EXPERIMENT NO: 09 DATE: / / .

TITLE: RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER (MIXING PROCESS) SYSTEM TO STEP

INPUT.
OBJECTIVES: After completing this experiment students will be able to know

 To establish the response curve for first order mixing process to step
input.
 To determine time constant practically and theoretically.
EQUIPMETS: Vessel with overflow connection, Titration set, Stopwatch, Measuring
cylinder

MATERIALS: 0.5 N NaOH, 0.5 N HCl

THEORY:
The transfer function of the first order system can be represented as:
Y(s) / X(s) = 1/ (1+ s)
For mixing process, = V/q
Where, = Time constant,
V= Volume of mixture
q= Volumetric flowrate
If a step input of A is given, response curve will follow
-t/
y(t)-y(s) = A(1-e )
Where,
y (t)= Conc. of overflow at time t.
y(s) = Steady state conc.

Steady state conc. y(s) = 4 gm/lit of NaOH solution at time t=0 and when fresh water
is passed in to the vessel then step input being negative.
A= y() - y(s) = 0- 4 = -4 gm/lit.
PROCEDURE:
1. Fill up the vessel with ____ N NaOH solution up to the overflow condition
2. Run the stirrer
3. Pass tape water in the vessel at know flowrate and start stopwatch.
4. After each 3 min. interval collect the sample in bottles (atleast 6 bottles)
5. Find normality of each sample by titrating it against ____ N HCl solution.
OBSERVATIONS:
3
1. Vessel volume up to overflow V = __________m
3
2. Tap water flow rate q = ___________m / sec
3. The time constant =V/q = _______sec
4. Initial steady state concentration = y(i) = ____ gm/lit.
5. Final concentration = y() = 0 gm/lit.
6. Step input Amplitude, A= y() - y(s) = _________gm/lit.
7. Volume of sample taken for titration V1 =_________ ml.
 8. Normality of HCl N2= ___________

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Burette Normality Concentration. , Y(t)
Sample Time,
reading N1= N 2* V 2 y(t) = N1*40 =y(t)-y(i) Y(t) /A
No. sec
(V2) V1
1. 0
2.
3.
4.
5.

CALCULATION:
 Amplitude A = y() - y(i)
 Y(t) = y(t) - y(i)
(-t/)
 Y(t) = A(1 – e ); Where  = time constant
 Find  (graphically) on x- axis at 0.632 on y axis.

GRAPH: plot graph of Y(t) /A  t and find out of time constant.

RESULTS:
(Experimentally) = ------------Sec

(Graphically)= ___________ sec.

CONCLUSION:
____________________________________________________________
QUIZ:

1. Why mixing process is considered as a first order system?

2. What are the factors affecting time constant of mixing process?

3. Write brief description of mixing process

Signature with date