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THE DESIGN PROCESS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
• What is design…?
• An iterative process
(proses berulang).
• Based on:-
• market need
(keperluan pasaran),
and
• product specification
(spesifikasi keluaran)
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.2 Design Process…
Iterate
• Analyse components in detail
• Select processing route
• Optimize performance and cost
• Prepare detailed drawings PRODUCT
S P E C I F I C AT I O N
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.2 Design Process…
• Product as SYSTEM TECHNICAL that consists of: Component 1.1
• S U B - A S S E M B L I E S (sub-pemasangan)
Component 1.3
• C O M P O N E N T S (komponen)
Component 2.1
Component 2.3
Component 3.1
Conventional
thinking of a Assembly 3 Component 3.2
technical system
design Component6 3.3
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.2 Design Process…
TECHNICAL SYSTEM
INPUT OUTPUT
Energy Function 2 Function 3 Energy
SUB-SYSTEMS
• Besides that, there is an approach based on the • This arrangement is called the function structure
ideas of systems analysis which it thinks of the or function decomposition of the system.
inputs, flow, and outputs of information, energy • The design proceeds by developing concepts to fill
and materials. each of the sub-functions in the function
• This design converts the inputs into the outputs structure, each based on a working principle.
• In this approach, the system – divided into • This structure, when elaborated, helps structure
subsystems – performs specific sub-functions. thinking about alternative design. 7
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.2 Design Process…
Conventional thinking of a technical system design Alternative thinking of a technical system design
STORAGE
INPUT PROCESSING
OUTPUT
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.3 Types of Design
• Involves new idea or working
principle.
ORIGINAL
• New material suggests new product,
or new product demand the
development of new material. Smart Above & below
kitchen stove water level house
• Also called DEVELOPMENT Design.
• Develop / enhance the existing
ADAPTIVE To y o t a R U S H
concept from the material aspect
vs
Perodua ARUZ
Approximate analysis
Optimization methods
Detail ONE MATERIAL
Cost modelling (best available data •
precision)
Component modelling
Product
Finite element analysis
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.5 Function, Material, Shape & Process
• The selection of a material FUNCTION
Transmit loads,
and process cannot be
Contain pressure • Function – dictates the choice of
separated from the choice of Store energy, etc,
shape. both material and shape.
at minimum mass,
• ‘Shape’ – include the or at minimum cost,
external shape (macro- or with minimum
shape) and internal shape Environmental
impact
(micro-shape).
• The figure interaction
between function, material, Shape • Shape - restricts the choice
Material
shape and process. of material and process.
• The more sophisticated the
design, the tighter the
specifications and the greater Process • Process – influenced by material (by its
interactions. formability, machinability, etc.), and
obviously interact with shape. 11
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.6 Factors in Materials Selection
Physical size, shape & weight of material
Statutory & Others relate to local, state and federal regulations about materials and
processes used or material disposal, eg. OSHA, JAS etc. 12
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.6 Factors in Materials Selection
Criteria and tools for materials selection
As for the environmental profile, the most popular approach is the life-cycle analysis.
The factor includes:
o the process used to extract the materials from its ore and then to bring it to its
usable form
o the total energy spent during use of component (in transport industry)
o the recoverable energy after its use.
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.6 Factors in Materials Selection
Sustainable Design:
• Reduce carbon footprint
• Reduce total energy consumed
• Reduce impact to air
• Reduce impact to water
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.7 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
cork
• The market need : ‘A device is
required to allow access to water in a
corked container’.
• Additional requirements :
o with convenience
o at modest cost
o without contaminating the water
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.7 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
Five concepts for doing this are :
a) Axial traction / pulling
b) Shear tractions
c) Push it out from below
d) Pulverize
e) Bypass – eg. knocking the neck of the
bottle
Concepts (d) and (e) shall be eliminated
because they might contaminate the
water. Therefore, concepts (a), (b) & (c)
are taken into consideration.
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.7 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
17
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.7 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
18
THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.7 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
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THE DESIGN PROCESS:
2.7 Case Study: Devices to open corked bottles
examples of actual cork removers using these working principles.
Then return [your] vision twice again. [Your] vision will return to you
humbled while it is fatigued.
Kemudian ulangilah pandanganmu berkali-kali, nescaya pandanganmu itu
akan berbalik kepadamu dengan hampa (daripada melihat sebarang
kecacatan), sedang ia pula berkeadaan lemah lesu (kerana habis tenaga
dengan sia-sia).