Prepared by:

•Omar Taha
•Nishteman Farzad
•Ahmed Gaeib
•Aven Majeed
•Abdulwahab Ahmed
•Lavan Majeed
•Tabark Khawlan
 INTRODUCTION:
 Today, we are facing a new epidemic known
as COVID-19 that was identified in December
2019 in Wuhan, Chinese city.
This virus descends from a family called
CoronaViridae, that gained its name from its
clearly visible coronary shape under the
microscope which is created by viral spike
peplomers which are proteins on the surface
of the virus .
-Also this family are RNA viruses.
 The first Coronavirus infection for
human was in 1960s and the earliest studied
were from human patient with a common cold,
which is later named as human Coronavirus
229E And human Coronavirus OC43.

 These family of viruses attacked

commonly the respirotory system and they are
Vary significantly In risk factor
 There are Six species of human
coronaviruses known with one species
subdivided into two different strains, making
seven strains of human coronaviruses
altogether
- Four of these strains produce the generally
mild Symptoms of common cold.

-The other three strains produce symptoms

that are potentially severe.
 Now Some of these strains are continually
circulate in human population and cause
respiratory infections in adults and children in
wide world.
 The most important thing is what is the
deferent between the COVID-19 and the other
Coronaviruses?

We can answer to this question that the

COVID-19 is the most developed virus of this
family, so there is no treatment for this virus
until this moment Where its seriousness lies
not in the absence of treatment for it, but in
the speed of its spread.
so we must know ways to prevent it
and how to detect it and its symptoms,
which will be presented in the next
slides…
 CLINICAL FEATURE
Incubating period:
 The incubating period for COVID_19 is
thought to be within 14 days following exposure
with most cases occurring approximately 4 to 5
days of exposure that include these symptoms
{fever , cough , shortness of breath or difficulty
breathing} and other symptoms can include
{tiredness, aches, runny nose ,sore throat}
 Most common Symptoms at the onset of
illness were:
 Fever 99%
 Fatigue 70%
 Dry cough 59%
 Anorexia 40%
 Myalgia 35%
 Dyspnea 31%
 Spectrum production 27%

Also some people have experienced the

loss of smell or taste.
The severity of COVID_19 symptoms
can range from very mild to sever some
people may have no symptoms at all .
People who are older or who have existing
chronic medical conditions such as heart
disease, lung disease, diabetes,
hypertension ,cancer , chronic kidney
disease or who have compromised
immune system maybe at higher risk of
serious illness.
This is similar to what is seen with other
respiratory illness such as influenza but we
can distinguish it from common cold as
shown in this schedule.

Compare between
COVID-19 and
common cold
MODE OF TRANSMISSION:
According to current evidence, COVID-19
virus is primarily transmitted between
people through respiratory droplets and
contact routes. In an analysis of 75,465
COVID-19
cases in China, airborne transmission was
not reported.
 Droplet transmission occurs when a person is
in close contact (within 1 m) with someone who
has respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing or
sneezing) and is therefore at risk of having
his/her mucosae (mouth and nose) or conjunctiva
(eyes) exposed to potentially infective respiratory
droplets.

 Transmission may also occur through fomites

in the immediate environment around the infected
person.
Therefore, transmission of the COVID-19
virus can occur by:
1-direct contact: with infected people or
perhaps you meet someone who
contracted the virus
2- indirect contact: with surfaces in the
immediate environment or with objects
used on the infected person (e.g.,
stethoscope or thermometer).
 The most important question come into our
mind that does a person who has been cured of
COVID-19 disease can transmit infection?
-After a person is infected with COVID-19
and recovering from it he may remain a
carrier for at least two weeks, so he will
transmit infection !!

 Finally We still don’t fully understand how

the novel Coronavirus spread , but we are
learning more every day.
The methods which COVID-19 spread
INVESTIGATION:
Radiology
X-ray:
A chest X-ray (radiograph) is the most
commonly ordered imaging study for
patients with respiratory complaints.
In the early stages of COVID-19, a chest
X-ray may be read as normal.
But in patients with severe disease, their
X-ray readings may resemble
Pneumonia or Acute Respiratory
Distress Syndrome(ARDS).
CT Scan:-
Is being increasingly emphasized in
the diagnosis and evaluation of
response in clinical practice, and has
the potential to provide valuable
information in reflecting the extent
of the disease
Molecular:

RT-PCR
The presence of viruses is generally confirmed
by RT-PCR, which detects the Coronavirus'
RNA.
This test detects the RNA of the SARS-CoV-2
and is used to confirm very recent or active
infections.
-Sensitivity reported as low as 60-70% 32 and
as high as 95-97%
RT-PCR machine and its kits
Serology:

Antibodies Detection:
Detection of antibodies can be used both
for diagnosis and population
surveillance.
Antibody tests show how many people have
had the disease, including those whose
symptoms were minor or who were
asymptomatic.
FFX (First Few X cases and their close--
contacts)
Transmission protocol :
identification and tracing of cases and their
close contacts in the general population, or
restricted to close settings (like households,
health care settings and schools).
 MANAGEMENT:

 There is no specific antiviral treatment

recommended for COVID-19, and no vaccine
is currently available.

