CIVIL DEPARTMENT

CIVIL DEPARTMENT

Dated:- 25-OCT-2007
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

CONCRETE DESIGN PARAMETERS

CONCLUSION
 INTRODUCTION

Keeping in mind the competition in the market that JGC-

DESCON is facing with the globally recognized organizations. It is
important to provide the efficient services to our clients.
Efficiency of our work associated with the correct and precise
use of designing tools. We should be familiar with the latest
modifications or updates made in these tools.
Some useful modifications are also made in STAAD, which are
helpful for the users to use the software more effectively. I would
like to discuss some of these modifications made in DESIGN
PARAMETERS.
The preparation of this presentation is based on the study made
of the followings,
 AISC- ASD Steel Construction Manual
 Steel Structures by Dr. Zahid Ahmad Siddiqi
 Discussions with STAAD Technical Support Group
 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 PARAMETERS

 STRUCTURE (ELEMENTS & ORIENTATION)

 DESIGN RULES FOR BEAM

 DESIGN RULES FOR COLUMN

 STAAD CONCRETE DESIGN

 STAAD STEEL DESIGN

 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 PARAMETERS
STAAD contains a large number of parameters which are
needed to perform designing and code checking. These parameters
communicate design decisions from Engineer to the program.

The default parameter values have been selected such that

they are frequently used numbers for conventional design.

Depending on the particular design requirements of an analysis,

some or all of these parameter values may have to be changed to
exactly model the physical structure. For example, by default the Kz
(k value in local z-axis) value of a member is set to 1.0, while in real
structure it may be 1.5
 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 STRUCTURE

STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS

- LINE ELEMENTS ~ FRAME STR (Beam, Columns etc.)

- SHELL ELEMENTS ~ PLATE (Slabs, FDN, Walls etc.)
- BRICK ELEMENTS ~ SOLIDS, ASOLIDS (Dam, Thick FDN etc.)

ORIENTATION OF AXES

- Global axis (X, Y, Z)

- Local axis (x, y, z OR 1, 2, 3)
- All the forces are referred as “ALONG THE AXIS.” (Global or local)
- All the moments are referred as “ABOUT THE AXIS.” (Global or local)
 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

ORIENTATION OF LOCAL AXIS FOR PLATE & LINE ELEMENT

 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 DESIGN RULES FOR BEAM

The member is designed using the rules of BENDING

(about local z) + SHEAR (along local y) + TORSION (about
local x), when designed as a beam (MZ, FY and MX).

 DESIGN RULES FOR COLUMN

The member is designed using the rules of AXIAL FORCE

(along local x) + BIAXIAL BENDING (about local y & z), when
designed as a column (FX, MY and MZ).
 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 STAAD CONCRETE DESIGN

In staad, concrete members are designed using the commands,

- Design Beam (Beam design rules are used.)

- Bending (about local z-axis)

- Shear (along local y-axis)
- Torsion (about local x-axis)

- Design Column (Column design rules are used.)

- Axial (along local x-axis)

- Biaxial Bending (about local y and z-axis)
 SOME BASIC DEFINITIONS

 STAAD STEEL DESIGN

Steel members are designed considering the following points,

Steel structure members are not categorized into beams or

columns as done in case of concrete design.

Steel members are designed as Beam-Column, Considering

both, design rules used for Beams and Columns.

A steel member is designed for FX, FY, FZ, MZ, MY and MZ.

We have to assign all the associated parameters to all steel

members without considering that the member is behaving as
beam or column.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

Design parameters plays an important role in structural

analysis & design. For all structural elements, appropriate
parameter values are essential to be assigned.

STAAD results would not represent the original structural

behavior, if parameter values are missed or wrongly assigned.

Significance of Design Parameters in STAAD can easily be

understood considering a simple example.
 SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

EXAMPLE:-

Assume a simply supported beam,

Length of beam = 10m

Profile = W8X15 (American)
Loading (UDL) = 1 KN/m
Material = Steel

Let’s design this beam in STAAD using AISC-ASD codes.

We will compare the STAAD Results with and without assigning
the parameter values.
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS
SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

UNT 10 assigned to this beam

SIGNIFICANCE OF DESIGN PARAMETERS

UNT 10 assigned to this beam

 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

 AISC DESIGN PARAMETERS

 SOME IMPORTANT AISC PARAMETERS

UNL, UNT, UNB, LY, LZ, KY, KZ, DFF, DJ1, DJ2
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

AISC Parameters
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

AISC Parameters
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

AISC Parameters
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

AISC Parameters
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

SOME IMPORTANT AISC PARAMETERS:-

(UNL, UNT, UNB, LY, LZ, KY, KZ, DFF, DJ1, DJ2)

UNL, UNT, UNB are associated with BENDING.

LY, LZ, KY, KZ are associated with BUCKLING.

DFF, DJ1, DJ2 are associated with DEFLECTION.

 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

UNL, UNT, UNB (FLEXURAL BENDING):-

UNL = Unsupported length for calculating allowable bending stress.

UNT = Unsupported length of the top flange for calculating allowable

bending compressive stress. Will be used only if flexural
compression is on the top flange.

UNB = Unsupported length of the bottom flange for calculating

allowable bending compressive stress. Will be used only if
flexural compression is on the bottom flange.

