CHAPTER 1:

INTRODUCTION TO MATERIALS
SELECTION

2. Cell
Phone

1. Vacuum
Cleaner CASE
STUDY
3.
Passenger
Car

4. Body
Armour
 CASE STUDY 1: VACUUM CLEANER
1860: Daniel Hess - “Carpet
Sweeper”
•Rotating brush and
bellows that generated
suction
1901: Hubert Cecil Booth –
“Puffing Billy”
• internal combustion
engine to power a piston
pump to pull air through
cloth filter; Horse-drawn,
too big, Next model was
electric powered but still
too big
1869: Ives W. McGaffe -
“Whirlwind”
• A belt driven fan powered
by hand
1905: Walter Griffith
“Portable Vacuum Cleaner”
• First cleaning machine
that used a vacuum and
portable
• It used bellows to suck up
dust and a flexible pipe
1898: John S. Thurman -
Gasoline powered cleaner
• Too big, horse-drawn
• No vacuum, but blew air
and cleaned like that
More and more
inventions in the
future models of
electric &
portable vacuum
cleaner.
CASE STUDY 1: VACUUM CLEANER

• First successful vacuum

cleaner - Hubert Cecil Booth,
1901, England.
• The machine worked well and
was popular with rich people,
eg. places such as Windsor
Castle, Westminster Abbey,
and Buckingam Palace.
• Booth's cleaner was so large
that it had to be horse-drawn,
and six people were needed to
operate it.

• The machines were only hired

out, never sold
CASE STUDY 1: VACUUM CLEANER
J. M. Spangler,
“Carpet Sweeper And
Cleaner”, US Pat.
889,823, 2 June 1908

C. H. Sparklin,
“Suction Cleaner”,
US Pat. 2,063,061,
8 Dec 1936
CASE STUDY 1: VACUUM CLEANER

It may look like a complicated

machine, but the conventional
vacuum cleaner is actually made up
of only six (6) essential components:
1. An intake port, which may include
a variety of cleaning accessories
2. An exhaust port
3. An electric motor
4. A fan
5. A porous bag
6. A housing that contains all the
other components
 CASE STUDY 1:
VACUUM CLEANER
 CASE STUDY 1:
VACUUM CLEANER: 1905 -1920
 CASE STUDY 1:
VACUUM CLEANER: 1920 -1940
 CASE STUDY 1:
1947
VACUUM CLEANER: 1940 -1970
 CASE STUDY 1:
VACUUM CLEANER: 1970 -2000
 CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: BEYOND 2000

 CASE STUDY 1:
21ST CENTURY – ROBOTIC VACUUM
CLEANER

A robot vacuum cleaner is

smart enough to know if the
given place has been
cleaned by it or not by using
a camera to map rooms
which it had already cleaned.
 CASE STUDY 1:
21ST CENTURY – ROBOTIC VACUUM
CLEANER
 CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: OTHER CONCEPTS

CENTRAL-VACUUM-HOUSE RIDEABLE VACUUM CLEANER

The whole house as a vacuum Kid-friendly vacuum cleaner
cleaner
 CASE STUDY 1:

VACUUM CLEANER: FUTURE CONCEPT

CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
http://www.pcworld.com/article/173033/evolution_of_the_cell_phone.html

1956: SRA/Ericsson MTA (Mobile

Telephone System A)

Notable qualities: The first automatic

mobile telephone system (no human
operator to manually connect the user
to an outside phone line). Heavy (~40
kgs) and power-hungry - required
permanent installation in a vehicle.

1983: Motorola DynaTAC 8000X

Notable qualities: Small size, light weight; the first

handheld mobile phone. engineers squeezed more
capability into less space, and Motorola built much-
needed infrastructure--the towers necessary for cell
phone service. The beginning of cell phone revolution.
 CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE

Nokia Mobira Talkman Motorola MicroTAC

(Year: 1984) Year: 1989

Notable qualities: Early luggable Notable qualities: First flip phone,

mobile phone; relatively long talk first pocket phone; smallest and
time lightest cellular phone at the time of its
debut
CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
1994: Motorola 2900 Bag Phone

Notable qualities: Long talk times, plus greater battery life

and signal range. Bag phones could transmit a cell signal with
greater power, allowing the phone to be used farther away
from a receiving tower. This was vital in the days when
cellular coverage wasn't nearly as widespread as it is now.