 The treatment is symptomatic, and

oxygen therapy represents the major
treatment intervention for patients with
severe infection.
 Mechanical ventilation may be
necessary in cases of respiratory failure
refractory to oxygen therapy, whereas
hemodynamic support is essential for
managing septic shock.
 Also there are another procedure to treat
the patient by using intubation.
Special precautions are necessary
during intubation.

The procedure should be executed by an

expert operator who uses personal
protective equipment (PPE) such as FFP3 or
N95 mask, protective goggles, disposable
gown long sleeve raincoat, disposable double
socks, and gloves.
Intubation
 Practically , non-invasive ventilation can
be used in non-severe forms of respiratory
failure.

However, if the scenario does not

improve or even worsen within a short
period of time (1–2 hours) the mechanical
ventilation must be preferred.
 Among other therapeutic strategies, systemic
corticosteroids for the treatment of viral pneumonia
or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are
not recommended.

 unselective or inappropriate administration of

antibiotics should be avoided .!

• Although no antiviral treatments have been approved,

several approaches have been proposed such as
lopinavir/ritonavir ,chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine.
 COMPLICATIONS:

 Those complications may include the

following :

➢ Acute Respiratory Failure.

➢ Pneumonia.
➢ Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
(ARDS).
➢ Acute Cardiac Injury.
➢ Secondary Bacterial Infection.
➢ Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation.
➢ Acute Kidney Injury.
➢ Septic Shock.
➢ Arrhythmia.
 PREVENTION
In an effort to prevent the spread of Covid-19
within communities and across the country
must following these advises:
 Stay at home unless you have to go to work
and should wears mask (muzzle) !
 Do not gather in groups.
 Limit contact with people at higher risk such
as older adults and those in poor health.
 Go outside to exercise but stay close to home.
 Hygiene:

Proper hygiene can help reduce the risk of

infection or spreading infection to others:-
 Wash your hands often with soap and water
for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the
washroom and when preparing food.
 Use alcohole-based hand sanitizer if soap and
water are not available.
 Avoid touching your eyes nose or mouth with
unwashed hands.
 when coughing or sneezing:
-cough or sneeze into a tissue or the bend of
your arm not your hand.
-dispose of any tissue you have used as soon as
possible in a lined waste basket and wash
your hands after wards.
 Physical(social)distancing:
This means keep a physical distance between
each other by making changes in every
routines to minimize close contact with
others including:
 Avoiding crowded places and non-
essential gatherings.
 Avoiding common greetings such as hand
shakes.
 Limiting contact with people at higher
risk like older adults and those in poor health.
‫‪ keeping‬‬ ‫‪a distance of at least 2 arms-length‬‬
‫‪(approximately 2 meters)from‬‬
‫‪others.‬‬
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 PROGNOSIS

 People of all ages can be infected by

the new Coronavirus (2019-nCoV).

Older people, and people with pre-

existing medical conditions (such as
asthma, diabetes, heart disease) appear
to be more vulnerable to becoming
severely ill with the virus.
 Coronavirus patients older than 80 had a
death rate of 15%, compared with 0.2% for
those under 50.

 Older adults and people who have severe

underlying medical conditions like heart or
lung disease or diabetes seem to be at higher
risk for developing more serious
complications from COVID-19 illness.
 People with moderate to severe asthma may
be at higher risk of getting very sick from
COVID-19.

 COVID-19 can affect your respiratory tract

(nose, throat, lungs), cause an asthma attack, and
possibly lead to pneumonia and acute respiratory
disease.

 And while younger people might be less likely

to become severely ill, they can just as easily
spread the virus to others.
 Whatever Coronavirus can sicken or
kill young people as well and they must
also avoid mingling and spreading it to
older and more vulnerable people.

Today I have a message for young

people: “You are not invincible, this
virus could put you in hospital for
weeks or even kill”
Mortality rates by co-morbidity
 REFERENCE
 Website / Wikipedia
 Website/ ECDC
 Website/WHO
 Textbook /Davidson
 Textbook/Sherris medical
microbiology