UNL represents the laterally unsupported of the compression

flange. It is defined in Chapter F, page 5-47 of the specifications in the
AISC 1989 ASD manual as the distance between cross sections
braced against twist or lateral displacement of the compression flange.
UNL is used to calculate the allowable compressive stress (FCZ and
FCY) for behavior as beam.
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

UNL, UNT, UNB (FLEXURAL BENDING):-

In versions of STAAD prior to STAAD/Pro 2000, the
mechanism for specifying unsupported length of the compression
flange was through the means of the UNL parameter. However, the
drawback of this command is that if the value for the top flange is
different from that of the bottom flange, there wasn’t any means to
communicate that information to STAAD.

Consequently, 2 new commands were introduced, UNT and

UNB for top and bottom flange simultaneously.

To avoid the confusion that may arise from having 3 separate

parameters to specify 2 items of input, we no longer mention the
UNL parameter. However, to enable the current versions of STAAD
to analyze input files created using the older versions of STAAD,
the UNL parameter continues to work the way it did.
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

UNL, UNT, UNB (FLEXURAL BENDING):-

A member is designed for a total of 13 points along its length
Start, End, and 11 intermediate sections. At each of those 13
points, Staad examines Mz to determine whether the moment
produced compression on the top flange or bottom flange.

If the compression due to Mz is on the top flange, UNT is

used in design. If the compression due to Mz is on the bottom
flange, UNB is used.

How to assign UNB & UNT in staad

STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS
STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS
STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS
STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS
STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

LY, LZ, KY, KZ (BUCKLING):-

LY = Length to calculate slenderness ratio for buckling about

local y-axis.
LZ = Length to calculate slenderness ratio for buckling about
local z-axis.

KY = K (Effective Length factor) value in local y-axis.

KZ = K (Effective Length factor) value in local z-axis.

 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

LY, LZ, KY, KZ (BUCKLING):-

Effective Length (Ly, Lz)
Effective length factors (Ly, Lz) are used to calculate the
slenderness ratios, which are associated with Buckling
phenomenon. All the steel structural members are required to
satisfy the allowable slenderness limits as discussed below,
According to AISC,
For Tension Members, the slenderness ratio Kl/r ≤ 300
For Compression Members, the slenderness ratio Kl/r ≤ 200
If this check results in failure, the member is declared as
Failed, and design for that member is immediately terminated. The
code does not offer any guidelines on what must be the minimum
magnitude of axial force for the member to become a candidate for
this check.
How to assign Ly & Lz in Staad?
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

LY, LZ, KY, KZ (BUCKLING):-

Effective Length Factors (Ky, Kz)

This factor gives the ratio of length of half sine wave of

deflected shape after buckling to full-unsupported length of column.
In other words, it is the ratio of effective length to the unsupported
length. This depends upon the end conditions of the column and
the fact that whether side sway is permitted or not. Greater the K-
value, greater is the effective length and slenderness ratio and
hence smaller is the buckling load. K-value in case of no side sway
is between 0.5 and 1.0, whereas, in case of appreciable side sway,
it is always greater than or equal to 1.0

1. K-Factor For Columns Having Well Defined End Conditions

2. K-Factor For Frame Or Partially Restrained Columns
3. K-Factor For Truss Members
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

1. K-Factor For Columns Having Well Defined End Conditions

 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

2. K-Factor For Frame Or Partially Restrained Columns

(ALIGNMENT CHART METHOD USING AISC-ASD)
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

2. K-Factor For Frame Or Partially Restrained Columns

(ALIGNMENT CHART METHOD USING AISC-ASD)
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

2. K-Factor For Frame Or Partially Restrained Columns

 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

2. K-Factor For Frame Or Partially Restrained Columns

(ALIGNMENT CHART METHOD USING AISC-ASD)
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

3. K-Factor For Truss Members

The effective length factor, K, is considered equal to 1.0 for
members of the truss subjected to static loads and equal to 0.85 if
the moving loads are applied. Although welded and riveted
connections provide some restraint at the ends and joint translation
is prevented in the plane of the truss by other members and out of
plane by the bracing, this restraint may not be considered fully
effective as various members have a tendency to buckle at the
same load. However, the possibility of all members buckling
together is less in case of moving loads due to varying magnitudes
of forces in such cases. Reduced K-value may thus be considered
for truss members subjected to moving loads.
 STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS

DFF, DJ1, DJ2 (DEFLECTION)

DFF = “Deflection Length”/Max. allowable local deflection

Example:- Allowable local Deflection = L / 360, L/1500, L/800

DJ1 = Joint No. denoting starting point for calculation of “Deflection Length”.

DJ2 = Joint No. denoting end point for calculation of “Deflection Length”.
 CONCRETE DESIGN PARAMETERS

ACI-318 Parameters
 CONCRETE DESIGN PARAMETERS

ACI-318 Parameters
 CONCLUSION

CONCLUSION / SUMMARY

STAAD parameters/parameter values may vary depending upon

the design codes and software version used, so the subsequent
changes must be investigated in the start of the project.

Parameter UNL is no more available in STAAD steel design, it is

replaced with UNT and UNB.

Parameters are of significant value regarding design, So all the

parameters (Ky, Kz, Ly, Lz, UNB, UNT, DFF, DJ1, DJ2 etc.) must
be calculated, if required (e.g. Ky, Kz etc.) and assign correctly.

In case of steel structure, we have to assign all the associated

parameters to all the steel members without considering its beam
or column behavior.
CIVIL DEPARTMENT
STEEL DESIGN PARAMETERS