–72 Hamlet, 155
Renaissance, The, 60, 84, 88 Henry IV Part I, 163
revelation Henry V, 199, 206
as closed, discontinuous, 63, 151, Shams al-Dīn, Muhammad, 143
248 Sharot, Stephen, 91
as continuous, 44, 86, 248, 268, 285 Shepard, Jonathon, 275
Reynolds, Craig J., 131 Shilluk, The, 172, 181, 183
Richard II, King of England, 183 Shinto, 83
ritualisation trap, 9, 186–189, 209, Shulgi, King of Ur, 168, 173, 178
309–310, 316 Siam, 72, 92, 103, 115, 124, 169, 203,
Robbins, Joel, 12, 20, 61, 225, 243, 293 See Ayutthaya, See also Thailand
Roetz, Heiner, 20 Sierra Leone, 106
Roman Empire, The, 302, 311, 318 Sikhism, 1, 7, 47, 102
Rome, 134, 299 Silveira, Gonçalo da, 235
Ancient Rome, 42, 83, 123, 167, Simonse, Simon, 120
173, 181, 236, 268 Sinhala/Sinhalese, xii, 70, 158
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 107, 150, 260 Śiva, 180
The Social Contract, 107, 150, 260 Siwa, 156
royal touch, The, 210–211, 227 Smith, Morton, 231
Ru, 43, 121 social power, 8, 11, 108, 114, 116, 132,
Rumi, Jalâl al-Din, 62 139, 142, 150–151, 153, 213,
Rwanda 252, 254, 298, 320
genocide, 192 Society Islands, The, 111, 191, See also
Tahiti
sacrifice, 54, 66, 95, 157, 160, 231, See Socrates, 201
human sacrifice Soga clan, 291
meaning of, 39–41 Sol Invictus, 134, 269–270
Safavids, The, 70, 113, 148, 150, 212 Songhay, 315

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 390 Index

Sonni ‘Alī, Songhay Emperor, 315 Taufaʿahau, also known as King

soteriology, 55, 61, 72, 74, 149, 154, George Tupou I, High Chief of
212, 224, See salvation Tonga, 276, 278–280, 288,
as communal, 82, 138 297–298, 313
immanentisation of, 90, 95–96, 249, Taylor, Charles, 20, 54, 200
253 Taylor, Jeremy, 52
soteriological virtuoso, 58 Teeuwen, Mark, 77, 136
Spiro, Melford, 85 Tegbesu, King of Dahomey, 128, 132
Sri Lanka, xi, 57–58, 69, 72–73, teleology, 12, 14, 18, 65, 88, 292
143, 158, 169, 197, 205, 227, Temīya Jātaka, The, 204
246 Templo Mayor, 40, 128
St. Anthony’s Church, Colombo, xi Tenggeri, 125
state, the, defined, 107 Tenochtitlan, 40, 127, 194, 241
Stewart, Charles, 86 Tertullian, 236
stoicism, 61 Tezcatlipoca, 127, 179, 192
Stroumsa, Guy, 25 Thailand, 69, 94, 112, 205, 215, See
Sudan, 120, 315 also Ayutthaya
Sulawesi, 315 Theodosius, Roman Emperor, 137
Sunjata, Emperor of Mali, 315 Thomas, John, 298, 300
supernatural utopianism, 83, 148, 219, Thornton, John K., 44
221, 248–254, See also Threlkeld, Lancelot, 226
millenarianism Tiberius, Roman Emperor, 123
supernatural, The, 4, 6, 37, 79, 88, 108, Timur, 157
196, 219, 221, 318 Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 248
arms race, 123, 286 Tlaloc, 194
in battle, 42, 166, 206, 212, 223, Tokugawa Ieyasu, 115, 181
230, 252, 260–280, 289, 313, Tonga, 188, 276, 278, 280, 297, 300,
319 309
as dispersed, 117, 129, 149 Topa Inca Yupanqui, Sapa Inca, 42
and fertility, 264 Toyotomi Hideyoshi, 71, 181
in healing, 210, 215, 230, 248, 263, Trañovato, 234
267, 273, 276, 278, 290, 319 transcendentalism, xi, xii, xiii, 3, 5, 7–9,
problematised, 6, 33 16, 18, 41, 47–82, 131, 134,
Sutra of the Prince’s Law-giving, The, 196, 218, See soteriology, See
200 morality, ethicisation, See
Swazi, The, 171 ascetism, See aniconism, See
Sylvester I, Pope, 268 offensiveness, See Revelation as
syncretism, defined, 249 closed, discontinuous, See
religion, religious identity
Tacitus, 49 afterlife as distinct from this life,
Tahiti, 36, 40, 46, 108, 110, 119, 188, 35–36
192, 225, 277, 284, 288, 297, and administrative power, 140, 302
303, 308 defined, 5
Taiping Rebellion, The, 130, 150 and individualisation, 81
Taksin, King of Siam, 169, 215 and ineffability, 5, 48–50, 294, 318
Tamatoa, High Chief of Raiatea, 278 and interiority, 54, 61, 140, 153, 258
Tambiah, Stanley J., 94, 135 as ontological breach, 6, 21, 48
Tamoios, The, 232 and otherworldly values, 59
Tariana, 283 and portability, 137

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 Index 391

proto-transcendentalism, 66, 82–83, Visnu, 162, 188

119 __
Vladimir I, King of Rus, 10, 56, 256,
reform as transcendentalisation, 81, 275, 287
100–104, 151, 210, 233 Vladimir, King of the Bulgars,
and the self, 59–61, 82 290
and state formation, 117, 131–153 Voegelin, Eric, 20, 84
transcendentalisation of von Kotzebue, Otto, 41
immanentism, 49, 56, 231,
291–295 Walsham, Alexandra, 101, 244
transcendentalist breakthrough, Wari, The, 45
23–24, 40, 259 Wat Thepthanthong, 94
and truth, 4, 62–63, 68, 84, 102, Waterhouse, Joseph, 279, 284
151, 197, 211, 281, 294 Webb, Arthur, 297
as universalist, 74 Weber, Max, xi, 17, 24, 62–63, 68, 84,
Tryphon of Kotor, St, 99 87, 166, 220
Tui Tonga, 165, 188 Westermarck, Edward, 57
Tupi, The, 254 Whitehouse, Harvey, 68, 85,
Tupi-Guarani, The, 56 266
Tupinambá, 27, 43, 232, 291 Williams, John, 34, 225, 278
Turnbull, John, 238 witches, 43, 120
Tylor, Edward B., 220 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 220–221
Tymowski, Michal, 130 Woolf, Greg, 175
world religions, 7, 46
Urapmin, The, 61, 225, 243, 283, 293 Wydah, 289

Vailala Madness, The, 252 Xavier, Francis, 57, 143

Valerio, Valeri, 65 Xavier, Jerome, 215
Valhalla, 52
Valignano, Alessandro, 103 Yaji, King of Kano, 291
Valladier, André, 211 Yali, 150
Vanuatu, 235 Yogyakarta, 178
Varani, 279 Yoruba, The, 34, 83, 224,
Vava’u, 288 282
Versailles, 209 Yuan Phai, 62
Versnel, Henk, 163 Yurac Rumi, 243, 247
Vessantara Jātaka, The, 58, 62
Vessantara, King, 59 Zeus, 156
Vieira, António, 291 Zhou Daguan, 177
Vikings, 52 Zhu Yuanzhang, 157
Vilcabamba, 243, 248 Zhuangzi, The, 24
Vinaya, The, 74 Zia al-Din Baranī, 203, 207
Viracocha, 265 Zoroastrianism, 83

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