Motorola StarTAC
(Year: 1996)

Notable qualities: First fully "clamshell" mobile

phone design; smallest and lightest mobile
phone at its release
 CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
1997: Nokia 9000i Communicator
Notable qualities: First Nokia smart
phone; first modern PDA/cell phone
combo; mobile Internet connectivity,
with Intel 386 CPU, 8MB RAM and
QWERTY keyboard. It could send and
receive faxes, text messages, and e-
mail, and it also had limited Web
access, and PDA-like organizer
capabilities.
1998: Nokia 8810
Notable qualities: First cell phone
without an external whip or stub
antenna; first "candy bar" phone.
Nokia engineers found a way around
that problem by designing a flat,
plate-like antenna that could hide
inside the body of a cell phone.
 CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE

2002: RIM BlackBerry 5810

Nokia 7110
(Year: 1999)
Notable qualities: First
BlackBerry with an integrated
Notable qualities: World's first
voice cell phone; push e-mail
WAP (Wireless Application
support. Became indispensable
Protocol) - capable mobile phone;
tools for entrepreneurs and other
nifty sliding keypad cover
professionals.
 CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
2002: Sanyo SCP-5300
Notable qualities: First U.S.
mobile phone with an integrated
camera; color screen, clamshell
camera phone design
2002: T-Mobile Sidekick / Danger
Hiptop
Notable qualities: Large, flippable
screen; relatively uncramped and
full-featured QWERTY keyboard
 CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
Motorola Razor V3
Year: 2004
Notable qualities: Stylish design,
slim form, and a full set of features
(i.e flat keyboard, a built-in camera,
and multimedia capabilities)
Apple iPhone
Year: 2007
Notable qualities: Everything – but
particularly the excellent software, the
large and sharp screen, the multi-touch
interface, visual voicemail, the App
Store, etc.
CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
CASE STUDY 2 : CELL PHONE
 CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR

The SAGA begins…

CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR
A QUICK FLASHBACK…

1769 : Nicolas Cugnot’s Steam 1936 : Toyota AA

Car (the 1st car) (1st Toyota Model)

1972 : Maserati Boomerang

2013 : BMW i-FD
(composite prototype car)
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR

Business Insider (2019) The Rise And Fall Of The Volkswagen Beetle,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnz_o0Tt77U
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR
The history of the “People's Car”, Volkswagen,
begins on 28 May 1937 when the “Geselschaft
zur Vorbereitung des Deutschen Volkswagen mbH”
company is created. A year later it is renamed
into “Volkswagenwerk GmbH” has its
headquarters established in Wolfsburg, a city
especially created for the workers on the
Volkswagen plant that are going to mass produce
Hitler's dream car for the average German,
designed by Ferdinand Porsche.
M o r e s t o r y a t : h t t p : / / w w w. a u t o e v o l u t i o n . c o m / v o l k s w a g e n / h i s t o r y /
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR http://www.squidoo.com/vwbeetlehistory#module12250758

1932 VW Beetle Prototype 1935 VW Beetle Prototype

1944 VW Beetle
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR

Volkswagen's "Theory of
evolution" ad, showing
models from 1949 to 1963,
without much change.

http://www.cartype.com/pics/3
814/full/evolution-ad.jpg
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR

July 2019: Final Volkswagen Beetle roll off the

assembly plant, Puebla, Mexico,
CASE STUDY 3: PASSENGER CAR

Bye-Bye Beelte…

Klaus Bischoff, chief designer of the

Volkswagen brand, and his team designed the
Beetle and the New Beetle.
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

oBody Armor is protective

defensive covering worn to
protect the body against
weapons.

oBullet proof body armor

does not deflect bullets.

oBullet proof body armor

instead absorbs the impact
and spreads its force over a
larger portion of the body.
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR
oFirst historical evidence
of helmets, shields and
leather body armor – used
by Sumerian soldiers

oHelmets were made of

copper.

oShields and body armor

2500 BC were made of leather.

 CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

500-400 BC 1550-1500 BC
o First chainmail body oFirst full body armor
armor invented by the made of bronze plates.
Celtic people
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

300-200 BC
oFirst chainmail body
armor discovered in
Horný Jatov, Slovakia
and a Celtic chieftain’s
burial site located in
Ciumesti, Romania
(dated to 300-200 BC).
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

1400

oFirst full body

armor made of
steel plates.
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

1966

oKevlar was invented by

Stephanie Kwolek and
patented in 1966. Used in
the 1970’s for bulletproof
body armor in vests.
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

1967

oBulletproof body armor

vests were designed to
hold hard ceramic plates.
CASE STUDY 4: BODY ARMOUR

1975: First mass production of Kevlar

bulletproof body armor vests
 BODY ARMOUR: 1999
oSpider silk bulletproof
body armor vests R&D.

Spider silk after MPI treatment, lifting

a weight of 27.5 g on a hook.
Credit: Max-Planck-Institute of
Microstructure Physics
 BODY ARMOUR – 2006
2006
• Liquid bulletproof body armor
vests nanotechnology research
and development – shear
thickening fluid (STF).
 2006 - LIQUID ARMOUR
Liquid Armour
Traditional Vest
o Contains 10
o Contains 31 layers of Kevlar.
layers of With thick fluid
Kevlar. between each
o When bullet layer.
hits, impact is o When bullet
concentrated hits, the fluid
on a small solidifies and
area and absorbs the
causes a deep impact over a
indentation wider area
ARMOUR – THEN AND NOW
ARMOUR – INTO THE FUTURE
ARMOUR – NEAREST FUTURE